<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > an overview of porcelain in the Yongle period</h1>
Ming Chengzu Zhu Di reigned for twenty-two years, when the political situation was stable and the economy developed, which greatly promoted the progress of porcelain making technology, making it constantly innovate on the basis of inheriting the Yuan porcelain process. In the history of ceramic craftsmanship in China, the bright red glaze, sweet white glaze and blue and white porcelain at this time are unique and occupy a special position, becoming a typical of the Ming and Qing dynasties, and widely influencing future generations. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, with the rapid development of handicrafts and urban economy, foreign trade also became increasingly prosperous. Beginning in the third year of Yongle (1405), the Sanbao eunuch Zheng He had traveled to the West seven times, traveling quickly to the Mediterranean And East Africa, not only selling exquisite porcelain to the outside world, but also bringing back the "Suniberqing" pigment needed to make porcelain (Persian pronunciation "Raghuwad" ------LAJIWARD, interpreted as lapis lazuli blue material, produced in the ancient Persian city of Rey, about 40 kilometers south of the present-day City of Tehran, Iran), providing a material basis for the firing of unique blue and white vessels in Jingdezhen. Due to the frequent cultural and trade exchanges between China and foreign countries, the porcelain of this period was also influenced by the culture of The West Asian region in terms of shape and ornamentation. For example, Yongle Qinghua Water Injection, Unblocked Bottle, Flower Pouring, Lying Pot and Celestial Ball Bottle, etc., have many similarities with the shape and ornamentation of ancient Persian pottery. The influence of this trade is not only porcelain, but also in bronze, gold and silver. Some of the exotic shapes and ornaments that appeared in this period reflect the grand situation of Sino-foreign exchanges in the history of Chinese ceramics in China.
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > styling features</h1>
The shape of Yongle porcelain is beautiful and handsome, and the thickness is moderate. Yixiong Wanfang is its outstanding feature, the type system is very novel, very different from the Song Dynasty, compared with the Yuan Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty Hongwu has a greater development and transformation.
At this time, there are many varieties of porcelain, only from the perspective of glaze characteristics, the glaze color of the Song and Yuan dynasties is single and rich in color. For example, some of the same vessels want to have different glaze colors, some different vessels want to have the same glaze color, and so on.
In the past, because the vessel type, glaze and ornamentation of Yongle and Xuande qinghua ware are very close, people often do not distinguish between them, collectively called "Xuanqing", so there is a saying of "Yongxuan is not divided", with the in-depth study of the style of Yongle and Xuande porcelain, now it is basically clear of their respective features, which can completely distinguish the two.
Generally speaking, yongle has fewer large utensils, short and shallow circles, slightly convex and concave in the bottom of the plate and bowl, fine sand bottom of the large plate, foot-shaped outer straight inner slope, occasionally see flint red spots, the same type, Yongle's carcass is lighter than Xuande's, and the tire repair is neat; Carcass articulation marks on the abdomen of the device are not obvious. More prominent are those instrument types that are influenced by foreign influences, such as untied bottles, holding pots, flower pouring, monk hat pots, fish basket bottles, bafang furnaces, folding basins, large plates, etc., some of which are also written with Arabic, Persian or Tibetan patterns (including the Xuande period). These utensils are export porcelain fired for West Asians in the early Ming Dynasty, and the large plates are related to the dietary and living customs of The West Asians, and the flower watering and holding pots are the utensils used by Muslims who believe in Islam to hold worship activities, in addition, these utensils are also influenced by the Yuan-Mongolian culture.
Plum bottle: Yongle plum bottle tire is light, the shape is simple, the shoulders are plump and round, and the abdomen is open, stable and finely decorated than that of the Yuan Dynasty, with white glaze, blue flower, glaze red and other varieties. The type of instrument can be divided into three categories: large, medium, and small; the larger plum bottle, the upper part of the tire is thin, the lower part is gradually thicker, and the weight on the hand is lighter than the visual sense. In the Qing Dynasty, Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong were mostly imitations of medium-sized instruments, of which Yongzheng could be chaotic.
Ming Yongle blue flower folded branches and fruit pattern plum bottle
"Inner House" white glazed plum bottle: the lid is decorated with blue and white folded branches and fruits, and the shoulder has the word "Inner House" in blue and white letters, which is porcelain for the palace. Such plum vases are extremely rare, only two pieces were excavated in the Beijing area in the early years, and they were dispersed abroad around 1930, and are now in the collection of the Anto Museum in Japan.
Yongle white glaze washpu head ear bottle
Oval flat bottle ---- seen in white glaze, oval throughout, skimmed shoulders, 32 cm high, glazed glossy and smooth and thick, white slightly bluish or gray.
The jade pot spring bottle ---- is named after the poem "jade pot pre-spring". Skimming, its neck is slender, the vertical abdomen circle foot is slightly higher, and the foot is flat. Its light pigment and dark flower white glaze glaze is fat and smooth. The ornamentation is vaguely unclear; Blue and white ware has patterns such as flowers, birds and cloud dragons, and the patterns are fine and the painting is vivid.
Flat-bellied ribbon gourd bottle ---- also known as "moon bottle" or "treasure moon bottle" Hongwu when the royal kiln factory began firing, see there are blue and white utensils. Yongle and Xuande have blue and white glaze varieties, but the two dynasties are slightly different in shape, the Yong musical instrument gourd shaped instrument is slender, the bottom foot is small, the abdomen is painted with blue flowers (also known as "Buddha flowers"), the dragon pattern is fine and clear; Xuande's same instrument type, the gourd-shaped instrument mouth is shorter and thicker (but there are exceptions) The bottom foot is also large, and the ornamentation is thick and powerful, see the Qing Dynasty Kangxi and Yongzheng imitations.
Garlic head mouth ribbon flat pot ---- garlic head shaped mouth, high foot skimming, beautiful shape. The abdomen is decorated with brocade patterns, and only blue and white varieties are seen. Xuande's similar instrument ornamentation is slightly extensive. In the Qing Dynasty, Kangxi and Yongzheng were imitated.
The back pot ---- Yongle, Xuande have this type, see blue and white glaze ware, its shape is roughly the same, but the Yongle ornamentation is fine. In the Qing Dynasty, Kangxi and Yongzheng imitations were mostly irregular, the carcass was not thin and thick, and could not be moderate, and its tire blank was connected in two buckles and vertically.
Funnel ---- kit shape, for medical supplies. The mouth is a chrysanthemum petal flower shaped outer skimming, the edge is decorated with chrysanthemum petal pattern, along the lower painted money pattern, the belly drum convex, the lower ring single chrysanthemum petal, the upper part is like a chicken heart bowl type, and the small circle foot at the leakage tube. The vessel is painted with tangled flowers, double lines, lotus petal patterns, and six castor-shaped leaks in the center of which are plum-shaped, which can be used for filtration. The blue and white ornaments are clearly drawn, the color is intense, the leakage pipe is glazed, the upper width is narrow and the lower is narrow, and the edge of the mouth is blue and white string pattern. This instrument is extremely rare, Yongle and Xuande were made in both dynasties (Xuande ware is a white glaze leaky pipe, the edge has a model), based on the Yongle time as the fine, which can also measure the level of porcelain making and medical treatment in the Yongle period. The glaze of the pipe body is thick and shiny, with large stripes, milky white, and the rare Yongle glaze. The firing of the glaze in the early Ming Dynasty has been seen in the white glazed tiles and tiles of the Hongwu period; The success of the production of this exquisite artifact in Yongle shi is more than enough to prove the characteristics of the glaze ware of the early Ming Dynasty. This is useful for those who study the history of the Song Dynasty kilns. Undoubtedly also useful information.
