Yi Zhilu: This time, I will summarize the Han and Emperor Liu Zhao. Last time we said that since the beginning of The Zhang Emperor Liu Ju, the official rule and atmosphere of the Eastern Han Dynasty have shown a downward trend, but after the fourteen-year-old Liu Zhao ascended the throne, he actually stopped this momentum. Unfortunately, Liu Zhao's life span was too short, and he died at the age of twenty-six, but he almost possessed all the qualities of the so-called Xiong lord Ming Jun, Wenzhi Martial Arts, and had great achievements, and some people called his reign "Yongyuan Zhilong", which is a high degree of affirmation.
The part of martial arts has been discussed before, and this time, it only talks about Wenzhi.
To be honest, when reading this passage with Emperor Liu Zhao, there has always been a question that bothers me, that is, how can a fourteen-year-old doll achieve a complete victory without bloodshed in such a fierce court struggle? In this process, of course, there were some princes and ministers, including eunuchs, who assisted from the side. However, in the process of this political struggle, there was no case of killing the jackal and the tiger entering the house - Liu Zhao, after killing the Dou clique, immediately took all the power into his hands, did not delay for a second, and could not find a character from the history books who could remotely control him behind his back. Therefore, I can only say that Liu Zhao, in the political field, is a genius among geniuses. Let's start with his --
Right-to-collect
In June 92, Liu Zhao, in one fell swoop, destroyed the Dou brothers, put Empress Dou under house arrest, and then cleaned up Dou's party. Ban Gu, the author of the Book of Han, who we are familiar with, was also killed during this period.
【Han and Emperor Liu Zhao, genius among geniuses】
At this time, there were four highest-ranking ministers in the imperial court: Taifu Deng Biao, Taiwei Song You, Situ Dinghong, and Sikong Renkui.
On July 23, Tai wei Song You, accused of being a henchman of the Dou clan, was removed from his post and committed suicide.
On August 15, Sikong Renkui died.
On August 17, Yin Mu, the Grand Si Nong, was appointed as a lieutenant.
Taifu Deng Biao, due to old age and illness, please write a dictionary of Shang Shushi (in charge of court secrets). Liu Zhao, with a big stroke of his pen, approved it, and then ordered Yin Mu to record Shang Shushi.
On October 4, Zong Zheng (Imperial Affairs Minister) Liu Fang was appointed as Sikong.
Yi Zhilu said: At this time, the highest status of the courtiers was Taifu, that is, Deng Biao. But Taifu was actually more of an honorary position, with a noble status, ranking above the Three Dukes, and not having much actual power. As we said earlier, during the Eastern Han Dynasty, the four words "Record Shang Shu Shi" were very powerful, and the general leader of The Shang Shu work was directly responsible to the emperor. If the Three Dukes recorded Shang Shushi, their power was multiplied, and if these four words were not added, their power would be greatly reduced. When Dou Xian was a great general, Shi Zai, he and his old sister Empress Dou believed that Deng Biao, who was an old man with old qualifications and a kind person, was a good messenger, so that Deng Biao could record Shang Shushi, and the Dou family exercised power through Deng Biao, which was smooth and could block the mouths of his courtiers. Now, the Dou clan has fallen, Liu Zhao is pro-government, and although Deng Biao is an honest man, after all, it is the Dou family that has supported him and must be replaced. Therefore, Deng Biao asked for the resignation of "Lu Shang Shu Shi", whether this resignation was sincere or forced, in short, resigned. Who should give the power to "record shang shu shi"? Liu Zhao probably didn't want anyone to give. Because, judging from our previous analysis, the courtier who contributed the most to the overthrow of the Dou clan should be Situ Dinghong, and when the coup was launched, Liu Zhao "ordered Situ Ding Hongxing to be a lieutenant, a wei lieutenant, and a tun soldier in Luoyang Nangong and Beigong", and after that, he collected all the Dou clan henchmen (see the humble article "Fourteen-year-old Han and Emperor Liu Zhao, and eradicated the rebel gang of the great general Dou Xian overnight"), theoretically, "Lu Shang Shu Shi" was none other than Ding Hong. However, suddenly a Yin Mu came out, Ren Taiwei, recorded Shang Shushi, and left Ding Hong to dry there. Liu Zhao, he doesn't play cards according to the card theory!
