This article is an intensive reading of Chinese history serial 308, "Qing Dynasty History" serial 15, welcome to watch.
The Dzungar was originally called Choros. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the ministry became stronger under the head of the group, Batur Huntaiji. Therefore, the Heshuo special department moved to Qinghai and Tibet, and in the third year of Chongzhen (1630, the fourth year of Qing Tiancong), the Turk special department moved to the Volga River Valley.
As soon as Huntaiji died, the sons began to fight for the throne, and the younger son of Kaldan, who was a lama in Tibet, heard that his brother had been killed, rushed back to Ili, killed the heir to the throne of Sonomu Alabutan, and established himself as Khan in the tenth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1671). During the San Francisco Rebellion, he instigated and united the upper tibetan clique to attack the Heshuo Branch; sent troops to conquer the Uyghurs in southern Xinjiang, forcibly levied 60,000 or 70,000 silver tributes every year; and repeatedly sent envoys to Russia to seek patronage in order to expand his power to northern Mongolia.
After the San Francisco Rebellion was put down, he, at the behest of the Russian invaders, crossed the Hangai Mountains in the twenty-seventh year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1688), raided the father and son of Tushetu Khan Tsahun Dorji, plundered the property of the living Buddha Jebtsundamba Hutuktu, made the outer Mongolian compatriots "sleep with the dead" and "fled to the death", and blocked the way for the imperial court's mission to negotiate with Chuku Baixing.
In the twenty-eighth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1689), he garrisoned the Krulum River and peeped into the south of the desert. In July of the 29th year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1690), he crossed Hulun Lake, plundered the Uzumuqin department of Inner Mongolia, and attacked the Mongol soldiers led by Shangshu Arnani at the Urhui River.
In order to enable the Khalkha compatriots to return to their homeland and achieve stability and reunification in the border areas, the Kangxi Emperor repeatedly told Gardan to collect troops, but in August he held a personal expedition: Fuquan all the way out of Gubeikou, Changning all the way out of Xifengkou, and all the way to the Boluo River.
Kaldan defeated Fuquan, crossed the West Lamamulun River from Uzumuqin to Ulaanbutong, and also lined up tens of thousands of soldiers at the bottom of the mountain, blocked the water in Yilin, and then tied the camels to the ground, hunched over the wooden box, the box was covered with wet felt, and the outside of the army was formed, forming a "camel city", and the soldiers hid behind the cracks of the box and fired arrows.
The Kangxi Emperor ordered Jie Shu to enter the naturalization area to block Gardan's return route, and on the other hand, he ordered the army to line up across the river and face Kaldan. At about 2 p.m. on September 3, Qing weapons bombarded Hucheng. At dusk, the enemy position was cut off into two, and the Qing army marched and rode in unison, scrambling to seize the people, and the camel died and was wounded, and the undead and uninjured could not run because they were tied, but became an obstacle to the escape of the Gardan army.
Kaldan was defeated, crossed the Moraine Mountain, and fled to Kobdo, leaving only a few thousand people. If he hadn't first summoned a lama to pretend to beg, slowed down the pursuit of the soldiers, and walked for six days first, I am afraid that even these thousands of people would not be left.
Kobdo is the throat of Xinjiang to Outer Mongolia, the land is fertile, the water and grass are abundant, and Gardan stays here to recuperate and try to make a comeback. In the 30th year of The Kangxi Dynasty (1691), he sent 2,000 people to the south in the name of tribute; in the 33rd year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1694), he killed the envoys sent by the imperial court to Ili and incited some tribes in Inner Mongolia to join the rebellion.
In the thirty-fourth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1695), the Kangxi Emperor secretly ordered the Horqin ministry to pretend to be an internal response and lured Gardan south. In October, Kaldan did indeed disturb the north of the Krullen River, claiming that 60,000 Russian shotguns would attack the south. The Kangxi Emperor seized the fighter plane and held a second personal expedition: ordered Sabusu to lead the Heilongjiang army out of the east, Fei Yanggu to dispatch the Shaanxi and Gansu troops out of the west, and the Middle Route Army to attack together.
In the thirty-fifth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1696), in April, the Zhonglu Army marched north, and in May, it reached Kotu.
On the way, the eastern and western armies had not yet arrived, and it was rumored that the Russian army was aiding the rebellion, and the university scholar Isan A persuaded the Kangxi Emperor to return to Luang, but the Kangxi Emperor said that "smashing his nest is a plan for ten thousand years", resolutely forged ahead, and finally entered the Krulun River in early June.