There are blue and white glaze varieties ---- the pot. Its blue and white vessel, with a high handle and a long flow, the body of the pot is like a jade pot spring vase, beautiful and handsome; the neck is shorter and thicker than that of the Yuan Dynasty, but it is thinner and longer than that of later generations. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Shangbai (only the white glaze vessel type of Yongle, according to physical statistics, there are about sixty kinds), the white glaze pot at the time of Yongle is more diverse than the shape of the blue and white pot, in addition to the same shape as the blue and white ware, there are also apricot round flat pots, thick neck and large abdomen holding pots; The same shape is also found in the pewter class of the early Ming Dynasty.
The teapot ---- divided into sizes, and the body of the pot is the same as the Yongle Ju flat pot, but it increases the handle and mouth flow. Some have a bamboo handle.
The Tibetan grass pot ---- vessel type was founded in Yongle and has blue and white glaze varieties. The shape is beautiful, the carcass is light and thin, and the ornamentation is slender. Its use may be for Islamic Muslim worship handwashing units or tibetan Buddhist supplies. During the Qianlong period, this vessel was mostly used, and the pot flowed in the shape of an animal face spraying water, which was used as an offering before the Buddha.
The pear pot ---- is named because of its pear-like shape. The Yuan Dynasty began to burn, and it lasted for a long time in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Yuan Dynasty ware ancient humble thick, see shadow blue, green white glaze, blue flower, sauce glaze, blue glaze, red glaze varieties, with carved peony or embossed dragon pattern as the decoration, the glaze is thin, the glaze is clear, and the glaze is thick can only argue its general outline. Compared with the Yuan Dynasty, the Yong instrument is thin and light, the instrument type is obviously delicate, and the mouth flow is slender and beautiful. The varieties are varied and novel, in addition to sweet white glaze, red glaze, red glaze fill white and glaze infrared, there are also glaze colorizers, yellow ground green color and green field red color. The red glaze and glaze are bright red, the color is light and elegant, and the ornamentation is slender and smooth. Xuande vessel tire has a thick and thin point, the body gradually mutated and slightly fatter than before, in addition to this there are new works of melon prism, varieties of blue and white flowers, red glaze and blue glaze white flowers, etc.; decorated with yunlong, seawater dragon, dragon phoenix. Patterns such as kaiguang double dragon, phoenix wearing flowers and double lion play balls are the most common; some signatures, some no recognition. There are two kinds of shapes of chenghua devices: one is the traditional pear shape, and the lines are undulating and smooth, such as Yongle and Xuande; One is the newly created flat-top cover type with a button, and its variety can be seen in the blue and white ware with the nine dragon phoenix wearing flowers and lion playing ball patterns. The official kiln works of the Hongzhi period have not yet been allegorized, and only the folded branches of the kiln are seen in the blue and white vessels, and the shape of the vessel is also very beautiful. In Zhengde, the type of instrument is similar to the flat top cover type in the chenghua device, but the body is heightened, the abdomen is slightly plump, the round jewel top is also correspondingly enlarged, and the ornamentation is mainly blue and white. The change of Jiajing is more significant than before, and there are two kinds of body sizes: the small body is thick and short, and the cover is flattened; The large one is tall and slender, the lid is semi-circular and convex, in addition to blue and white glaze, there are still yellow glaze red varieties, especially novel. In the Republic of China period, some white glaze ware was used to add five colors or red colors, and the painted patterns were decorated with tuanlong, cloud dragon and so on. Transferred to the Qing Dynasty, the Kangxi Dynasty also had imitations only, and the body was taller and fatter than that of the Ming Dynasty; The change of handle is more significant, the tortuous lines are not smooth, the variety has increased, in addition to the traditional blue and white glaze, sauce glaze, there are new additions of Ugin glaze, sprinkled blue glaze, multicolored, pastel and one-color glaze plus gold ornaments and kaiguang glaze color; In addition to domestic sales, a large number of official and folk kilns are also exported to Western countries. The shape of the pear pot has always been similar, evolving with the aesthetic changes of each dynasty, and its obvious changes are seen in the flow, handle, cover, foot and so on.
Monk hat pot ---- straight neck, round abdomen, circle feet, plate ribbon handle, dome button lid closed to the long mouth stream. The type of vessel is influenced by foreign influences, because the edge of the mouth is like a monk's hat, so it is called "monk hat pot". The Yuan Dynasty has been fired, relatively thick, the style of Yongle is handsome, and the varieties seen are blue and white, red glaze and white glaze.
Flat large pot ---- there is a lying pot. The body is round, with a central arch of the bulging abdomen on one side, an unglazed flat sand bottom on the other, a concave center like a navel, a raised flower on both sides of the shoulder or decorated with a double live ring, a short neck flow, and its ornamentation is similar to the delicate tangle pattern and brocade painted on the hand cup. Its styling uses are to be examined.
Flower watering ---- is a imitation of the West Asian instrument type, the author once saw a white jade dragon handle flower watering in the Zhan Benjiang Museum in Lisbon, Portugal, and its formation time is equivalent to China's Yuan Dynasty. The same instrument type, China only began to fire in Yongle, and then only continued to Xuande. The Yong musical instrument only has a blue and white variety, and a white glaze is added to Xuande. The differences between the flower watering of the two dynasties are: neck, Yongle long, Xuande short; Abdomen, Yongle Yuan, Xuan De bian; Handle, Yongle is dragon-shaped, Xuande is broadband; Ornamentation, Yongle neck long painted with seawater patterns, the abdomen painted with a fine stem like a hand cup of the kind of tangled lotus pattern, Xuande neck is often painted with two different two-shaped lotus petal pattern, the abdomen is painted with tangled branches of flowers; Ornamental style, Yongle slender, Xuande extensive; In addition, yong instruments have a cover, covered with two styles: coat and socket.
Water injection ---- also known as "flower watering" or "holding pot", only by external influences and appeared utensils, and the shape of silver and copper pottery in West Asia is consistent with the shape of silver and copper pottery in West Asia, and Muslims often use this to clean their hands or water flowers. The apparatus is a straight mouth and a long neck, a plump abdomen, and a circle foot; The side of the neck is a square mouth flow, the other side of the broadband handle connects the neck and abdomen, the instrument should have a cover, the water injection begins to burn in Yongle, Xuande time to undertake, the Yong instrument is thin and handsome, no model, Xuande instrument body is thick and thick, signed with style, there are blue and white glaze varieties, blue and white glaze varieties, blue and white ware more painted with tangled branches and lotus patterns.