The following year, in October 93, Taiwei Yin Mu died, and the servant Zhang Shu (pronounced Rupu) was appointed as Taiwei, but there was no longer "Record Shang Shu shi"!
Yi Zhilu said: I have to say, this fourteen or fifteen-year-old doll emperor is too powerful! After overthrowing the Dou family, he wanted to take over the power of Taifu Deng Biao and directly collect the "Lu Shang Shu Shi", which may feel a little explicit, so he gave this power to Yin Mu. We can infer that this Yin Mu is either in poor health or very old, in short, he will not live long. Liu Zhaoxian let Yin Mulu Shang Shushi, who could not live long, wait for Yin Mu to hang up, and after the new lieutenant came to power, he would no longer record Shang Shu shi, and it was logical to take back his power. In fact, until Liu Zhao's death, there were no more cases of recording Shang Shu among the Three Dukes. In other words, Liu Zhao held the power tightly in his hands and no one gave it. You see, is this doll emperor powerful?
So, when power is in his own hands, how does Liu Zhao use it? Personally, I believe that there are mainly two forces: one is Shang Shu Ling, and the other is the eunuch.
Let's start with Shang Shu Ling.
This has to mention one person - Huang Xiang. This name is reminiscent of "battlefield yellow flowers are extraordinarily fragrant", huh.
Huang Xiang is a native of Jiangxia County, known for his "filial piety" at a very young age, and went to work in the county at a very young age, becoming an organ cadre. Huang Xiang learned the classics, studied Taoism, wrote a splendid article, and his reputation spread to the Beijing Master, known as: The world is unparalleled, Jiangxia Huang Tong.
【The Shang Shu Ling Huang Xiang of the Two Thousand Stones】
Later, he was transferred from the local government to the central organs as a small cadre (Langzhong), and the Zhang Emperor Liu Ju appreciated him very much, and appointed Shang Shulang (also a Lang official, but contacted the core of the court), repeatedly stating the gains and losses of the imperial court, and winning the emperor's heart. For work, Huang Xiang is often "five plus two, white plus black", after work does not love to go home, overtime is late in the office to deal with a night, Liu Qi heard about it, is very praised. In 92 AD, as Zuo Cheng (should be Shangshu Zuo Cheng, Shangshu Ling's deputy), due to his outstanding work, he should be transferred, at this time and Emperor Liu Zhao was already pro-government, he did not let Huang Xiang go, but let him continue to stay in his original post, but increased Feng Lu. In 94 AD, Huang Xiang served as Shang Shu Ling. Later, Liu Zhao, who planned to make him the Taishou of Dong Commandery, wrote to Huang Xiang to resign, saying:
I received the emperor's favor, all the way to the promotion, to achieve the Shang Shu Ling, I feel that death can not repay this son of the emperor's grace. Now, the emperor has promoted me to a position and made me a county prince. I think that a person's position should match his ability, my ability quality is not high, I am too defensive to be competent, I am afraid of failing the emperor's kindness. Shang Shu ling this post is confidential and honorable, and it is not something I should hold for a long time. I dared to ask the emperor, and you will arrange a post for me in the palace, do some chores, and realize my little ambitions like ants, which is my wish in life.
Liu Zhao, who took Huang Xiang's letter, took a big stroke of his pen, and Huang Xiang remained in Shang Shu Ling, and Feng Lu increased it to 2,000 stones and gave him 300,000 yuan. Huang Xiang was familiar with border defense affairs and dispatching military and political affairs, which was very appropriate. Liu Zhaoduo had many rewards, condolences for the sick, and medicine. Huang Xiang recommended many cadres to Liu Zhao, and they were all used. Liu Zhao's favor for Huang Xiang was unparalleled for a while. In 105 AD, Liu Zhao died. In 106, Empress Deng promoted Huang Xiang to the position of Taishou of Wei Commandery.