At first, Gardan also wanted to smuggle across the Khzanlun River to ambush the Qing army, but when he saw the majesty of the Qing army, he was frightened and fled west for the night. The Kangxi Emperor personally led the forwards to pursue for three days and returned to Tuonuo Mountain.
Kaldan ran wildly for five days and nights and fled to Tellkzi. However, the Qing army on the western road led by Fei Yanggu arrived at Zhao moduo ahead of schedule.
Zhao moduo, on the east bank of the Tula River, also known as East Kulun, north of kent mountain, south of Theuna Ridge, west of Khan Mountain, forest and trees, the situation is dangerous, known as an ancient battlefield, Ming Chengzu once defeated Arutai here.
Feyangu laid an ambush thirty miles away from here: he personally led the infantry and rode to the east of the hill, Sun Sike led the green battalion to the top of the thousand central mountains, and the rest of the soldiers lined up along the west bank of the Tula River. Gardanxi came, and FeiYangu asked the forward commander Shuo Dai to lead four hundred troops in a counterattack, pretending to be defeated.
Not knowing what the plan was, Kaldan led more than 10,000 horses to the west to kill, and his wife, Ah Crossbow, wearing copper armor and hanging a bow and arrow around her waist, was also in the army. They pounced straight over to seize the frontal summit, and Sun Sike's troops fought back.
The two armies fought fiercely from one o'clock in the afternoon to seven o'clock, and when Fei Yanggucai gave an order, the ambush troops were exhausted, one directly attacking the Middle Gardan Army, and the other directly pounding his women and children, camels, and cattle along the river, which immediately made Gardan unable to take care of each other head and tail, and his wife was also shot and killed.
Kaldan led his people to flee north, and the Qing army pursued and killed for more than thirty miles. Only a few dozen cavalry remained on Gardan's side, and more than 200,000 of his cattle and sheep were captured by the Qing army.
After the battle of Chomodo, Gardan continued to rebel. Therefore, the Kangxi Emperor carried out a third personal conquest. In the thirty-sixth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1697), he crossed the Yellow River again and entered Ningxia, and ordered Sabsu to join forces with Praise Gu and others to go deep into the attack.
Kaldan was alone and sent his son to Hami to collect grain, and his son was captured by the Hui people; he wanted to flee to Ili, but he heard that the land had been occupied by his nephew Tsewang Alabutan and ambushed him in the Altai Mountains to capture him to make meritorious contributions; he wanted to defect to Tibet, and his way to Tibet had been intercepted by the Qing army; and russia, which had always wanted to form a "Russian-Erut alliance" with him earlier, in order to use him to expand its aggression, was now even more afraid of losing money and did not dare to collude with him.
On May 3, Kaldan died of an acute illness in the face of rebellion and desperation.
The Kangxi Emperor personally conquered Kaldan three times, smashed the Russian conspiracy of rebellion and aggression, developed the excellent situation of the reunification of the motherland, firmly placed the Thirty Banners of Outer Mongolia and the Forty Banners of Inner Mongolia under the jurisdiction of the central qing Dynasty, and ended the situation of nearly three hundred years of division and division east of the Altai Mountains and south of Qinantu. In his later years, he also crushed the renewed rebellion of Tsewang Alabutan and sent troops to defend Tibet and Urumqi, further consolidating the unity of the motherland.
The Kangxi Emperor's struggle against internal peace and external aggression not only laid the foundation for the territory of China in the Qing Dynasty, but also basically achieved stability and unity in this vast country with many nationalities, but also created favorable conditions for the restoration and development of economy and culture. Therefore, his merits in this regard should be affirmed.
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The content of this article is compiled from the "History of the Qing Dynasty" of the Chinese reading book "Classic Chinese General History" jointly created by China International Broadcasting Publishing House and "Reading History".
There are 16 books in the complete set of "Classic Chinese General History", namely: "Xia Shang History", "Western Zhou History", "Spring and Autumn History", "Warring States History", "Qin and Han History (Part I)", "Qin and Han History (Part 2)", "Three Kingdoms History", "Two Jin And Northern And Southern Dynasties History", "Sui and Tang History (Part 1)", "Sui and Tang History (Part 2)", "Five Dynasties History", "Song Dynasty History", "Yuan Dynasty History", "Ming Dynasty History", "Early Qing Dynasty History", "Late Qing History".
This set of books was carefully compiled by more than a dozen older historians born in the first half of the last century and took several years to compile. From the historical migration of xia and shang to the late Qing dynasty, the panoramic depiction of 5,000 years of Chinese history is professional and authoritative, and it is easy to understand, suitable for all ages, passing down classics, and it is worth learning and cherishing.