<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="91" > Editor's Note</h1>
In August 1933, the Xinsui Automobile Company sent six cars from Hohhot to Urumqi to develop a route between the two places. At that time, the sound of "developing the northwest" spread all over the country, but few people asked about the actual situation in the northwest frontier. So Li Tianori, a reporter from the Ta Kung Pao, went with him and wrote a detailed report on his experiences and observations in the past ten months.
They eat and sleep all the way, not only facing the harsh natural environment, but also the dangers of bandit robbery. After arriving in Xinjiang, it coincided with the absence of a leaderless group in Xinjiang and the three forces of Sheng Shicai, Ma Zhongying, and Zhang Peiyuan competing for supremacy in Xinjiang, and it was also the time when the Kuomintang central government sent a large number of members to directly take over Xinjiang. Sheng Shicai used his extremely superb political skills to navigate the predicament, and finally, relying on the Soviet Union, achieved the hegemony of Xinjiang. This article is a documentary record of this period of history.
This article is exclusively compiled by "Hanhai Taosha"
Tidying up is not easy, give it a thumbs up
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="6" > life on the way</h1>
The situation at the time of the departure of the new Sui car, 1933
The first test of The New Sui Automobile Company, departed from Sui at 7:00 a.m. on August 30 last year, a total of 5 trucks and 1 Sui Provincial Government car, accompanied by 18 people, according to the scheduled plan to Dihua within half a month, but the result was 42 days, the first one car arrived in Dihua, the Sui Provincial Government car was bad than the Panding Toluopan, the remaining 4 cars were parked in Poziquan, which was 700 miles away from Hami.
So when we returned to Sui from Di, in addition to delaying for two days on the way, but it took 16 days, which reduced the number of days a lot compared with the time we went, at this time it was an unprecedented era in the history of transportation in the northwest, in the past, it was necessary to transfer goods by camel, and it often took two or three months, even if it was fast traveling by camel, only 4 hours of rest per day and night, it would take 48 days to arrive, compared with the two, there was no sense of separation.
We have food, clothing, shelter and drinks on the way, and it seems that we need to summarize it here.
Anyone who walks through the Mongolian meadows knows a proverb: "Three treasures of the meadow, fried rice, oil tea, and old sheepskin jacket." "Fried rice is the only indispensable talisman for food, oil tea for drinks, and old sheepskin jackets. The climate change in the meadows is extremely intense, and the climate of the four seasons is often available during the day, so the clothes of the Mongolians have a single cotton skin and no bread, and we must also prepare clothes for the four seasons when we travel, sweating bareback at noon, and cool leather clothes at night. This is actually a characteristic of the continental climate, and we only encountered one wind and one rain on the way, so we did not feel insufficient in our clothes.
When it comes to the issue of food, there is a lot of regret that cannot be recalled. When we go to The New Zealand, we bring air-dried steamed buns, rice, pot cakes, white noodles and some seasonal vegetables. The pot cakes have many mold spots on the way, but some do not dare to abandon, and when they arrive at the Erlizi River, because of the fear of food and grain, they have purchased 100 pounds of white noodles and fried rice and 5 buckets, but they still feel that they are not enough because of the delay date on the way. At first, shang maintained two meals a day in the morning and evening, and then changed to a daytime meal of fried rice, and dared to make rice at night.
And until the oil ran out, after the Pozi Spring was separated, 9 of us took a car to Ha (Mi), rushed to the road, galloped all day, only after stopping at night, only to eat air-dried steamed bun once, this time back is what we carry is the head bun, air-dried bun and some rice, mung beans, because we are afraid of hunger, do not dare to eat more, so there are hundreds of pounds left in Suishi, live everywhere for home, support the tent as a house, cook tea and cook rice and sleep in it, with the encounter, gradually become a habit.
Therefore, between the Erlizi River and Hami, where there are two thousand and hundreds of miles of people, they do not feel that there is a sense of the end of the world, but in places where there are people, they add a layer of caution to the defense, which is actually caused by the so-called bad chinese politics. However, people are ultimately social animals, in the four uninhabited areas, often feel inexplicably empty, sometimes in the sand to see a sheep, a tree, feel very amiable and lovely, and get a supreme comfort. However, after a moment, it caused the fear of water and fire thieves, and this real human being could not understand it.