Yi Cilu said: After reading this passage, we can understand that from liu Zhao's pro-government in 92 AD to his death in 105 AD, the head of the imperial court and Shang Shutai has always been the same person: Huang Xiang. Shang Shuling's position had been introduced before, and his status was inferior to that of the Three Princes and Nine Secretaries, but the power was so great that it could be said that he was the first of the hundred officials. Shang Shu ordered Feng Lu to have one thousand stones, and Jiu Qing was two thousand stones. Therefore, Huang Xiang let Dong Juntaishou go, he did not go, Liu Zhao approved, and then increased Feng Lu to two thousand stones, so that he could reach the rank of Qing in terms of quality. Therefore, I am more inclined to think that Huang Xiang's release - the letter asked to stay - Liu Zhao's approval - to increase Feng Lu, the whole process may be a play between Liu Zhao and Huang Xiang. Just like the leading secretary, generally a few years in a step-by-step transfer, but some secretaries are really capable, the leader is reluctant to let him go, and can not delay the personal progress of others, just change it, put the order down in other places, the position may already be a certain deputy director, a certain deputy director, but the work of the secretary is still done. Huang Xiang's situation is almost the same, Liu Zhao's hand is smooth, he does not want to change people, but Shang Shu Ling's salary is one thousand stones, and the county Taishou is two thousand stones, and two people have engaged in such a game, Huang Xiang has become the Shang Shu Ling of two thousand stones, and has been working until Liu Zhao's death.
Then there are the eunuchs.
In 102 AD, Liu Zhao's eunuch Zheng Zhong was made the Marquis of Xiang (pronounced Ruchao) and had 1,500 households.
Who is Zheng Zhong? In 92 AD, Liu Zhao wanted to overthrow the Dou family, but felt that the Manchu Dynasty was full of Dou family henchmen and there was no one to discuss. Sweeping around, I saw a eunuch, this Zheng Zhong. This eunuch usually came and went alone, and no one cared about him, Liu Zhao felt that he was quite reliable, so he conspired with him, Yunyun, and took care of the Dou family.
Zheng Zhongzi seasonal production, Nanyang County. He is cautious and scheming. During the reign of Emperor Liu Zhuang of the Ming Dynasty, Zheng Zhong was working in the family of liu zhuo, then crown prince. After Liu Zhao ascended the throne, Zheng Zhong became a zhongchang attendant.
Soon after Liu Zhao's ascension to the throne, Zheng Zhong also served as the hook shield order (palace flower garden equipment management officer). Zheng Zhong assisted Liu Zhao's efforts to destroy the Dou clan and was promoted to the rank of Grand Changqiu (Empress Dowager). Every time Liu Zhao discussed the reward of merit, Zheng Zhong sincerely resigned, but he really couldn't push it off, so he accepted it a little. Liu Zhao often discussed with him, and the history said: Eunuchs used power, starting from Zheng Zhong.
[Zhongchang waiter Zheng Zhong, may not only be superior in ability, but also his character may not be counted as inferior]
In 102 AD, Zheng Zhong was made a marquis.
In 105 AD, Liu Zhao died.
In 107 AD, Empress Deng enfeoffed Zheng Zhong with three hundred households.
Yi Zhilu said: Eunuchs are crowned marquises, Zheng Zhong is not the first case, there were in the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Xuan's father-in-law Xu Guanghan was a eunuch, and later he was crowned marquis. However, Xu Guanghan was the emperor's father-in-law after all. This time, Liu Zhao's giving Zheng Zhong the title of Marquis was really an epoch-making move. Zheng Zhong is not recorded much in the history books, but Liu Zhao gave him the title of Marquis, and Empress Deng added his household, indicating that Zheng Zhong's ability and quality were not ordinary. Since then, the eunuchs of the Eastern Han Dynasty have a new goal - the marquis. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, eunuchs were feudal, abounding, and the fiefdoms were often tens of thousands of households. Personally, I think that no matter what reason Liu Zhao has, giving the eunuch the title of marquis is probably a bad start.
There was also a eunuch, Liu Zhao, who was also entrusted with a heavy responsibility, and everyone was familiar with it, yes, the inventor Cai Lun. After Liu Zhao ascended the throne, Cai Lun was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Commander and participated in the formulation of government decrees. Cai Lun is talented, learned, conscientious and responsible, and generous and cautious. Repeatedly violating Liu Zhao's will, he assisted Kuang Zheng in gaining and losing. Cai Lun, we will talk about it in the future, and I will not say more about it here. What needs to be explained is that during Liu Zhao's period, there were only four establishments in the Zhongchang attendants.