The ---- of the untied bottle is also influenced by the shape, Yongle began, to Xuande is still firing, there are white glaze and blue and white varieties, the tire is thin and light, straight up and down, barrel-shaped. The body is written with Arabic markings. The shape of the Xuande instrument is roughly the same as that of Yongle, but the blue and white decoration is slightly extensive. Qing Dynasty Kangxi imitations are either thick or thin. Although the Yongzheng imitation is close to Yongle and Xuande, and the glaze also has an orange peel pattern, the carcass is thinner, and the blue and white hue still has the characteristics of the current dynasty period. In the Qianlong period, the imitation vessel type was reduced, appeared short and thick, and some also inserted a brass tire flower-shaped cylinder core wrapped in filigree enamel or yellow satin in the untied bottle, which was used as a flower arrangement donor.
Yongle blue and white Arabic plate seat
Fish basket bottle ---- due to the west Asian bronze shape, the carcass is light and thin, the shape of the instrument is beautiful, the bottom surface is an arc-shaped circle bottom, placed in the plane can be rotated, and there is a circle of exposed tires, in order to facilitate firing, see there are white glaze and blue and white varieties, its blue and white ware abdominal wall painted with tangled lotus, chrysanthemum, ornamentation slender. The Palace Museum has authentic products, as well as Kangxi imitations. The imitation tires are fine and thick, the glaze is a faint bluish-white color, and the cyan ornamentation also has the light and elegant tones of the Kangxi Dynasty.
The ---- shape of the jar with lapped lid is round, flat belly, unglazed flat sand wide bottom. The top of the lid is raised and the lines at the corners are soft. The body is light or decorated with dark flowers. The epaulettes are two or three or four series, ranging from several days; the ties are extremely small, and the aperture can only be crossed by thin ropes. The type of this kind of lid jar is the only one in the Yongle period; in other periods of the Ming Dynasty, the tanks were mostly untied, and they were reproduced in the Wanli Calendar.
With a high can---- wide flat bottom, three or four series on the shoulders, mostly white glaze. In the Yongle period, no matter how large, medium, small, or small, its shoulders were mostly small, and this unique decoration added handsomeness to its shape, and also made the glaze color and ornament more beautiful. This kind of can with a small circle system is very rare after Yongle.
The flat can ---- is similar to the tank type with a lid, but without a small system. Its cover, or for the heavenly cover, or with a sub-buckle set, but also many scattered, see the white glaze and holly glaze two varieties. The body of the white glaze is light or decorated with a single line engraved with a dark pattern; Holly glaze ware, some shoulders decorated with round series as the center of the flower exposed large stone red plum blossom.
Lotus leaf lid jar ---- straight mouth slip shoulders, flat bottom unglazed exposed tire, body light; white glaze lustrous; covered lotus leaf shaped lid, the top surface is flattened, the edge undulating rolling volume is large, and the veins of the leaf tendons are secretly engraved. In the Qing Dynasty, the cover surface of the same kind of instrument was high and convex, the edges were small in rolling, and the body was clumsy and fat.
Shaft cans ---- Yongle, the lines at the corners are round, the upper part is smaller, the lower part is larger, the shape is slender, and the carcass is light and thin. Only blue and white varieties are seen, and the blue and white colors are gorgeous. The Kangxi and Yongzheng dynasties of the Qing Dynasty have the most imitations, but the carcass is thick, the upper and lower parts of the tank are the same size, or the lower body is too high, the lines are stiff, and the bottom of the vessel has obvious spiral patterns.
The octagonal furnace platform ---- is eight square, and there are white glaze and blue and white ware. The wax furnace-shaped inserts on the hearth are easy to lose, so most of the existing ones are qianlong time post-matching. Yong instrument without style; The Xuande instrument has a six-character horizontal version, written on the fold of the dew plate.
The three-pipe ---- flat mouth deep abdomen is bowl-shaped, the neck ring is decorated with three convex strings, the middle waist hollow coin pattern is decorated, and the lower part is divided into three bends, which undertake three small cups respectively. The oblong is a shallow circle foot for the bulging abdomen. The upper bowl body is hollowed out as a grate, and there is a gall wall under the grate hole that runs through the three tubes to the lute. The whole enamel is fat and lustrous, except for the upper bowl body, which is light and pigmented, and is decorated with dark flowers. This unique and novel treasure, excavated in recent years at the site of the Jingdezhen Royal Kiln, has a peculiar shape that is rarely seen in the early Ming Dynasty; whether it is a medical and health device from the Yongle period or an offering vessel for Islamic mosques exported to West Asia, whether it is a flower arrangement or an incense stick, remains to be examined.
Jue ---- is an imitation bronze type, the Yong musical instrument is taller than the Yuan Dynasty Jue shape, only see the white glaze specially burned for sacrifice, the glaze is white and crystalline, and the light is convex with strings. This type of instrument continued until the Ming Dynasty Wanli period was interrupted, and then restored and continued throughout the beginning and end of the Qing Dynasty.
Tiger's eye binaural three-legged furnace ---- tiger's eye binaural, flat round abdomen, three-breasted foot, thick shape, only white glaze, warm enamel. The Selected < Ceramics edited by the Palace Museum > Catalogue I, there is a red glazed binaural three-legged incense burner with a similar shape, which was mistaken for a Yongleshi artifact in the past, and now after several examinations, it is determined that this piece is an imitation of the Kangxi Dynasty in the Qing Dynasty.
The three-legged furnace ---- is an imitation copper ding-shaped, with both ears facing the sky and three-legged standing. The Palace Museum has a large blue and white seawater wave furnace of this period, the shape of the instrument is heavy and solemn, and the blue and white sea water is thick and beautiful, and the waves are surging and majestic. In addition, in recent years, the site of the Jingdezhen Royal Kiln Factory has also unearthed white glaze and glazed cong red vessels consistent with this style, with folded edges, corseted waists, round abdomen, three feet thick and tall like elephant legs, and both ears facing the sky. The vessel type is majestic, the enamel is thick, and the lotus pattern is natural and smooth, which is typical of the early Ming Dynasty, and its modeling style and boldness are completely the same as the red copper gilded furnace of the "Daming Yongle Nian Shi" model of Qutan Temple in Qinghai Province.
The four-sided three-legged furnace ---- so far, only one piece has been found, and it is now in the collection of the Palace Museum. The mouth of the instrument is flat, the waist is folded, the body and abdomen are rectangular, the abdominal angle is eight-sided hammer-shaped, and the ears are symmetrical to the sky. This piece has always been designated as the Yuan Dynasty blue and white, but its glaze is whiter than the Yuan Dynasty ware, the painting of the Pine Bamboo Plum Mountain View and the Yongle Qing Garden Forest Landscape Pattern of the large plate style is consistent, according to its glaze, ornamental painting style and blue and white color characteristics, the author believes that this piece should be designated as a Ming Dynasty Yong Musical Instrument.
The thermo ---- rare treasures excavated from the site of the Royal Kiln Factory in Jingdezhen in recent years. The shape of the instrument is thick, the straight wall is short, the flat bottom is wide, and the symmetrical small ju is attached on both sides, which can wear a living ring; Covered orb top cover. The body is full of white glaze, fat and warm, and the sand bottom is exposed. According to the literature, in addition to the early Ming Dynasty, in addition to the first heirlooms, a large number of white glazed porcelain with novel and peculiar shapes have been excavated at the site of the Jingdezhen Royal Kiln Factory in recent years, which coincides with the literature records, thus adding new content to the study of sweet white glazed porcelain in Yongle and Xuande.