Drinking water, which is not a problem anywhere in the interior, has become a serious problem on this Mongolian road. There are two kinds of river water and well water in the meadow, the river water is sweet and delicious, the well water is sometimes salty, because of the climate relationship, so it is necessary to use large tea (that is, brick tea), drinking green tea is not free of abdominal pain. In winter, it is fried with mutton oil and noodles, known as oil tea, which can be warmed by drinking, which is a must on the road.
We came back this time, to a certain river body, the landscape broke out, the axle was damaged, it was impossible to drive, there was not much water, because we went to the muddy water in the river to make tea, it was as muddy as coco, and it was only three days to drink, and everyone's stomach was sinking, so when it came to the water on this road, it was a camel, and sometimes it would die of thirst. I remember when we went west, relying on cars to run fast, not afraid of water shortage, when circling juyan sea, the road is soft and difficult to travel, the sense of water is insufficient, but on foot for more than ten miles to take "sea water (lake water)" for the car, the back car is bad, the water is big and scarce, no one dares to drink a mouthful of cold water for a day, and then send a car to pull a car of stinky water 20 miles away to get through the difficulties.
A corner of the Juyan Sea
The day before we arrived in Hami, we took a detour and walked into the chaotic mountains, and when the water on the car was only half a bucket, we really felt a great danger. It was hot at noon, although the thirst was abnormal, and did not dare to infringe on the dignity of the bucket, the companions dug water in the river, five feet deep and saw wet sand, because the sand was contained to quench their thirst, and finally did not get water, and had to go back, the road began, otherwise we would all die of thirst in the chaotic mountains. This is the first time to explore the way, the danger of the risk of detour, and now if there are two cars traveling together, with more clear water, the problem of water does not seem to be lacking to the point of life-threatening.
In the rest of the itinerary, the water is first mentioned, but in order to make the average person understand that this road is not easy to open, the greatness of the adventurous spirit of Xinsui Automobile Company is so great that it can be called!
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="19" > the geology of Mongolia</h1>
When we mention Mongolia, we all think that it is the Gobi Desert, and only the water and grass in the middle can raise camels and horses, cattle and sheep. Now we know that mongolia's land is extremely fertile, and if it is cultivated, it is no different from the interior. However, on the surface of the land, a layer of flat and uniform sand grains appeared to be all sand and gravel. Moreover, the Gobi is the Gobi, the desert is the desert, the two are not a thing, the average person according to the plants they grow, and there is a distinction between thick land, Gobi, dry Gobi and desert.
Thick land, also known as grassland, is born of small grasses that are loved by horses, cattle and sheep, extremely dense, flat, and covered with rice grains of sand on the ground, that is, uncultivated people's fields, from Suiyuan to Uniwusu.
The Gobi is paved with large gravel of beans, of which only camel-fed grasses grow, salty and not very dense, from univsu to the west to the Erlizi River.
A number of Gobi tiles on the ground are pure fists of rubble, and large grass does not exist. Desert refers to yellow fine sand, also known as quicksand, wind blown into waves, can move, there are piles of mountains, of which the genus of raw shuttle wood and red willow, bush green lovely, but the car is the most feared.
Therefore, every time there are trees such as forests in the distance, that is, walking around it, there are no trees in the cover, there is no such plant in the non-fine sand, as for the color of the sand, it can be said that it is colorful and beautiful, I am afraid that the goods displayed in the largest satin shop may not be as many colors as the goods displayed. White is like snow, black is like ink, red is like indigo, blue is like indigo, pink and white, purple and peach, all have it, and this red and green, according to one side, the junction of a line as the boundary, not mixed at all, flat and uniform, better than the artificial arrangement, the ingenuity of creation, out of my imagination. The mountains are continuous, the west and the higher and larger, the five grasses and trees, the color is divided into stones, or such as bronze, or such as rusty iron, daimo purple, such as snow, such as blue indigo, turmeric green, green and green, green and green, natural scenery, very beautiful, people call Inner Mongolia a natural and most beautiful park, Xinran.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="24" > the fighting in Xinjiang in October</h1>
The war in the new province began in the twentieth year of the Republic of China (1931), because hami changed the county administration, and then pestered the people Yao Le Bosi to go to Suzhou, invited Ma Zhongying to join the new, the provincial army had no training, and many opium hobbies, did not dare to resist, but abandoned Hami, the ancient city (now Qitai) also failed to hold, and finally the provincial city was also surrounded, so the April 12 coup d'état occurred. And Jin Shuren fled, Liu Wenlong and Sheng Shicai were put in charge, and after the siege of the provincial capital was lifted, the ancient city was recovered, and Ma Zhongying retired to Turpan and Shanshan.