Some readers may ask, why do I say that Liu Zhao used power through eunuchs? What is the basis for that?
There's a real point according to that. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Li Fa's Biography, contains the Guanglu Doctor Li Fa, the Botong Qunshu, with a strong and restrained temperament. Around 99 AD, a letter was written to Liu Zhao, reflecting a bunch of problems: the harsh government of the dynasty was contrary to the political affairs of Liu Zhuang and Liu Zhuo's era; there were too many concubines in the harem; the historical officials' records were untrue, and so on; and there was also another point that the eunuchs were too powerful. Li Fa was then removed from his post as a civilian.
Yi Zhilu said: Li Fa's recital points directly to the weight of eunuchs. Li Fa's dismissal basically shows that he is right. Li Fa was also right when he said that "the historical officials' records were untrue" at that time, which to some extent explains many of the doubts that arise when we read this history.
Properly handle Empress Dowager Dou's affairs
In 97 AD, Empress Dou died.
When Empress Dowager Dou died, she was in disarray, and one after another people wrote to demand that Empress Dou's honorific title be abolished! Why?
It turned out that Empress Dowager Dou was not only not Liu Zhao's mother, but also killed Liu Zhao's mother.
[Empress Dowager Dou, underestimated her own son]
Initially, Emperor Zhang's son Liu Qing (劉庆) made Liu Qing, the son of Song Gui, crown prince. In 79 AD, Liu Qi made Dou Gui empress, which is the Empress Dou we are talking about. At that time, Liang Zhen, the younger brother of Marquis Liang Song of Lingxiang, had two daughters who were nobles of Liu Zhao. This year, Liang Xiaogui gave birth to a son, named Liu Zhao. Empress Dou herself did not have a son, but she wanted a son, what to do? Easy to do. She first adopted Liu Zhao, then forced Song Guiren to die, and then, she tried to depose the crown prince Liu Qing and rename Liu Zhao as the crown prince (for details, see the humble text "Empress Dou of the Palace Fighting Sacred Hand: Beautiful Congmin is only the packaging, yin and vicious are the core"). In 83 AD, an anonymous letter accused Liang Guiren's sister's father Liang Zhen of plotting against him. It pays off! Liang Washu immediately imprisoned and died in prison, and all his family members were demoted to Jiuzhen County (Thanh Hoa City, Vietnam), and Liang Guiren's sisters died of sorrow.
The history books say that Liu Zhao was born to Liang Guiren, which is highly confidential, and everyone does not know it, even Liu Zhao himself. Princess Wuyin (Liu Xiu's daughter Liu Yiwang, Liang Song's wife, and the aunt of the two Liang nobles), Liang Hu, sent someone to complain to the Three Dukes, pointing out that according to the old Han family's classics, the noble mother's clan was revered, and Liang Guiren was the emperor's mother-in-law, but did not have a honorific title, and requested the imperial court to discuss. The lieutenant Zhang Shu reported the matter to Liu Zhao, and Liu Zhao, feeling sorry for a long time, said, Old Zhang, what do you say? Zhang Yu asked Liang Guiren to posthumously award the honorific title, and at the same time registered Liu Zhao's uncles and sent them to the palace. Liu Zhao agreed.
There was also Liang Guiren's sister Liang Yan (reading Ruyi) who wrote a letter to cry out for injustice, and Liu Zhao, when he received this aunt, knew how the old lady Liang Guiren died. After that, the three dukes jointly played the title and suggested that in accordance with the precedent of the Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiu deposing Empress Lü, the title of Empress Dou should be dispensed with, and it was not allowed to be buried with Emperor Zhang. Civil and military officials are also a big hit, round after round of letter support.
According to the theory, in this case, Liu Zhao should tearfully take back the coffin of his mother-in-law, bury it with his father Liu Zhuo, posthumously crown her as empress, and then criticize Empress Dou and cancel the honorific title. However, Liu Zhao did not do so, and he personally wrote an edict saying:
Although Dou shi did not obey the law, the empress dowager often exercised self-restraint. I regarded her as a mother, served her for ten years, and according to etiquette, as a son, I could not belittled my parents, and I could not bear to do so. In the previous life, Empress Shangguan's father and the King of Yan were accused of plotting against her, and the empress dowager was young and Huo Guang's grandson, and she was not deposed, so let's stop talking about it.
