In terms of hardware, just look at the chassis, body, electronic and electrical architecture, and there is no big difference between the new energy vehicles on the market and traditional oil vehicles. So from the perspective of parts/components, the life point of view is basically the same. (This does not consider the shortened life caused by the chassis and body quality of some new energy vehicles themselves.) ）
But the powertrain is a world of difference.
The power system of fuel vehicles is composed of engine, gearbox and pipelines (oil, water, gas), and the following figure is the system structure diagram of traditional fuel vehicles.
The power system of a pure electric vehicle is a three-electric system (power battery, motor, and electronic control system), and the following figure is the power system structure diagram of a pure electric vehicle.
The two structures are fundamentally different.
Therefore, looking at the life cycle of traditional fuel vehicles and electric vehicles, it is still necessary to look at the life cycle of the power system.
Let's first look at the warranty period of the engine and gearbox of the fuel vehicle.
Traditional fuel vehicles are all with a three-year or 100,000-kilometer warranty.
The vehicle warranty mentioned here generally refers to the fact that the whole vehicle parts can be guaranteed for so long under the premise of normal maintenance.
For example, running for two years, 50,000 kilometers of tires do not work to be replaced, even during the vehicle warranty period, the replacement of wear parts is to pay for themselves, which belongs to the maintenance fee, not the scope of free warranty. The free warranty of this vehicle is related to the power system, body, and chassis. Many 4S shops will launch special services for power systems, such as engines, gearboxes, and chassis transmission systems, such as paying two or three thousand yuan to extend the warranty of your power system to 8 years or 200,000 kilometers. Or some 4S shops also promise a lifelong warranty for the power system, but you need to sign a contract, and all maintenance and accidents will come to this 4S store.
But in fact, 4S shops basically do no business, because with proper maintenance, the life of the engine and gearbox is beyond imagination. (The shortened life caused by the quality of the power system of some fuel vehicles itself is not considered here.) ）
Now better engines, properly maintained, if not messy, even a turbocharged engine with a relatively short life, the life can reach about 400,000-500,000 kilometers, 10 years up. And traditional engines, with a life of 80-1 million kilometers, are normal for 20 years. In the past, operating vehicles ran millions of kilometers without major engine overhaul.
The gearbox is less than the limit life of the engine, and under normal maintenance, running 500,000 kilometers up, 20 years is no problem.
In turn, look at the life of the power battery of pure electric vehicles. Below are the battery warranty periods for the most recent pure electric hot selling models.
Tesla Model 3: High-voltage battery and drive assembly warranty for 8 years or 160,000 (196,000) kilometers, battery capacity is not less than 70%.
BYD Han EV: Vehicle warranty for six years or 150,000 kilometers, lifetime warranty on battery cells, and battery capacity of not less than 70%.
Hongguang MiniEV: 8 years and 120,000 kilometers of three-electric warranty
Xpeng P7: The vehicle warranty is 5 years or 120,000 kilometers, and the battery pack is guaranteed for 8 years or 160,000 kilometers
Nezha V: The whole vehicle warranty is 3 years or 120,000 kilometers, the three-electric system is guaranteed for life, and the battery capacity is not less than 70%.
Ora Good Cat: The whole vehicle is guaranteed for 3 years or 120,000 kilometers, and the battery pack is guaranteed for 8 years or 150,000 kilometers
GAC AION Y: The vehicle warranty is 4 years or 150,000 kilometers, and the battery warranty is lifelong
NIO ES6 : The whole vehicle is guaranteed for 3 years or 120,000 kilometers, and the battery pack is guaranteed for life
The above is roughly summarized, but each car company actually has more detailed requirements for the warranty of the battery pack of its different models, such as some to the first owner to enjoy the long-term battery warranty policy, some to the annual mileage of no more than 30,000 kilometers, some are not allowed to run online car-hailing, the specific depends on the specific details of each model.
At first glance, for the life of the power battery pack, the warranty period given by these new energy vehicle companies is longer than that of the power system of traditional fuel vehicles...
In addition, some car companies also claim that their battery packs can run hundreds of thousands of kilometers, easily exceeding the life of the power system of traditional fuel vehicles.
For example, BYD's CLTC pure electric car with a range of 600 kilometers, using lithium iron phosphate batteries, calculated by theoretical cycles of 2,000 times, is 1.2 million kilometers, which is why BYD claims that its blade battery can theoretically run 1.2 million kilometers.
Speaking of which, is power battery life really equivalent to engine life? In fact, new energy car companies have played a small word game here, that is, the battery life announced by car companies is called cycle life by default.
In terms of cycle life, the life of the actual power battery at this stage is really the same as the life of the engine million kilometers. But cycle life is limited by calendar life.
What is cycle life?
The battery capacity is 50%, and the charge is 100%, which is not called a cycle.
I have 30% of the battery now, and I charge it to 80%, which is not called a cycle.
Or I am now 10% of the battery, go to charge to 40%, then stop for a while, charge to 70%, goodbye stop charge to 100%, of course, this is not three cycles.