Jin Shuren ruled Xinjiang from July 1928 to April 1933
After the armistice was discussed, the waves of peace spread throughout the country, and after Huang Musong failed to announce the consolation, Luo Wengan went to personally inspect it. At this time, the reporter took the Xinsui long-distance bus to Go to New Zealand for the first time, and arrived at the outskirts of Hami to suddenly hear the sound of gunfire, the situation was still very urgent, and the self-defense guns on the car were surrendered.
With regard to the news from the front, there are those who have opened fire, and there are those who have been said to have succeeded in peace talks. Later, he was escorted to Turfan, when Ma Zhongying lost his chance because of the loss of the opportunity to make Ma Heying, Fang arranged a military position there, waiting for the third day to return to meet him, and learned that Ma Zhi's representatives were detained in the provincial city, and the two sides were extremely guarded, although Ma was willing to make peace, his subordinates were fighting vigorously.
Ma Zhongying
On October 9, after the horse parade in Turpan, Nai sent Yu and others to Di, passing through the defense of the two armies, about a hundred miles apart, and on the way, they saw corpses lying on the way. October 10 to Di, after the sheng (Shicai), the first to know that the horse through the electric industry issued on the 9th, the 10th because it is the National Day, so it was extended to the 11th to send troops, at this time the reporter really felt that things can be celebrated, set up a delay of one day, the way is inevitable danger, or can not go to Diye.
On the 12th, Sheng Sheng led the political department personnel to set out to supervise the division in the front, but because of the attack on the dangerous pass of Daban on the Tianshan Mountain, the bullets could not be received, and the whole army was defeated. On the 18th, it returned safely to Dihua, and the horse department did not pursue it. After Sheng returned to the provincial capital, he actively prepared for the capture of Daban twice, and on the 25th, he raised all his strength to woo the horse, and swore an oath in Southern Liang, which was very powerful and did not survive, at that time, because the horse expressed his willingness to retreat to Hami, but please delay for a while, so there was no immediate contact.
On November 2, Sheng suddenly returned to Di from the front, met with the new Soviet leader stationed in Di, and returned to the front in the afternoon of the 3rd. On the 5th, Sheng Sudden led the division back to the province, and it was said that Sheng received a telegram from Chairman Liu four times a day in the front to report that the west road was not quiet, and the rear was disturbed. At that time, the various armies also felt that there was a lack of bullets, so they did not contact the cloud, and it was time to send naturalized troops to sweep away the remnants of the horse on the west road to wait for the replenishment of bullets. When Ma Zhongyingfu went to send troops to besiege Fuyuan, the garrison You Tuan and the county magistrate Liu Yinglin stubbornly defended, and on the night of the ninth day and night, they ran out of ammunition and food, and the women and children all climbed the city wall to help, and finally they were saved.
Sheng Shicai
In December, the provincial capital suddenly discovered that the generals of various armies had embraced Liu Zhi's plot to supervise a seat, and there were different opinions from all sides, and it was difficult for anyone to turn himself in to Sheng. On the 10th, Sheng, using lightning speed to cover his ears, captured 14 people before and after, including the third brigade commander of the Northeast Army and the governor of Dihua County, and on the 13th issued a notice that they were plotting to disrupt the border defense, and the sentences in various places ranged from one or two years, and at that time, the news of the instability of Zhang Peiyuan, the border defense supervisor of Ili Tunken, came to the province, and Sheng Nai sent the provincial city defense commander Ji Zhanqing and the secretary of the provincial government, Lu Lun, to Yili Yanhe, willing to give up the post of superintendent, and at the same time Ma Zhongying also asked Li Qiahan, the party commissioner of the new province who left Ye, to stop the war.