After that, Empress Dou was buried with Emperor Zhang at Jingling, with the courtesy name Zhang De. Empress Dou reigned for eighteen years.
Yi Zhilu said: Personally, I feel that Liu Zhao is an emperor that the courtiers cannot judge. When everyone thought that Liu Zhao would definitely do Empress Dowager Dou, the result was not only that he did not do it, but also that he was buried with Emperor Zhang, which was not only a matter of mind, but also a way to maintain the mystery of the emperor. Through this move of his, almost no one would believe that he had been under house arrest for five years, and I also made a great determination to make this judgment.
On September 28, Liu Zhao posthumously honored his mother-in-law Liang Guiren as Empress Dowager Gonghuai. On October 19, Empress Liang and her sister Liang Dagui were reburied in the west of Jingling (Jingling is Liu Zhao's tomb, thirty miles southeast of Mengjin City, Henan Province), and the ceremony is the same as that of Empress Dou in Jingyuan.
With cadres
The use of cadres is the most important item in all work.
On March 25, 93 A.D., Liu Zhao issued an edict saying:
The selection of talents is the foundation of the government. However, the counties and feudal states elected officials and did not choose, so Emperor Xian (Emperor Liu Zhuo of Zhang) specially decreed the establishment of a cadre probationary system, and the officials to be appointed could only be formally appointed after actual work and were really competent; for those who had particularly good moral character, they did not need to go through probation, but could be reported separately. However, since the announcement, it has been nine years now, and none of the two thousand stone officials have done this, all of them only according to their own preferences, and Si Li and Thorn Shi have never checked and corrected. Now, the pardon decree has been re-issued, and I will not be held accountable for the past, but from now on, if anyone violates this order and does not follow this order, he will be severely punished. The leading cadres who are in service do not take the recommendation of talents seriously, and the inspectors do not regard investigating and investigating such mistakes as their duty; this is the case from top to bottom, causing many officials to be incompetent, and in the end it is the common people who suffer, all because the legal system has not been enforced.
[The use of cadres is the top priority in all work]
Yi Cilu said: When we were lecturing On Emperor Liu Zhao, we once said that Liu Qi made demands on the use of cadres, but because he was relatively benevolent, the officials gradually became lazy and more and more incompetent. Here, Liu Zhao's edict tells us that if the emperor does not manage cadres strictly, then no policy can be implemented. Liu Zhao keenly saw the shortcomings of the imperial court's use of cadres and immediately corrected them, and this year, he was just fifteen years old.
Initially, each county recommended filial piety to the imperial court every year, and each county could recommend two people. However, there are two indicators for counties with a population of 500,000 or 600,000, and there are also two indicators for counties with a population of more than 100,000. Liu Zhao felt that this situation was unfair, so he handed the issue over to the secretary of state for discussion. Situ Dinghong and Sikong Liu Fang reported:
Whoever takes the population as the standard shall have a rank, and the barbarians shall be mixed and mixed, and shall not be included in the number. Since now, every 200,000 people in the county and the country have lifted one filial piety, 400,000 people, 600,000 people, 800,000 people, 800,000 people, 5 people, and 1.2 million and 6 people. One person in two years with less than 200,000, and one person in three years with less than 100,000.
Liu Zhao approved that the year was 94 AD.
On November 14, 101 AD, Liu Zhao issued an edict saying:
Most of the hukou in Youzhou, Hezhou, and Liangzhou are sparse, while border service is arduous, and it is difficult for excellent officials who obey the law to be promoted. To appease foreign nations and interact with foreign countries, talent is the most important. It is now stipulated that counties with a population of more than 100,000 on the frontier shall nominate one person for filial piety every year; for counties with a population of less than 100,000, one person for filial piety shall be elected every two years; and for counties with a population of less than 50,000, one person shall be nominated every three years.