Fold along the pot ---- Yongle began, only see the slender ornamentation of the blue and white vessel, divided into two kinds of sizes, both are flat bottom. The imitations of the Yongzheng and Qianlong dynasties in the Qing Dynasty are quite similar in shape, but some of them are written in the style of this dynasty.
The hand cup ---- its production process can be described as ahead of its time. Flat mouth, bent waist, slippery bottom sand foot. Down the mouth, the fetal bone thickens. If it is held in the hand, it fits in the palm of the hand, and when it is held in the hand, it fits the tiger's mouth, all of which have a sense of doubt, so the reputation of the "hand cup" is painted on the outer wall, and the blue and white tangled lotuses on the outer wall are delicately decorated. Bluish-white glaze with lustrous luster. Its "Yongle Year System" four-character seal book is written in the center of the vessel and surrounded by lion balls, mandarin ducks and flower petals. The Yongle Qinghua Hand Cup is a masterpiece of Ming Dynasty porcelain, which is regarded by later generations as a treasure without shang, and there has been a lack of imitations in ancient times. The earliest forgeries of this variety were found in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, followed by Chongzhen and Kangxi in the early Qing Dynasty, and were still imitated in the Guangxu period at the end of the Qing Dynasty. The common points of these forgeries are: the enlargement of the type (the size of the genuine caliber, foot diameter, and height of the instrument is 9.1×3.95 ×5.1 cm in turn), the decoration is rough, the carcass is too thick, and some in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties have become large bowls, and some have even been simply modified into plates, which is far from the original. In recent years, the imitation of Jingdezhen, from the modeling specifications to the blue and white tones and ornaments, is very close to the effect of the real thing, but the bottom foot treatment is not natural enough, slightly exposing the regular spiral marks, and the sole edge does not have the characteristics of the real slightly convex line.
But if you take it lightly, you will be very easily deceived by it. Several hand cups collected by the Palace Museum are compared with imitations of modern Jingdezhen in terms of size and weight:
The large bowl of the pier ---- straight mouth, deep wall, hanging abdomen, plump bottom, circle foot wide and flat, so it is called "pier type". Varieties include blue and white, white glazed dark flowers and red colored vessels. Its blue and white glaze vessels are decorated with tangled lotuses and folded branches and leaves or phoenix patterns, and red colored vessels are painted with cloud and phoenix patterns. There are also thick tires, and only white glazed dark flower varieties can be seen.
The mouth bowl ---- mouth, the wall is straighter, the abdomen is drooping, the foot is flat, the bottom is slightly collapsed, the sole of the fine sand foot is unglazed, the red spot of flint is displayed, and the white glaze is more common, and the enamel is thick and smooth. The carcass is light and thin, and it is fleshy red when it is transparent. The wall is carved with dark flowers, the upper edge is decorated with a tangled lotus pattern, and the lower edge is decorated with a curly grass pattern.
The body ---- the skimmer bowl is the same as the high foot bowl, but the height is not added. Varieties include white glaze engravings, shadow blue glaze engravings, holly glaze engravings and blue and white ware, the latter only see bamboo stone plantain and alfalfa pattern patterns.
Yongle blue and white bamboo stone pattern bowl
The mouth of the sunflower petal is stable---- there is a difference in size, semi-detached, all are white glaze. The mouth of the instrument is a six-petal sunflower type, the abdomen is slightly curved, the shallow circle foot, the inner wall is darkly printed, there are tangled lotus, eight treasures, double dragons, five dragons, tuanlong, dragon and phoenix patterns, etc., inner engraving, seal book. Kangxi and Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty often have imitations, and the characteristics of their imitations are:
(1) When the carcass is transparent, it appears blue and white.
(2) The enamel is thin and the glaze is not smooth enough.
(3) The ornamentation and style are too clear. The font of the seal book is slightly larger than the real one, the structure is loose, the corners are stiff, and the rise and fall pen is not sharp.
Chicken heart bowl ---- bowl bottom such as chicken heart, deep abdomen and small feet, the shape of the instrument is large, medium and small, common size two, there are white glaze scratches, engraving, printing and blue and white depiction and other craft decoration. The outer wall of the blue and white vessel is decorated with striped lotus petals, and its distinction from the Xuande chicken heart bowl lies in the carcass, the light carcass of Yongle, and the fetal weight of Xuande; Bottom foot, Yongle bottom foot short, Xuande bottom foot height; lotus petal pattern. Yongle is a single slender, blue and white color, Xuande multi-early double layer wide and short, blue and white pattern decoration is not colorful, but also occasionally painted single lotus petal pattern writing Xuande year of the chicken heart bowl, for the early xuande works.
The reclining bowl ---- divided into sizes, the bottom center is arched, and the outer mouth is along the edge, with Arabic characters such as "Thank the Lord for blessings", and the blue and white pattern is delicate. The Xi'an Municipal Commission for Cultural Relics management has this collection.
Straw hat bowl ---- also known as cool hat or Kasa bowl. Skimming, the wall of the instrument is obliquely straight in a flared shape, small circle foot. There is a difference between size and size. See varieties with white glaze and blue and white. Qing Dynasty Kangxi imitations are mostly white glaze ware, the carcass is also very thin, but the light perspective, slightly blue; a darkly engraved dragon pattern is thin, the same as the shape on the Kangxi official kiln blue and white ware.
The small bowl ---- is available in two sizes, one with a caliber of 7.9 cm and the other slightly larger, in which the white glaze is printed with a dark flower double dragon. Double phoenix, tangled lotus eight treasures, etc., bowl heart decorated with three ruyi cloud pattern or dark engraved seal book, carcass is light and thin. In the Qing Dynasty, there were many imitations during the Kangxi Dynasty. The thin tires made by Yongle are not limited to sweet white glaze varieties; In the same period, there were also large bowls with extremely thin carcasses, the outer wall was painted with blue and white seawater dragon patterns, and the blue and white painted thin dragon patterns were used in the circle foot instead of the signature.
The small cup ---- sunflower mouth is born from the small cup, the caliber is about 7 cm, the abdominal wall is shallow, the tire is as thin as paper, and the glaze is thick. Engraved with tangled lotus flowers and "Yongle Nian" seal book.
The ---- of the high-foot bowl is beautifully shaped, the skim lines are smooth, and the height of the foot is slightly weaker than half of the whole instrument. Common holly glaze, white glaze and red glaze ware, blue and white ware is rare. There are two kinds of red glaze: one is an open glaze, and the glaze color is not bright; The other is the glaze of the unopened piece, and the glaze color is very bright. The inner wall is printed with cloud dragon, cloud phoenix, double dragon, five dragons, tuanlong, tangled lotus eight treasure ornaments or light element without grain. Xuande shi instrumental abdominal drooping, slightly more abundant than yong instrument.
