<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="1" > [Physiology or Medical Award Upset].</h1>
It's time for the Nobel Prize, an annual science event, to be unveiled, and the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been revealed, with two scientists who independently discovered the molecular mechanisms by which the human body perceives temperature, pressure and pain, and who were previously widely predicted to have failed in the basic research on covid-19 vaccines (mRNA technology).
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And what I'm most concerned about is the upcoming Nobel Prize in Physics, which this year's big names are three physicists in quantum experiments and quantum information: John Clauser, Alain Aspect and Anton Zeilinger of Austria. One of the reasons they became a big hit was that they had previously won the Wolf Prize, which was hailed as the vane of the Nobel Prize.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="7" > 】</h1>
The three popular candidates were actually nominated for the Nobel Prize as early as 2011, but that year the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to the scientist who discovered the accelerated expansion of the universe, and the three missed the Nobel Prize. And this year is their most likely year to win, in part because of an unwritten rule about the Nobel Prize in Physics, which is awarded annually in three major fields, which are roughly average: quantum physics, quantum optics, condensed matter physics and astrophysics. Among them, in recent years, it has been awarded to astrophysics-related many times, and in the past 2020, it has been awarded to black hole theory research and observational proof. Therefore, this year it is basically impossible to give astrophysics, then only quantum physics, optics and condensed matter physics are left, and in quantum physics, they probably have no opponents.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="10" >[Closing Statement of the Century Debate – Quantum Entanglement].</h1>
You may be unfamiliar with these three popular candidates, after all, we are not very interested in the names of crooked people, but in fact, these three people may have heard in popular science articles.
The story begins with the century debate in the 20th century, in the 1930s, the most bizarre science of mankind - quantum mechanics was born, out of faith in determinism, the important founders of quantum theory Einstein and Bohr led by the Copenhagen School on absoluteness and randomness, locality and non-localization of the fierce debate, and finally Einstein with a "Description of physical reality of quantum mechanics is complete?" The thesis ended the battle.
In this paper, he proposed a hypothetical situation: to create a pair of related particles in a special way, their quantum states are related to each other, such as one particle spinning up, the other particle must spin down, according to the Copenhagen School of interpretation, the state of the two particles is determined only after measurement, so what happens when we separate the pair of particles through the optical path far enough, such as after one light year? According to the Copenhagen interpretation, two particles randomly collapse to the corresponding state at the same time after measurement. So the question is, at this time, two particles are separated by 1 light-year, how do they notify each other to collapse to another state in an instant after randomly collapsing to one state? This is obviously not possible, because faster-than-light communication violates special relativity and is essentially a violation of the law of causation. So Einstein said that the state of the pair of particles was determined from the beginning, but we didn't know it until the measurement.
But Bohr disagreed with Einstein, who insisted on the consistent proposition that collapse was random, and that particles had no definite quantum state before collapse. He pointed out that the pair of particles were not two separate individuals before being measured, but a whole, with a wave function, until the measurement occurred, and this wave function collapsed to produce two particles with interconnected states. This phenomenon in hypothetical experiments is called quantum entanglement, which Einstein slightly ironically called ghostly over-range action, and also translated: long-distance haunting...
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="18" > [Einstein's Ultimate Judgment – Bell Inequality Verification Experimenter].</h1>
The two disagreed with each other, but at that time they could not use experiments to verify which one was right, until the two died one after another.
By the 1960s, one of Einstein's brain-dead fans, the Irish experimental physicist John Bell, proposed an inequality:
∣Pxz-Pzy∣≤1+Pxy
Based on this inequality, experimental physicists can design experiments to verify that if Einstein was right, the results should satisfy the inequality, and vice versa, indicating that the Copenhagen School was right.
In the 1970s, John Clauser first completed experiments testing Bell's inequality. By the 1980s, Alain Aspec had completed more precise and virtually flawless experiments with Bell's inequality. Subsequently, Anton Salinger also completed the flawless Bell inequality experiment with more entangled particles. All the experimental results show that Einstein was wrong!
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="26" ></h1>
In the 1990s, Pan Jianwei studied in Europe and studied for a doctorate at the University of Vienna in Austria, under the leadership of Salinger, Pan Jianwei pioneered the experimental paper on quantum teleportation as the second author, which laid the foundation for the feasibility of quantum information technology. The paper was selected for Nature's 21 classic papers in centennial physics! This achievement has greatly improved Pan Jianwei's scientific status, providing enough confidence for the application for funding when returning to China to engage in scientific research on quantum information, thus laying a solid foundation for the development of quantum science and technology in China.
It can be said that without Salinger, there would be no Pan Jianwei today, and there would be no quantum information technology that China is at the forefront of the world today!
Of course, Pan Jianwei is also repaying the favor, and after the world's first quantum satellite was launched, Pan Jianwei's team cooperated with austrian teachers to conduct intercontinental quantum experiments. Currently, Salinger is a foreign academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
I hope that this prediction is correct, and Pan Jianwei's teacher will win the Nobel Prize in Physics!
#2021 Nobel Prize announced today #Knowledge Creators Season 7 ##诺贝尔物理学奖 #
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