Yi Cilu said: From this paragraph, we can see that Liu Zhao is not only able to keenly discover and correct the shortcomings of his father in the use of cadres; moreover, he is also constantly observing and studying his own policies, and his policies have continuity; in the process of policy implementation, he has taken into account the particularities of different regions, and does not engage in one-size-fits-all, but is a policy that comes from practice and goes from practice to practice. The policy of 101 A.D. was a useful supplement to the policy of 94 A.D., that the frontier, unlike the interior, required more officials, so that one person in two years with less than 200,000 was amended to one person in two years under 100,000; one person in three years who was less than 100,000 was amended to be one person in three years under 50,000.
Liu Zhao is pragmatic.
Standardized examination papers were created
In 99 AD, Liu Zhao, taking advantage of the imperial meeting, summoned Confucian Sheng, and asked Lu Pi, the Zhongfu, Jia Kui, and Shang Shu Ling Huang Xiang to question each other about the difficulties in the Confucian scriptures. Liu Zhao agreed with Lu Pi's views, and after dispersing, he specially rewarded him with a dress and hat. Lu Pi wrote in the book:
I have heard that the discussion of the scriptures is a transmission of the theories of the previous teachers, not a personal opinion, and we cannot give in to each other. If you give in to each other, the reason is difficult to understand, just as the standards of compasses, squares, scales, and sizes cannot be arbitrarily increased or decreased. Those who question must clearly explain the basis, and those who answer must clarify their views. When there is disagreement, each uses the teacher's theory to explain it in order to understand the general meaning of the classics.
In 102 AD, Sikong Xu Fang wrote:
The Han Dynasty established fourteen doctorates (four in the I Ching; three in the Book of Books; three in the Book of Poetry; two in the Spring and Autumn Period; and two in the Book of Rites) to establish the rank of A and B to encourage scholars. However, I have found that many doctoral disciples do not study the theories of their own families, and they each hold a set of strange views, shield and connive at each other, and give birth to false reasoning and heresy. Every time the test was planned, the guys were always arguing, refuting each other, and talking about each other. Now, instead of following the original texts of the scriptures, people are acting in vain, believing that it is wrong to follow the previous teachers, that their own opinions are correct, and that contempt and disrespect for traditional classical scholarship have gradually become the norm, which is really not in line with His Majesty's original intention in selecting talents. The path we should follow should be to focus on the study of the theories of the classical masters, which is the primary task of Confucian scholars. I believe that for the planning of doctoral and subject grades, it is necessary to follow the classic biographies of each family, set up fifty questions and answers to test them, the explanations are thorough and the ones are superior, and the quotations are clearly proven. Conflicts of opinion, if not on the basis of the doctrine of the first teachers, but in the opinions of individuals, are all corrected as mistakes.
Liu Zhao, looking at it, said Xu Fang you are an old boy, the whole standardized test questions ah, OK, accurate!
[I have to say that this set of standardized test questions is really epoch-making]
Mr. Bai Yang commented: In 140 BC, the government of the Western Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion, deposed the Hundred Schools, and respected Confucianism alone, so that China's brilliant and brilliant academic freedom with a hundred flowers came to an end. After two hundred years of long training, before there was Lu Pi (refer to 99 years), after Xu Fang, suddenly appeared, the pattern was renovated, and intellectuals were more required - of course, Confucian intellectuals, not only can not jump out of the confucian circle, but also can not jump out of the "shi cheng" small circle.
Since the Confucian school devoted itself to politics and cooperated with the ruling class, gangs have been numerous. It is only because of the Confucian classics that there must be some special insight into the politics. Between the master and the student, it is not only an educational relationship, but also an interest group; the Confucian school of the Two Han Dynasties studied the Five Classics, the most important family law, the master taught the knowledge, became a kind of scarf, as long as he opened his mouth, he could immediately find that he belonged to a certain sect. Finally, the Eastern Han government approved the fourteen standard doctrines as the knowledge norms of the magic weapon, and the doctrines outside the fourteen schools all belonged to the left side door.
However, in that narrow world, scholars can still make small differences, so that the dying Confucian school still has a weak breath. Unexpectedly, Lu Pi and Xu Fang struck a blow, and even this weak breath was suffocated. Since then, scholars in the Confucian school have not been allowed to have imagination or creativity. In the twentieth century, imagination was regarded as a treasure, but the Confucian school considered it to be an evil and valuable idea, but it was considered to be contemptuous of and insulting Taoism. The only thing Confucian scholars can do is to emulate Kong Qiu's "say but don't do." Use the scriptures of the saints, interpret the scriptures of the saints, use the words of the ancients, prove the words of the ancients. To win by the "quantity of the Holy Word", everyone has their own opinions, but they have no opinions of their own. Your own opinion, even if it is correct, is also wrong.