The large ---- of the large plate is 67.6 cm in diameter, and the garden pattern is painted in the center of the plate, and the blue and white color is bright. In the past, such objects were regarded as Xuande artifacts, but after careful comparison, it was found that the lines of the Yongle large plate ornament were more delicate and soft than Xuande's, and there was a sense of eyebrow clarity.
The ---- of the sun plate is beautifully lined, well-proportioned, the carcass is light and thin, and the mouth edge is sharp. The inner wall of the disc is carved with a spiral pattern for one week, which is one of the characteristics of the Xuande disc class from the Yuan Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty.
The folding edge of the disc ---- shaped like the Yuan Dynasty cupto, and its folding edge is divided into two types: coaxing mouth or diamond flower-shaped mouth, but the center of the disc has no umbilicus. There are only two varieties of blue and white glazed dark flowers. The blue and white tones of the Yong instrument are clear and bright, in contrast, the blue and white color of the Xuande instrument is thick or gray, and there is a phenomenon of dispersion.
The spoon ---- is 33.5 mm long, at a 150-degree angle, the glaze is white, and the blue and white Sanskrit incantations are written inside and outside the vessel, and the religious vessel is a rare treasure.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > patterned ornamental features</h1>
During the Yongle period, there were more and more decorative techniques on porcelain, not only scratching, engraving, printing, piling, and engraving in the arch (such as white glazed chicken heart bowl, printing burnt leaves, engraving tangled branches and lotus patterns on the outside, or vice versa), but also blue and white paintings, blue and gold paintings, glaze paintings, sculptures, living rings, etc. Some are printed inside the vessel, and the outside of the vessel is painted with blue and white flowers (such as goblets or dark dragon patterns are often printed on the inner wall), which is the traditional method of inheriting the Kiln of the Yuan Dynasty.
In the Yuan Dynasty, the decoration of blue and white was extensive; the style of the Yongle period changed, most of them were sparse and beautiful, and the brushwork was natural. Due to the unstable color of the "Suni Boqing" material, it is easy to faint, and there are fewer people in the ornamentation. At the same time, the decorative techniques of painting and painting with flowers inside and outside have been widely used. The decorative patterns of curly grass, sea water, echo patterns, piped flowers, and double-shaped lotus petals that were used on the Yuan Dynasty were still used in the early Ming Dynasty, and were still visible at the time of Xuande, becoming the common edge decorations of Yongle and Xuande dynasties.
The tangled lotus leaves in Yongle are different from the Yuan Dynasty, with large flowers and small leaves. The vine leaves are beautiful, the pen is smooth, the image is bullish, and the leaf patterns of slender teeth are often painted, which is different from the painting method on Xuande's similar instruments, which is eye-catching.
Yongle blue and white wrapped around the branches of the flat bottle large pot
The dark flowers printed on the porcelain of Yongleshi are rounded and seem to be faintly present, vivid and natural; the dark flowers of the Kangxi and Yongzheng imitations of the Qing Dynasty are glazed with white powder-like lines, and the ornamentation is shallow.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > variety characteristics</h1>
There are many varieties of glaze colors in the Yongle period, such as classification and induction, which can be divided into three categories: underglaze color, glaze color and one-color glaze. One-color glaze is a monochrome glaze, not all without ornamentation. The one-color glaze of the Yongle period changed the monotonous color of the Yuan Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty, and fired a very prestigious new variety of sweet white, shadow blue, emerald green holly, bright red, blue glaze, black glaze and so on.
Blue and white ---- Yongle's blue and white porcelain, inheriting the craftsmanship of the previous generation and innovating. Zheng He went to the West (six times in the Yongle period and once in the Xuande period), and brought back a color material called "Suni Boqing" or "Su Ma Liqing", which Jingdezhen used to burn the blue and whiteware, which was very distinctive.
The ornamentation of blue and white painting is mostly with West Asian colors; the lines are thick and thin, or both thickness and thinness, in order to express the thickness and lightness of the blue and white ornaments; Regardless of the coloring depth, the blue and white color is extremely brilliant and bright, clear and bright; the texture of the line often has crystal spots of cobalt and iron, which are scattered in a star-like spot, and the crystal spots in the light are reduced, and the thick places are condensed into black cyan, dark cyan or metallic tin, and even the concave is deep into the fetal bone, and the convex and uneven shape can be identified by light measurement or touched by hand. This phenomenon is the natural halo formed by the grinding of fine cobalt in the kiln fire, which is definitely different from the Qing Dynasty Yongzheng imitation, which is deliberately repainted and deliberately imitated. This special phenomenon of Yongle and Xuande blue and white ware pigments can be used as a strong basis for our identification of age. It is precisely because of this glaze disease that Yongle and Xuande blue and white ornaments rarely depict characters, but are used to render flowers and birds, seawater, garden scenes, etc. to receive unexpected effects, just like the brushstrokes and abrasions left when painting on raw rice paper, which are rich in limelight.
The blue-and-white hue of the blue-and-white porcelain glaze is a common feature of the Yuan and Ming dynasties, which is caused by the use of traditional Chinese ceramic firing methods. The blue-white color of the glaze at the time of Yongle has weakened compared with the Yuan Dynasty, and some have begun to show white tones. The glaze is mostly smooth and smooth, thick and shiny, not as wrinkled as the orange peel glaze in the later Xuande era.
Glaze red ---- the glaze red vessel at this time, in addition to the aforementioned Jingdezhen Royal Kiln Factory site excavated from the first year of the Department Yongle and the four-year offering of double ring ear bottles, there are also three-legged furnace with tangled branches, flush mouth, folded waist, round abdomen under the three feet, facing the sky and two ears; Its shape is completely consistent with the red copper gilded furnace of the "Daming Yongle Nian Shi" cast in huotan Temple in Qinghai Province. In addition, small utensils include pear pots with thin tires, plates, bowls, etc., with bright colors, comparable to the bright red glaze of the same period.
Blue and white glaze red ---- both blue and white and glaze red interwoven to form a pattern; There are also ornaments with two colors on different parts of the same vessel. For example, in a high-foot bowl, the upper part of the vessel is painted with a blue and white dragon, and the handle is colored with a glaze red sea pattern. Such a treatment, cleverly conceived, is extremely rare.
Yellow glazed green color ---- the newly created color variety at this time. What you see is an apostrophe plate, the tire is thin and light, the outer wall is yellow glazed for the ground, and it is filled with green color dragon pattern. Yellow and green are light and pale. Since the beginning of Yongle, yellow glaze green color has become a traditional variety of the Ming and Qing dynasties; only the dragon body of the Yongle and Xuande periods is raised on the glaze, which is different from the decorative process of the later Dynasties after Chenghua. Among the Ming Dynasty heirlooms, Hongzhi and Zhengde instruments are most common, and Yongle, Xuande and Chenghua works are rare.
The green glazed purple color ---- the new colored porcelain variety added by the Jingdezhen Royal Kiln Factory in Yongle. It is based on peacock green glaze as the ground, and the dark carved dragon pattern is painted with ochre purple, and its color is dark and dull, which is the predecessor of Chenghua Purple. The official kilns of the Later Heirs, Jiajing, Wanli and Qing Dynasties all took this as the norm.
