Early hominid settlements were located in caves for a long time, and caves provided protection for hominids as a place to avoid existential threats. The primitive people who lived in the cave also created many cave cultures in their long-term lives, the most common of which is the mural. The murals reflect the daily lives of primitive humans at that time, as well as the worship of nature, and play a very important role in the study of the historical evolution of early human civilization.
Many caves evolved into long tunnels in later developments to expand the range of their members. In the future development of civilization, the role of tunnels is far more simple than simply living. Many civilizations have built tunnels, which have become sewer systems in later changes, or underground works have become the storage places for a large number of treasures, and even as the basic construction of underground mausoleums, connecting the entire cemetery.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="127" > mysterious tunnel</h1>
There are not many strange tunnels in history, in the case of the Mayan civilization, there were people in South America in the 1970s who found ancient Mayan tunnels. The tunnel has a history of more than 50,000 years and the craftsmanship is also very exquisite. Not only is the tunnel deep and strong, but the depth is also more than 200 meters underground, and the entrance is thousands of steps of classes. Many have speculated about this tunnel as a large gathering place for the Mayans.
Also in Brazil, South America, thousands of large and small tunnels were discovered in 2005, forming at least 13,000 years ago. It's amazing both in terms of quantity and capacity. The size of the tunnel can be compared with today's coal and iron ore tunnels, and the number of thousands of tunnels is enough to prove that this is a huge project.
One might think of the tunnels found in Mexico in the last century, and the ancient tunnels of Mexico, which are currently regulated by the Ecuadorian government, are a testimony to the former Indian civilization. Inside the tunnel there are a large number of murals, artifacts, animal models, stone slabs, and glaze-like material on the walls and smoothness. The Mexico Tunnel is now a World Heritage Site and still has many mysteries. But unlike Mexico, the thousands of tunnels here in Brazil don't seem to find much of a human track, or the tunnels themselves are not suitable for human habitation and activity.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="131" > mystery speculation</h1>
Speaking of cave tunnels, cavemen existed in the early days of human evolution, in the 160,000 years of changes in Europe and Eurasia. Before the mass migration of modern humans, the cavemen were almost the strongest race on the continent, possessing high intelligence and sociality. At the same time, it also has a strong creative ability, and the tools made by cavemen are far more than those of modern people in the same period, and they have primary production capacity in gathering and hunting.
In order to avoid natural aggression and beast threats, this group of humans chose to dig caves. But in later changes in migration, cavemen began to face existential threats. The real reason is not due to climatic influences, but the continuous evolution of modern people in Africa, the number of human races occupies an absolute advantage, 10 times that of cavemen. When they migrated to Europe, they also developed more complex forms of communication than the cavemen and the prototype of early trade. In the ensuing competition, the cavemen were eliminated.
In contrast, Brazil's geographical location, Brazil in the east of South America, as the largest country in South America, has plains, basins, plateaus and other terrain. The location of the tunnel is low latitude, close to the equator, most of which belongs to the savannah climate, and the tunnel is basically in a highland environment. As a long-term development of Cavemen in Europe, it is obviously impossible to migrate across the sea to South America, and only Indian civilizations have existed in South America in the past hundred thousand years. If this is the work of a caveman, it is obviously not true.
Most of the civilizations born in South America are also river civilizations, caves are more likely to exist as a place of religious sacrifice, so many and large tunnels are also a project that requires a lot of manpower, and the early South American civilization will only take agriculture and astronomy as the main activities.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="136" > the possibility of tunnel formation</h1>
Tropical rainforests, although abundant in precipitation, tend to be concentrated in only a few rainy seasons, and it is completely unnecessary to build tunnels on the plateau to avoid rain. In the history of Indian civilization, there will be more religious sacrifices and agricultural production during the rainy season.
The topographic geography of the Brazilian plateau has been formed since the Proterozoic as early as the Proterozoic due to the activity of land plates, through the "fold movement", after the fracture rise of the Neo-Tertiary Period, and has a history of millions of years. With evidence of historical evolution, it is clear that tunnels would not have existed before or within plateau formation.
The only ancient civilization that lived in the western highlands of South America was the Inca Empire, and many sites of the Inca civilization were found at many high altitudes, most of which were above 3,000 meters. This is related to the habits of the Incas, who, as a highland people, did not like the humid climate of the lowlands.
At the same time, the terraces reclaimed at high altitudes and the temples built at high altitudes are testimony to the production methods and religious beliefs of this civilization. The Inca Empire also had more advanced smelting techniques, producing many bronze vessels and tools of agricultural labor. The Incas' worship of the sun, their geographical location, and the formation of civilization could not have been the builders of the tunnels.
In 2010, Brazilian geologist Edmi led a team to the tunnel group for a detailed investigation and record, and found a different place. The excavation of the tunnel is very rough, and there are a lot of scratches on the walls and ceiling, which looks very smooth and the way of excavation is very primitive.