Dong Zhongshu is the culprit in stifling Chinese academic freedom, while Lu Pi and Xu Fang are the murderers who strangled the revival of Chinese intellectuals. Since then, Chinese intellectuals have no need to think, because the sages and ancients have been thinking very precisely, and year after year, Chinese's ability to think, they have completely rigidized, until the end of the Qing Dynasty in the eighteenth century, the so-called "Eight Strands of Literature", passed down from generation to generation, the characters are dead bodies.
This spirit is fully expressed in the most popular martial arts novels in Chinese society, and the good people of the jianghu are intoxicated by seeking martial arts from the "secrets" of the ancients, and rarely invent martial arts themselves. Moreover, no matter how strong the disciples' martial arts are, they will never be as strong as the master. If you think about this matter in reverse, the situation is very serious. That is Chinese has been destined: a generation is not as good as a generation, the essence is in the "ancient", the more modern the more powerful. This development violates the principle of evolution, and if the grandmaster can jump three times in one step, the last disciple will not be able to jump up an inch, just because the disciple cannot beat the master. Therefore, the "honorable master" is the same as the "heavy path", the "master" and the "father" are one, and if there is a creative idea or an attempt to break through, it is "betraying the master" and will be spurned and killed.
Confucianism is this structure, the difference is that the chivalrous guest uses the sword, the Confucian uses the pen, the chivalrous guest uses the blood to curb the yin, and the Confucian uses political power. Plato's noble spirit of "I love my teacher, I love the truth even more" until the twentieth century, in the Chinese academic community, not only could not find it, but instead cultivated a group of "nurse animals", only the teacher in the eyes, there is no truth. Therefore, the most diligent thing for confucian high-ranking intellectuals is to recruit students and disciples. The student disciples not only became propagandists who spread his knowledge, but also became guards who protected his glory.
The traitors of the nation are disgusting, but the traitors of academia are the torch that prompts scholarship to shine brightly. It has been spinning and tossing in the "Shi Cheng", but it is only the maggots that are finally about to settle at the bottom of the sauce tank.
Yi Zhilu said: Mr. Bai Yang's comment is very reasonable, but I don't see the problem from the same angle as him. I can only say that Liu Zhao's starting point has never been to encourage innovation, he does not need Confucianism to be innovative, pursue science, invent and create, what he needs is their loyalty, the balance of the imperial court, and the stability of society. Therefore, he felt that this set of standardized questions worked, so he approved.
Pay attention to people's livelihood
Liu Zhao is still good to the people, disaster relief, general adjustment of the level of the people, take care of widows and widows, tax reductions, and so on, and so on, and so on, and so on, and really did a lot, we give two more special examples here.
On February 5, 93 A.D., the edict ordered the relevant departments ... Royal gardens such as ShanglinYuan and Guangchengyuan were all open to the poor, allowing them to collect fruits and catch prey, and not to collect taxes.
On the fourteenth day, an edict was issued again, saying:
Last autumn's wheat harvest was not good, and the people were afraid that there would not be enough food to eat. The relevant departments havetened to report the number of people who are particularly poor and unable to provide for themselves. In the past, when the county reported the number of poor people, even the clothes, shoes, socks, pots and pans in the people's homes were counted as property, so that many poor people were "out of poverty" and could not enjoy the assistance given by the government. Therefore, in order to keep the "hat of the poor", the people sold all these things, and the rich and powerful just bought at a low price and made a big profit. The imperial court ordered the verification of the data in order to help the poor people, but the officials could not go deep into the front line to handle it, but instead called the people to the government offices to handle it, delaying the peasants and disturbing the people. If there is such nonsense again, first of all, the two thousand stone officials will be convicted.
Yi Zhilu said: I really can't believe that this is an edict issued by a fifteen-year-old child! Being in the deep palace, the helpless choice of the people and the inaction of the grass-roots officials are clear in the chest and the fire is like a fire. In fact, as long as you see these two edicts, you can assert that the people under the rule of the emperor have not had a worse life than the period of Emperor Ming and Emperor Zhang.