With the consent of the provincial party department, Shang Desheng Liu Zhi, he wrote back to Li Shi and put forward eight specific proposals and conditions. On the 27th, Zhang Peiyuan sent a telegram, claiming that he had been appointed by the central authorities as the commander-in-chief of northern Xinjiang and Ma Zhongying as commander-in-chief of southern Xinjiang, and jointly sent troops to seek prosperity. Due to the slowness of the news, Ma Zhongying still did not know, but on the 28th, he still sent a representative Su Jishan to the province of Yanhe, carrying a handwritten letter from Arima and gifts to all parties.
Huiyuan City Ishizoku
On January 1 of this year, Zhang Peiyuan sent his troops to capture Tacheng, intercept the ordnance of the province transported by the Soviet Union, and torture Qing Nai to die. At that time, Yao Xiong, the principal of the Aviation School, was in the tower, that is, he summoned the naturalized people to organize the army and issued new guns, Zhang Bu was disarmed before the battle, Zhang Peiyuan heard that he killed himself in Huiyuan City, and the Ili Incident was quickly resolved. At this time, Li Qia had already taken a chariot from Turpan to the province alone, and Ma Zhi's representative, Su Shi, left the province on the 7th and returned to the south, saying that peace talks were definitely promising before the trip. On the provincial capital side, because Yanhaizi was in the war zone, it cut off supply, so it sent a large cart to accompany the representative to transport salt, and the civilian car also went with it.
By the evening of the 12th, the street market suddenly rumored that the provincial army and the Ma army had been in contact with the ma jun, and that night Sheng ordered that the shops should not be open for business on the day, and the air in the provincial city suddenly felt tense, and the army went back and forth all night, and Sheng and personally went out of the city to make arrangements. On the morning of the 13th, gunshots were heard in the city, and Di City was besieged in Mabu.
The provincial capital was surrounded by horse troops, and the provincial side decided to take a defensive position with the strength of the horses, and the sound of gunfire was endless all day long. On the evening of the 16th, the horse department concentrated its forces on attacking the radio station of the east airfield in the city, and the stray bullets in the city flew everywhere, and from time to time there were gunshots coming from near the governor's office, and the sound of gunfire in the middle of the night began to gradually fade, and the airfield and radio station were occupied by the horse department, and two planes were lost. At that time, the city was in an emergency, and the armies were fortified outside the city, and only the student army was guarding the car, and the strength was weak; so it was ordered to organize a civil merchant group, a total of 3,000 people, and immediately implemented it, because there was no gun, each with a spear and an axe to enter the city, and all the shops and gangs went out for the snare. On the 17th, the horse immediately started to fly around the city with the small plane it obtained, scattered leaflets with ink books, and threw two or three small bomblets, but fortunately did not hurt anyone. When the news of the provincial army and other counties was completely cut off, rumors were growing.
On the 18th, the provincial side purchased a new aircraft from Russia from Tacheng Laidi, passed on the news, and bombarded the horse department with a weight bomb, and thereafter there was a plane to the province on a sunny day. At dawn on the 19th, Mabu pounced on Nanliang and Wangjiazhuang, the defense army did not retreat, and then re-attacked and occupied the original defensive area, and then received the assistance of the naturalized army, and held on, counting more than 1,000 Mabu and taking more than 200 prisoners, and there were no casualties in the inland combat.
A few days later, Mabu suddenly withdrew his troops to attack Changji, in order to echo Zhang Peiyuan of Ili, Gai Zhangzhi committed suicide, Ma Shang did not know it, and there was no major war near the provincial capital. However, the provincial capital was besieged, the four roads of grain transportation were cut off, food and coal were lacking, and the army sent loans from various shops several times a day, and salt was particularly difficult. At that time, the reporter lived in the provincial party department, that is, because there was no salt and vegetables, and the light lamb boiled rice porridge, it was the time when the price was expensive, the transaction stopped, there was no money and goods, and the people and merchants all felt panicked.