Green glaze red color ---- red color was originally painted only in white glaze, and at this time it has developed, adopting a new technique of paving the floor with green glaze and secretly engraving dragon patterns with red color. See the dragon pattern pear pot and plate excavated from the site of the Jingdezhen Royal Kiln Factory, which are thin and light, and the color is dignified and purple.
Red color ---- Jingdezhen Royal Kiln Factory site unearthed red color cloud phoenix pattern pier bowl, the painting style is delicate, the color has a sense of layering, the color is red and condensed, and the Hongwu red color dragon pattern plate excavated from the site of the Ming Palace in Nanjing is slightly heavier. There are also decorations with green patterns painted on the floor in red.
Jincai ---- Jincai has been used to paint ceramic ornaments as early as the Tang, Song, Jin and Yuan dynasties. For example, the pottery figurines excavated from the tomb of Deng Rentai in the Tang Dynasty and the five generations of Yue kiln ware, the Song Dynasty fixed kiln ware, the yuan dynasty white glaze, red glaze and blue glaze ware, etc., add gold color, add the beauty of the ornamentation, and make the utensils appear graceful and luxurious. Yongle Jincai varieties, there are blue and white gold and red glaze plus gold.
Both the Palace Museum and the Confucius Temple in Qufu County, Shandong Province, have a golden bowl of Yongle Blue Flower, a lotus lotus painted on the heart of the bowl, and alfalfa flowers on the inner and outer walls, and filled with gold color, and the bottom foot has a blue flower or gold color pattern. In the Qing Dynasty Jiaqing and Daoguang, blue and white alfalfa often imitated this pattern. Although most of the gold is peeled off, its color can still be discerned from the luster of the red and clear marks. Imitations of the late Qing Dynasty and early Min, due to the copper mixed with gold or the use of foreign gold, are light yellow or yellow-green, and the brightness is insufficient, appearing to float. Therefore, the reference to its gold color can be used as the basis for the ming and qing gold color vessels to break the generation. Moreover, not only is it limited to porcelain identification, but other gilded bronze ware can also be used as a reference using this method.
The red glaze white flower ---- decorated with red glaze as the ground, which is the inheritance and innovation of the red and white flower varieties in the glaze of the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties. This kind of variety has a thin and light plate, bowl and pear pot, etc., all of which are covered with red glaze, and the white glaze is applied after the dragon pattern is scratched, and the color is red and white, giving people a novel and unique feeling.
Sweet white glaze ---- enamel white, warm like jade, thick as fat, more luminous than the later Xuande period, no brown eyes, referred to as "milk white" or "sweet white" (also written "sweet white"). "Filling white" is originally a process, that is, in the red, blue and other one-color glaze ground carved pattern after filling in the white glaze). The glaze layer has a thin and thick point: the thin glaze is often applied to the thin tire and the birth of the round vessel, the glaze is flat and crystalline, the mouth of the utensil, the edge of the foot and the diamond angle with the tie are slightly displayed, the glaze along the foot edge is cut neatly, the glaze is applied, and there are two kinds of decorations: photons and engraving and printing patterns. Thick glaze is enamel thick, thinner tire glaze is more fat, more applied to thick tires, to the photonsel: a small number of vessels on the smooth line of the dark engraving pattern, sometimes must be carefully examined or borrowed light perspective, can see the pattern, ornament or style, therefore, often the genuine product is not as good as the imitation of the ornament, the style of the word clear. The thick glaze has a flat and uneven glaze, and the uneven glaze is viewed sideways like a cloudy cloud hanging downwards, and the glaze surface is slightly gray and dark
Regardless of the thin glaze and thick glaze, Yongle white glaze ware has a characteristic, which is both the perspective of the light, the tire glaze is flesh red or pink; while the Imitation of the Qing Dynasty is cyan translucent under the perspective of the light. This is caused by the difference in tire material and enamel between the Ming and Qing dynasties. Common Kangxi imitations include white glazed sunflower petal bowls, high-foot bowls and so on. Many Kangxi imitations scattered at home and abroad have been mistaken for Yongle white glaze ware for many years and have not been corrected.
Another feature of Yongle white glaze ware is that at the foot of the utensils and the glaze at the corners, it often flashes with a gray-blue luster, and the glaze occasionally appears like a very faint shrimp cyan that is intertwined with blue, gray and white, which is very peculiar.
White glazed porcelain is difficult to identify and should be taken with extra caution. Although the characteristics of Yongle white glaze ware are prominent, the tire glaze of Jiajing white glaze porcelain is quite similar to it and is the most easily confused. If you do not grasp the characteristics of the instrument type of Yongle, you will often be felt by Jiajing white glaze porcelain, the following kinds of Jiajing white glaze ware is easy to confuse Yongle, specially for this purpose, for reference only:
White glazed dark flower double phoenix bowl ---- thick tire, skimming the abdomen, pier type; The inner wall is secretly engraved with cloud dragon or double phoenix pattern, and there are three ruyi clouds arranged in the shape of "pin" on the inside, and the lotus petal pattern is secretly carved under the outer abdomen. Both Yongle and Jiajing have this instrument, and the difference is very small and difficult to distinguish. However, the Carcass of Jiajing utensils is thick and heavy, the circle foot is high and deep, and the modification of the instrument foot is uneven, especially the glaze occasionally has yellow-brown spots, while the glaze of Yongle does not have this phenomenon, and the bottom foot is very flat.
White glazed dark flower plate ---- skimming, shallow abdomen, circle foot, thick tire, ornamentation is mostly tangled branches or double phoenix, its style is like the white glazed double phoenix bowl above. This kind of plate, Yongle, Xuande two dynasties have, Yongle white glaze is thick and clean, Jiajing glaze is good, but the glaze often has sauce yellow spots.
The white glaze dark flower double hooked branch lotus pot ---- Less this instrument type in Yongle, and the works of Zhengde and Jiajing are often mistaken for Yongle objects; although the glaze is white, it is slightly glittering gray compared with the Yongle white glaze; although the enamel is thick, it is not as fine as yongle; and there are obvious joints in the middle waist of the carcass.
White glazed bowls ---- this type of vessel was not seen in the Yongle period, but it was more common in the Jiajing period. There are joint marks on the abdomen, no dark pattern decoration, and its glaze is like the glaze of Yongle white glaze, and there are also layers of hanging glaze. In addition, such imitations in Japan, although the shape of the instrument is forced, but the glaze is not fat enough, the bottom foot treatment is too meticulous and regular, without the natural sense of Ming Dynasty works.
White glazed chicken heart flat bottle---- in addition to the primordial element, there are also dark flowers. The enamel is thick and the belly is convex like a chicken heart. This kind of shape, Zhengde and Jiajing are not as thick as yongle, and the glaze is not as fat as yong instruments. In the same shape, in the Jiajing period, there were varieties such as red color dragon pattern, blue glaze and blue glaze flint red unicorn or dragon pattern.
The white glazed garlic head bottle ---- as thick and lustrous as the Yongle white glaze glaze, but there is no such shape in Yongle, and it is more common in Jiajing (see the Jiajing white glaze glaze red cockroach garlic head bottle in the "Forbidden City Tibetan Porcelain Anthology".