After further measurements of the tunnel, the inspectors also found that the tunnel was only tens of meters deep, not very deep. The extension and bifurcation of the tunnel also have a clear deliberate layout behavior, and the tunnel is interconnected in several places, which directly excludes the cause of natural formation.
Considering that South America once had many continental plates and a rich species, researchers began to look at the burrowing animals that once existed during this period, and after research confirmed that the builders were indeed not humans.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="142" > "giant excavator"</h1>
Considering the timing and location of the tunnel, researchers have shrunk the range and species of animals in South America, dominated by cave-dwelling organisms. Through comparison, it was found that there was indeed a type of burrowing animal in South America for more than 10,000 years, that is, the earth otter.
The discovery of the otter dates back to 1796, when the Academy of Sciences in Paris, France, received a mysterious sketch of the animal skeleton. After studying and reconstructing the sketch skeleton, the paleontologist George Cuvier at the time found that the skeleton was very similar to that of the otter living in the Americas, and the most surprising thing was that the skeleton was hundreds of times larger than the otter.
The ground otter belongs to the suborder Phylloscopus, mainly distributed in South America, and the surviving otter is a cousin of the same order Poor Tooth. Except that the otter can grow up to 6 meters, can be the same shape as an elephant, is as tall as a giraffe, and weighs up to 5 tons. It is the third largest land mammal in the Ice Age after mammoths and mastodons.
Because of its sheer size and the huge claws on its feet, the otter basically has to walk on its hind feet. Giant claws on the forelimbs can reach up to 40 centimeters, and the huge claws can help the otter grasp the entire branch and eat the leaves of the branch. In the face of threats from other animals, the tree otter can also use its claws to hold the animal firmly on the ground.
In addition to its huge hard claws, the earth otter's body structure is also equally strong. With bear-like fur and a hardened layer of skin under its thick fur, the otter doesn't take much damage even when threatened by large carnivores. Occasionally, the otters open their meat and sometimes become the most terrifying predators.
In the order poor tooth, the otter is also a cave dweller like today's armadillos and pangolins, and the giant claw can easily dig out large tunnel caves to provide a living environment for the otter.
To withstand the cold climate of the Ice Age, otters spend the winter in tunnels, and as they multiply and expand from generation to generation, the tunnels form interconnected structures that become deeper and larger. The lifestyle and biocharacterisms of the otters explain who built the mysterious tunnels of Brazil, and the legendary creatures that have become precarious in later changes.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="148" > epoch change</h1>
There have been many mass extinctions in history, and the era in which the tree otter is located is also in the midst of the largest extinction event, the Quaternary extinction event, which has transitioned all the way to the Holocene. The extinction is basically due to large-weight mammals, in addition to the influence of cold climate, humans also developed rapidly during this period.
In the case of the human hunt hypothesis, humans invented tools in early evolution, and the increase in productivity gave humans the ability to begin to migrate elsewhere. Many of the remains of megafauna excavated during this period were accompanied by hunting tools and remains of humans.
The biggest argument in support of this claim is that Australia's extinction event predates the ice age and temperature changes, and the nearest New Zealand has also experienced extinctions during this period. North America, South America and Madagascar, although not affected by the harsh effects of the climate, also had extinct events, and what they have in common with other places are human activities.
Climate change during the Pleistocene period was dramatic, and widespread glacial activity in the Northern Hemisphere alternated glacial and interglacial periods many times, and sea levels dropped dramatically. The Ice Age caused large numbers of vegetarian animals to not get more food, and American otters adapted to cold climates and lived on the American continent during this period.
Twenty thousand years ago, after entering the Americas, human beings began a wide range of activities and development. Many mammals are hunted, including giant animals such as mammoths and ground otters, and the influence of human activities has accelerated the process of animal extinction. Such large creatures, like mammoths, did not escape extinction, and although the Antillean otter lived longer than the American otter, it disappeared about 8,000 years ago.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="154" > the final discovery</h1>
As the last continent to be explored by humans, the extinction of species on the American continent seems to be less rapid than elsewhere. The time of extinction of the earth otter is not very long, in addition to a large number of fossils, there are naturally formed ground otter mummies in caves and craters in some parts of South America. To this day, there are still eyewitnesses about the otter, but considering that most of these rumors are unknown descriptions of the locals, it is impossible for such a large creature to completely hide its tracks in the South American rainforest, and the extinction of the otter is an indisputable fact.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="157" > conclusion</h1>
In addition to the harsh climatic effects of the Quaternary mass extinction, on the other hand of living conditions, there is also the evolution and development of human beings, and the inferences of various hypotheses are also based on human activities. Whether it is a theory of virus invasion or excessive hunting, the role of human beings in it cannot be ignored. The American otters have survived for tens of thousands of years, leaving only the caves where they once lived, and the scratches on them have witnessed the prosperity of this population.
Today, humans are the most powerful species on earth, with high technology and strong production capacity, but we still live on the earth. To humans, the earth is like a cave where the tree otter once lived. The future is changing rapidly, and if there is no way to deal with it, then the human world may also face the problems that these species have experienced in the future, and make the right changes in order to cope with different changes and continue to survive and develop.