In the past, the Lingnan region paid tribute to fresh longan and lychee, set up a post station in ten miles, set up a guard pavilion in five miles, and sent them to Luoyang day and night. In 103 AD, Tang Qiang, the governor of Linwu County, wrote to Tang Qiang:
I have heard that those in the upper position are not virtuous because they enjoy delicious food, and those in the lower position are not meritorious because they pay tribute to delicious food. I saw the seven counties of Jiaotong Prefecture pay tribute to fresh longan and other things, galloping all the way, and the birds were stirring. The land in the southern states and counties is hot, poisonous insects and beasts can be seen everywhere on the road, and those who deliver tribute will even be endangered by death. The dead cannot be resurrected, but the later can still be saved. And offering these two fruits to the temple does not necessarily prolong people's lives.
[Compared with Liu Zhao, Li Longji is a bit low!] 】
Liu Zhao's edict said:
The exotic delicacies of tribute in remote areas were originally used to enshrine the Jongmyo Temple. If harm is caused by this, it is the original intention of loving the people! Now ordered that the eunuchs will no longer accept such tributes!
Then, can Liu Zhao's various policies be effectively implemented? I think it should be implemented well. Because, unlike his father, Liu Zhao not only managed officials strictly and could give him a hard hand, but also—
Don't eat
According to the history books, after Liu Zhao's pro-government, whenever there was a disaster, he often consulted the secretary of state and talked freely about gains and losses. Before and after the appearance of Xiangrui eighty-one places, Liu Zhaodu called himself Bo De and did not make propaganda. In the era of Emperor Liu Zhao, the capital and the four sides continued to discover Xiangrui, thousands of times before and after.
Yi Zhilu said: Although it is very short, I will say it as a separate part, because it is too difficult to do this. Emperor Liu Zhao, with a benevolent personality, could not be cruel to anyone, so that the horse's ass was full of heaven, to the point of gathering auspiciousness. In other words, what he heard, all was a lie, and he was beautiful. Although Liu Zhao was young, the city government was extremely deep, from the age of fourteen to his death at the age of twenty-six, during the twelve-three years, there were only eighty-one Xiangrui, and he ordered that no propaganda should be publicized, indicating that Liu Zhao did not eat horse farts and ruthlessly stopped the exaggerated wind, which could grasp the real situation in various places.
Fan Ye, author of the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, commented that after the Han Dynasty, until the Yongyuan era (he emperor period), although there were tensions and relaxations in state affairs, there was no major disturbance, so the population increased year by year, opening up territory, and the people were happy. The great army went out, the Xiongnu were far away, the desert was empty, and all of them protected the western region, and more than fifty countries surrendered, and the countries traveled as far as forty thousand miles... Cloud.
Yi Zhilu said: The Emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, except for Liu Xiu, the Guangwu Emperor, and Liu Xie, the Emperor Xiandi, basically had no fame. It was in the process of reading through the book that I gradually learned about this period. During the ming, zhang, and emperor periods, there were not many historical records, and the pen and ink were mostly concentrated in the parts of the conflict that were relatively strong, such as the great prison, war, and conquest, and there was less ink on the content of officials and people's livelihood, so these emperors had no sense of existence.
Dynasties that do not have a strong sense of existence are not necessarily "ruling the world". According to relevant statistics, in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were about 3.67 million households and a population of 18 million (Yuan Yansheng's "Population In the Early and Final Years of the Eastern Han Dynasty"), and by the time of Liu Bao, the Emperor of Han Shun (reigned from 125 to 144 AD), it had reached 9.7 million households and 49 million people ("Later Han Shu JunguoZhi").
It is reasonably estimated that by the end of the He Dynasty (105 AD), the population of the whole country should have reached more than 40 million. From this point alone, it can be seen that in addition to earning a living, the common people at that time had time and energy to entertain themselves, and had the ability to raise a by-product of their self-amusement. This period, called the rule of the world, is not excessive.
Well, the zhi unit of the Ming Chapter of the "Reading of the General Book of Clothes and Shoes" is here, and from the next time, we enter a new unit - the short-lived emperor.
【Picture from the network】