There are three kinds of shadow blue glaze ---- Yongle blue glaze: shadow green, emerald green, and holly. Yongle Yingqing glaze is a variety of imitation Song and Yuanyingqing. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, shadow ware was rare, and when it was time for Yongle, the shadow celadon fired by the Jingdezhen Royal Kiln Factory came to the fore, but due to the different tire quality, there were obvious differences with song and Yuan Yingqing. Song and Yuanying's green carcasses were not very translucent. Yongle Ying's green carcass is exquisite, with strong translucency, fat enamel, and large bubbles are distributed in the glaze; although the glaze is green, it is very light and can still distinguish between thick and light colors; The production is fine, and it is more superior than that of Song and Yuanyingqing. In addition, its decoration method is different from that of Song and Yuan Yingqing, and it is mostly in the outer wall of the bowl with a double hooked lotus pattern. Due to the strong glazed glass quality, the glaze phenomenon is formed within the contour lines of the carved ornaments, which sets off the ornaments particularly clearly and beautifully. Because the glaze of the carved flowers is cyan, it is called "shadow green" or "hidden green".Only see the skimming bowl, the shape is like the Yongle Gaozu bowl with the high foot removed, the mouth edge is thinner, the opening, the outer skimming degree is large, and the instrument line is beautiful.
Emerald glaze ---- glaze color is as green as green bamboo, the color is smooth, is one of the innovative glaze colors at that time. Common utensils are lid jars and tall bowls. Its carcass and organ feet are handled regularly. Polyphanthrins on the surface. Because the glaze juice hangs with the concave and undulating surfaces of each part of the body, the glaze accumulates, so that the shoulder color of the lid jar is light and the lower part is thick, especially the edge hanging glaze phenomenon is prominent, the glass texture is strong, and the glaze contains dense small bubbles. The shoulders of the lid jar are often equipped with three or four series, and the top lid is slightly convex. There is also a small cover of this shape in the Chenghua Doucai.
Holly glaze ---- color is heavier, with the effect of Song and Yuan Longquan glaze, so it is also called "imitation Dragon Spring glaze". Occasionally, there are no bubbles. Holly glaze is one of the innovative varieties of Yongle, there are not many instrument types, only cans, bowls, high-foot bowls, etc., high-foot bowls have seal book recognition. The shoulders of the jar are decorated with several kinds of ornaments, except for those without a line of light element: or divided into three small circles equally, or the red plum blossom of the flint is raised by the exposed tire, or the small line is supported by plum blossoms, and the body is engraved with flowers or photosens.
Bright red glaze ---- Yongle bright red glaze is the most prestigious, and its reputation is far above the many red glazes of the Yuan and Ming Dynasties. Red glazed porcelain had been fired in the Yuan Dynasty, and by the time of Yongle, Jingdezhen had been able to master the color rendering technique of copper red glaze, completely changing the blackish tone of the previous red glaze. At this time, the red glaze ware, most of the glaze is uniform, the glaze color is lustrous and translucent, and the bright as the chicken blood of the first condensation is undoubtedly a proof that the heat is just right. Individual enamels are slightly impure, and occasionally two pieces have small black dots or bloody lines. Due to the different shades of glaze, the glaze color is divided into upper, middle and lower grades, and the carcass also has a difference in thickness and thinness:
Thick tire red glaze, such as high foot bowls, the hair color is slightly light, the tire quality is firm, and the glaze is thicker, which shows that the glaze is more delicate. The white glaze in the vessel is slightly blue, and the mouth edge presents a neat circle of light blue and white glaze wide lines, which is slightly wider than the "lamp grass mouth" of Xuande red glaze; the mouth edge is exposed, and the white glaze and the red glaze are obvious; some of the lower edges of the mouth are blue-green, but the hue is not thick, and the red glaze under it is more and more colorful; In addition, the glaze juice hanging from the bottom of the high-foot bowl is neat and bluish gray.
Thin tire red glaze ---- such as plates and bowls, if individual instruments listen to the sound, they feel that their carcass is not hard, the glaze is often open throughout the body, especially at the bottom; Like the Yongle Qinghua Chicken Heart Bowl and the Pier Bowl, the reason for the formation of the bottom glaze opening phenomenon is that the tire quality is loose, and the firepower is insufficient when sintering. Its body glaze color is slightly darker, and the red is gray; The white glaze on the bottom of the vessel is yellowed; but a little red glaze is applied to the mouth; The occasional "lamp grass mouth" is not as wide and white as the thick tire red glaze. The Yongle red glazed thin tire dark cloud dragon disk seen is almost the same as the Hongwuguan kiln red color cloud dragon plate and the Chenghua and Zhengde blue and white cloud dragon plates, which are almost the same in terms of shape and pattern decoration, and it is not difficult to see the connection between them.
Black glazed ---- is an innovative variety of Yongle shi, see plum bottles and four series of flat jars. Its bottom diameter is 36 cm, lip, short neck, slippery shoulders, flat abdomen, wide flat bottom. The neck is raised by a curly grass pattern, and the shoulders are clothed with four round small series. The glazed glaze of the vessel is thick, dark and bright, a rare treasure of the early Ming Dynasty, and is now in the Overseas Chinese Museum in Xiamen, Fujian Province.
The blue glaze ---- is not complete, and it is roughly the same as the Xuande Ji blue glaze, the difference is in the glaze. Its glaze is consistent with the effect of Yongle red glaze and white glaze, smooth and moist, without the orange peel pattern of Xuande. In May 1980, the author found several pieces of porcelain in Zhushan Hill (now Zhushan Road, jingdezhen city center) where the Ming Dynasty Royal Kiln Factory was located in Jingdezhen, most of which were objects from the Yongle, Xuande and Chenghua periods, among which there was a corner of the blue glazed porcelain plate, the tire was thin and light, the glaze was glossy and thick, the blue was pure, and the blue glaze color of Xuande and Chenghua was different, and the play observation was identified as a relic of yongle time by intuitive feeling, and then it was confirmed by the Yongle white glaze porcelain plate, and its carcass, specifications, shape, and treatment methods were very suitable. For hundreds of years, scholars and experts have never proposed the existence of Yongle blue glaze porcelain, but Yongle, Xuande, and Chenghua all have red glaze ware, and the Yuan Dynasty, Xuande, and Chenghua all have blue glaze porcelain. Since Yongle has the fact of inheritance and innovation, and the blue glaze is easier to burn than the red glaze, then, according to the actual situation, Yongle should also have the production of blue glaze porcelain. Although this blue-glazed porcelain piece is not large, after research, it has added new information to the study of glaze varieties in the Yongle period.
Peacock green glaze ---- first seen in the Song Dynasty Cizhou kilnware, Jingdezhen to the Yuan Dynasty began to burn a single peacock green glaze on porcelain, its color is as beautiful as the peacock's tail feathers, extremely gorgeous; At the same time, peacock green and blue flower varieties are derived, and the peacock green glaze is covered on the blue and white vessel, and the blue and white color becomes black, which is similar to the effect of the peacock green black flower in the Cizhou kiln in the same period. The Ming Dynasty Jingdezhen Royal Kiln Factory fired this low-temperature glaze for the first time in Yongle, the color is light and bright, the glaze is uniform; in addition to the light element, there are still carved dragon patterns to fill the white glaze, and the transformation into another new variety of peacock green white flowers.