In principle, a complete cycle of cycle life means that the normally moving lithium ions make a round trip between the positive and negative electrodes.
In layman's terms, a complete cycle is a full charge + full discharge of the battery once. (This is the circular definition, not that the battery should be fully charged, shallow charge and shallow discharge will make lithium batteries more durable.) ）
During the charge and discharge process, Li ions are intercalated back and forth between the positive and negative electrode materials
The theoretical life of ternary lithium cells is 800-1200 cycles, and lithium iron phosphate is about 2000-2500 cycles, reaching 70%-80% capacity.
Don't look at the number of cycles is not much, but the number of cells is large, the number of cells is large and the consistency is strong, the combined force of the cells means that the mileage of a single cycle is more, and then calculate the total mileage, the number will be relatively large.
What is calendar life?
It refers to the time from the lithium battery produced by the manufacturer to the end of battery life, and the end of life is calculated according to the country's lower battery limit of 70%, not according to the exhaustion of electricity, generally in years.
But this is related to the use of the battery itself, the external environment, too long to not use, or back to fast charge to full charge, the temperature is too high and too low, humidity is too high will affect the calendar life. In general, the calendar life of lithium batteries for automobiles is 6-10 years. That is, you don't use it frequently, drive 3,000 kilometers a year, and when you are in the teens, you only drive 20,000 or 30,000 kilometers, and the battery capacity is just as likely to be seriously decayed.
You think of it as a kind of food, when the shelf life comes, whether you eat it or not, how much you eat, once the time passes, the probability is that you can't eat it.
This calendar life, car companies are default not to publish, because this announcement will have adverse effects.
Some friends or some "car critics" do not recognize the calendar life or do not think that the battery has a calendar life, but emphasize the long cycle life of the power battery, saying that the power battery can run three and a half million kilometers without attenuation, so buy it with confidence.
This cannot be said wrong, nor can it be right, because no time limit has been added.
For example, running 50,000 kilometers a year, then running for 6 years, running 300,000 kilometers as a whole, it is possible for the battery pack to have no large attenuation. But to say that I run 5K kilometers a year, then run 60 years, the same 300,000 kilometers, the power battery has basically not decayed, this is a bit of a TNND fantasy.
In fact, when we look at the warranty period of the battery pack, we can also see the calendar life, because the car company generally gives 5 years or hundreds of thousands of kilometers. Some car companies give 3 years or hundreds of thousands of kilometers. This is a conservative estimate, and in general, 6 to 10 years is a normal battery life. If the environment is good, the use state is good, pay attention to shallow charging and shallow, the power battery pack itself is also likely to reach a service life of 10 years, which is equivalent to the basic service life of a car.
Some friends may feel that it is not cost-effective, all the same money. Others drive 30,000 kilometers a year, I drive 3,000 kilometers a year, six or seven years in a short time, more than ten years in length, others drive 200,000 kilometers, I drive 20,000 kilometers or 30,000 kilometers, and everyone's batteries have to be changed.
(At this stage, if we buy an electric car, try to shallow charge and shallow under conditions, do not be in the situation of full power or alarm power for a long time, usually pay attention to protection, do not let the car be in high humidity, ultra-high and low temperature and other bad weather environments for a long time, it will take a long time to decay to 70%. ）
Therefore, new energy vehicles are not used or used less, the power battery life is still there, and it fades with the passage of time, which is still different from the life of the engine, even if the delicate turbocharged engine drives one or twenty thousand kilometers a year, it can span twenty years without failure. Because the engine is mainly a physical failure of wear or the aging of parts, rather than the electrochemical reaction aging of the power battery.
Therefore, just looking at the mileage life, the power system of electric vehicles is really not necessarily worse than traditional fuel vehicles.
Electric vehicles run 500,000 kilometers in five years and 800,000 kilometers in eight years, and the power battery pack does not fail, and it is possible without major attenuation.
However, if you look at the calendar life, electric vehicles are not as good as traditional fuel vehicles at this stage, because the life of the power battery pack is certainly not as long as the engine for more than ten or twenty years.
Therefore, if it is the kind of friend who drives thousands of kilometers a year, hopes to drive 10 years up, drives 15-20 years, and the big things in the middle are not bad, the current electric car may not meet your requirements. After eight years to change the battery pack, the little fuel money saved is really not enough to replace a new battery pack. Of course, the power/intelligence/comfort of new energy vehicles is another matter. Here it is only said that it is less open, and it is not cost-effective to change the battery.
But if you are a friend who drives 350,000 kilometers a year, a pure electric car is very suitable. Because in eight to ten years, the battery pack began to decay greatly by charging and discharging 3.5 million kilometers, and after driving hundreds of thousands of kilometers, other parts of the vehicle are almost at the end of their life, and it is almost time to replace the car. Then calculating the entire life cycle of this car, it must be cost-effective, and the fuel money saved and maintenance money can be saved to buy a new car.
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