Naturalized Army
On February 1, Liu Bin of the Western Road telegraphed that he had arrived in Ili, and the provincial army and the naturalized army concentrated more than 4,000 people in Changji and began to attack the horse department of The Siege of Changji, and the battle was successful. On February 3, three planes threw bread and sugar and other food in the city, and it is generally rumored that the three regiments of the Naturalized Army had arrived at Dihua Fort (the old airfield) 40 miles from the city. During the day, the aircraft came and went more frequently, and from morning to unitary bombing. On the evening of the 4th, there was a lot of gunfire south of Nanliang, and the reason was unknown. On the evening of the 7th, the reporter received a letter from Sheng Shicai, saying that during the martial law period, stray bullets flew rampant and advised him not to go out of the party department to shop. By the morning of the 8th, the Guns of the Nam Liang side had been firing all day long, saying that they were attacking the Mabu who had been returned by Changji. On the 9th, the reporter was exposing the sun under the south wall for heating, and Wen Shengshicai came to say: There is no horse department at the West Bridge of the City, the Shuimogou in the north of the city, and other places, and the newly built airfield built by the provincial side outside the east gate has been completed.
On the 10th, there was heavy snow all day, and in the evening, the gunfire in the southwest was extremely dense, and it did not stop for a long time. On the 11th, the sky was still cloudy, and friends came to say that the horse department had been relieved of the siege and retreated, the airfield and other places were recovered, and the naturalized military industry set out to pursue, but the aircraft could not be launched, which was a pity. When Shi Sheng besieged the city with Mabu, the civil merchants did their best to defeat the generals and assist the government. At the time of the old calendar festival, the commoners had no income, so they sent personnel to check and release silver tickets, and the residents of the city heard the news of the siege and applauded.
The siege of the city has been solved, both large armies have transported coal to the province, the price per 100 catties is 230 taels, an increase of 7 times over the previous, the Hadmen cigarette is also 40 two boxes, the rice per bucket (about 42 catties) is worth 1,000 taels (only 300 taels in the past), kerosene candles are almost nowhere to be bought, and the price of goods is unprecedented. Shi Sheng immediately began to reorganize the troops. 13 for the old calendar Chinese New Year's Eve, quiet at night, especially quieter than usual, smell the goods used in the new provincial New Year festival are tied to the transport of the mouth, the traffic has been blocked in the past three years, the new year goods are particularly scarce, but the folk incense burning paper, although in the busy still not slack.
On 21 February, in order to reward the generals for their combat plans, Sheng specially awarded prizes to Fuyuan in front of the Governor's Office, and at the same time straightened out the strength of all the armies in the provincial capital, organized according to the actual quota, eliminated the weak and retained the strong, and counted more than 2,000 people, called the old and weak regiments, so that rice was planted in the three dams, in case the various armies were short of quotas. The military on Tsushima has ostensibly ceased. By 2 March, about 100 cars of the Altay Naturalized Army had arrived in the province, but the army had been drawn down, and Mori Nai ordered an attack on Dasaka.
The middleman is Li Rong (chairman) on the left and Sheng Shicai (supervisor) on the right.
At dawn on March 6, a general offensive was carried out, 15 fighters bombed back and forth to assist the battle, and at noon, the dangerous pass of the Tianshan Mountains was occupied, and more than 200 horses were captured, all without bullets, and the provincial army has been pursuing. 8th Datokson, Turpan. On the 13th, he entered the occupation of Yanqi. After that, due to the difficulty of receiving and transporting from the rear, the advance of troops was slightly slower. On March 25, Zhu Ruiqi, the acting chairman of the provincial government, passed away. On the 27th, the provincial party committee decided to recommend Li Rong as a temporary representative. On the 28th, it was reported that the remnants of Ma Zhongying had arrived in Kashgar, a total of less than 600 or 700 people, and the rest of the troops were completely sacrificed, and the provincial army had sent troops to pursue. When the commander of the Mazhi Tangled Brigade, Yao Lebosi, had led his troops back to Hami to take up the post of county magistrate, and sent personnel to the province with a letter to surrender, and Sheng immediately replied to the letter and allowed it.
On April 4, the provincial army passed through Aksu, with only 300 or 400 horses left, and Shi Sheng, tired from the expedition of the provincial army, sent Liu Bin's army of Ili to southern Xinjiang to pursue Mabu, and ordered the southern Xinjiang defense commander and Garni Yazi to block the way for the horse to flee. Before the reporter returned from Di Dong, Sheng once claimed: Ma Zhongying had withdrawn from Kashgar and gone to Shache, asking the British and Soviet consuls to convey their opinions and request that they be incorporated, but the incident of the independence of King Hetian in xinjiang south of the province had not yet subsided, and there was a fear of other impacts, so he decided to completely eliminate it, and now the various armies were surrounded and advanced, and it was limited to three months.
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