Light green glaze ---- thin glaze juice on the thin tire, the color is more light and elegant than peacock green.
Yellow glaze ---- has developed on the basis of the previous dynasty, with a fat sweet white glaze substrate, covered with a light yellow glaze, because of the white glaze background, the yellow glaze is thin and light in color. See there are skimming plates, thin tires, light bodies, narrow circles of feet are very shallow, with distinct characteristics of the times.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > tire glaze features</h1>
Carcass:
During the Yongle period, attention was paid to the smelting of porcelain clay, therefore, the tire quality was delicate and lubricated, the tire color was white, and the tire was thinner and lighter than the later Xuande porcelain tire (the one that was born was lighter), and the shape of the instrument was regular; The fine sand bottom of the large vessel, the smooth and warm feeling.
There are four conditions in the Yongle carcass, which are described below:
(1) Thick tire: fine and firm, but compared with the tire quality of Xuande and Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, it is more than lustrous and hard. thick
Tires are more common to see the class of chasers, round utensils also have, mostly pier-type large bowls, because the tire glaze is densely combined, so the glaze is white and lustrous as jade.
(2) Thin tire: exquisite and regular. In the round utensils, there are mostly large and small plates and bowls, and the gradual utensils are rare, such as white glaze and shadow blue double series
Tanks, etc., carcasses are very delicate and thin.
(3) Loose sauce tire: the tire color is slightly yellow, if you have to dissect the foot section, you can find that the tire quality has insufficient sintering phenomenon. Glaze
The stripe is yellow, the general open stripe is smaller, there are also larger stripes, the bottom open stripe is heavier than the body, and even some carcass bottom foot cracks have a very deep grain, the glaze is also cracked with the grain, to finger bullets, the tire sound is hoarse, the utensils seen are red glaze plates, white glaze or blue and white plum vases and plates, bowls, etc.
(4) Birthing: The name of the birthing device in Yongle was passed down to the world, the carcass was as thin as an eggshell, extremely light, commonly known as the "egg curtain", in the Qing dynasty poem
Even described it as "only afraid of the wind blowing away, but also worried about the day moxibustion". Although its carcass is thin, the shape of the instrument is regular, it can also be printed on the vessel, engraved patterns and style, the technique can be described as exquisite, the production method of the birthless device is: the carcass is glazed after molding, and the glaze is dried up in the vessel, that is, the carcass that is not hung is scraped, almost only one layer of glaze is left, and then the glaze juice is applied on the scraping surface, and after firing, it seems to remove the fetal bone, as thin as two layers of sintered glaze, crystal clear, so it is known as "birthing". Yongzheng and even the Republic of China have been produced, but not as round and fine as Yong instruments. There are small cups, small bowls and plates at the mouth of the sunflower, etc., which seem to have no large utensils. The pattern is decorated with cloud dragons, tangled branches lotus eight treasures, etc., and the center of the instrument is secretly printed and engraved with the "Yongle Year System" seal book. Because of its prestige, there are many imitations in later generations. Whether it is imitated Yongle white glazed thick tire, thin tire or tireless light-facing perspective carcass, it does not have the ruddy luster of the real product, and the perspective of the imitation is higher than that of the real product.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > identification essentials</h1>
1. The instrument type of Yongle porcelain is beautiful, rounded and dexterous. Due to frequent foreign exchanges, the porcelain of this period contains foreign color shapes, including: celestial ball bottle, moon bottle (back pot), flat belly ribbon gourd bottle (Qing Dynasty famous horse hanging bottle), Tibetan grass pot, lying pot, holding pot, unpared bottle, fish bottle, incense, Yantai, flower pouring, pen box, folding basin (Qing Dynasty famous hat pot), folding plate, reclining foot bowl and chicken heart bowl, etc., with the earlier gold and silver in Persian culture. Copper, jade and ceramics are similar in shape.
2, Yongle time tire soil refining fine, carcass weight moderate, especially with the white sand bottom of the warm and delicate and famous, round instrument in the skimmer mouth edge, with the hand to wipe the sharp sense, and then imitation of the mouth along the more rounded, no edges and corners. This kind of mouth feature is one of the main bases for us to determine the age and distinguish between authenticity and falsity. The streaks of the carcass are slightly exposed, which is not only obvious in the Yuan Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty.
3. The glaze of the Yong musical instrument is thick, lustrous and clean, without orange peel grain. The mouth edge and bottom corner of the white glaze are more flashing white or yellow, and the glaze juice is thick and dense, and the glaze surface is uniform and consistent. The white glaze at the bottom of the vessel is generally uniform, and there is little uneven thickness and thinness. Yellowish in thin areas, pulpy white in thick areas, or slightly flashing cyan. Some have a white glaze on the bottom of the vessel with fine flakes.
4. At this time, the ornaments commonly used in official kilns and folk kilns include seawater, curly grass, tangled lotus, bamboo stone plantain, folded loquat, lotus petal, yanglian, dark dragon and so on. The blue and white ornamentation lines are slender, clear and elegant, and the gold color used is red and red.
5, the color of the blue and white vessel is doubtful and elegant, brilliant and bright, and the cobalt material used in "Suni Boqing" has a natural halo when firing, forming a thick and condensed crystal spot, which is concave and uneven.
6. There are the following common instrument feet: high and deep skimmed circle feet. Inner wall and outer skimming shallow circle foot, inner straight outer retracted circle foot, flush circle foot, outer bottom corner with prominent flush circle foot. There are many flint red spots in the exposed tires of the circle feet. At the junction between the inner wall and the bottom surface of the dish and bowl, the string pattern is printed for one week; the center of the instrument is slightly concave, and the bottom of the instrument is convex, showing a collapsed bottom. The plum bottle has a flat bottom, slightly repaired tire marks, and is a small slope at right angle.
7. Writing the imperial year number on the official kiln porcelain, which began in the Ming Dynasty Yongle, is mostly a four-character seal book, with a rounded pen angle, a thin tip at the rise and fall of the pen, and a compact font structure.
In short, among the features worth noting in identifying Yongle porcelain, the styling characteristics and fetal foot treatment are the most important. Because each period has a specific fetal foot treatment method, leaving an indelible permanent trace; in addition, the production of each utensil, is closely related to the living customs, aesthetic standards and technical conditions at that time, so often observe the instrument type in detail, familiar with and master the characteristics of the Yong musical instrument type, in order to form a precise concept, especially important, the imitation of the fine products of the imitation, for those imitations that are presumptuous, such as the imitation of the hand cup in later generations, the shape is getting more and more strange (Jiajing, Wanli began to imitate more and more, Even later, it is not a cup to form a large bowl), as long as you are familiar with the real shape, you can see through it at a glance. On the basis of grasping the main characteristics of the instrument type, after repeated practice, we can accumulate rich appraisal experience by participating in the characteristics of tire glaze, ornamentation, and style recognition.
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