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Editor|Yucha
preface
As a basic project of national development, education is an area that all countries attach great importance to, and Britain, as a highly developed capitalist country, has always paid attention to the development of basic education, international education strategies and public scientific research institutions. This paper will analyze the evolution of basic education, international education strategies and public research institutions in the UK from a historical perspective.
basic education
The history of basic education in Britain dates back to the Middle Ages, but its development was influenced by many social, political and economic changes.
In the early Middle Ages, education was often provided by religious institutions, and the church played a vital role in the British education system. For most of the Middle Ages, education was provided only for the rich and rich, the poor had little access to education, and the goal of the education system was to produce useful people for the church and government.
In those days, knowledge was a scarce resource that was held only by a few who became the elite of society.
The Renaissance and the Reformation were two important periods in the history of basic education in England, during which the pursuit of knowledge and science was a new way of thinking that changed the goals and methods of education.
During this period, many universities were established and new educational models and curricula emerged, and some of the leading scholars and thinkers of this period, such as Bacon and Shakespeare, contributed to the development of British education.
In the 16th century, King Henry VIII declared independence from the Holy See and founded the Church of England, a move that led to the Reformation and also changed the English education system, expanding education from the domain controlled by the Church to civil institutions. Education began to become more equal, and many people began to gain access to education. During this period, many new schools and universities were established, such as the University of Cambridge and the University of Oxford.
The Industrial Revolution of the 19th century had a profound impact on British education, and Britain became the vanguard of industrialization, which led to urbanization and population growth, which also had an impact on the education system. Many new factories and jobs require skilled and knowledgeable workers, which makes education more widespread and practical.
During this period, education began to become more standardized and centralized, the government began to intervene in education, and a number of education bills, such as the Education Act and the Education Regulations, were enacted, which set standards for school facilities, teachers, curriculum, and number of students.
The 20th century and the 20th century were an important period for the development of British education, and the two world wars had a profound impact on British education. During World War I, many schools were closed or used as hospitals.
During World War II, the British government began a comprehensive reform of education, aiming to improve the quality and efficiency of education to better meet the needs of society, and during this period the government introduced some education reform policies, such as the Education Act passed in 1944.
The Act makes education compulsory for children under the age of 12 and divides schools into three categories: primary, secondary and high school.
By the 50s of the 20th century, most British children had compulsory education, and some problems remained, some schools were poorly equipped, teachers were inadequate, and unequal access to education was a cause for concern.
In the 1960s, another step was taken in educational reform, with a new educational framework proposed through the Eldritch Report of 1965 aimed at further improving the level and quality of education and improving equity in education.
In the 80s and 90s of the 20th century, the government began to carry out a comprehensive reform of education, and the Education Reform Act passed in 1988 introduced some new measures, such as the national curriculum and standardized tests, which aimed to improve the level and quality of education and ensure that students had the same knowledge and skills throughout the country.
The government has also begun to support competition between private and public schools to improve the efficiency and quality of education.
International Education Strategy
In the early 20th century, the British government did not pay special attention to the development of international education, and with the reconstruction after World War II and the growth of the British domestic economy, the government began to realize that international education could contribute to the British economy and cultural exchange.
In the late 1950s and early 60s, the government began to encourage international students to study in the UK, and also began to promote English as the global language. By the end of the 20th century, the UK had become one of the most popular study abroad destinations in the world.
As competition in the UK education market intensified at the beginning of the 21st century, the government began to develop a specific international education strategy.
In 2000, the government first published the White Paper on International Education, which reaffirmed the UK's international educational strengths and called for the UK to be a centre for education and training.
In 2006, the Government further launched the International Education Strategy, which aims to strengthen the UK's position and competitiveness in the global education market. The main objectives of the strategy include: increasing the recognition and visibility of UK education brands, increasing the number and quality of international students and educational programmes, and promoting educational cooperation between the UK and other countries.
In the early 2010s, the government continued to promote international education with more specific goals and plans.
In 2013, the government released the Global Britain – International Education Strategy for the 21st Century, which focuses on promoting the internationalization of the UK in areas such as higher education, vocational education and language training, and commits to increase the number of international students to more than 600,000 in the next decade are some of the historical evolution and policy goals of the government in the formulation and implementation of international education strategies.
International students have always been an important part of the UK education system.
They have made a huge contribution to the UK economy and cultural exchange, with international students contributing £21.2 billion to the UK economy in 2018, creating more than 480,000 jobs, according to UK government statistics.
In addition, international students also contribute to the diversity of British society and culture, increasing the UK's global reach.
Public research institutions
The origins of public research institutions in the United Kingdom can be traced back to the 17th century, when the Royal Society became the prototype of the national scientific research institution.
In 1683, the Royal Society was formally established with the aim of promoting scientific research and development and encouraging the exchange and sharing of knowledge. Since then, the Royal Society has gradually become the leading institution for scientific research in the UK and has played an important role.
In the mid-19th century, the British government began funding and supporting scientific research.
In 1851, London, England, hosted a world exposition, in which the "Science and Technology Museum" displayed the most advanced scientific technology and inventions of the time, which prompted the British government to consider how to better support scientific and technological innovation and scientific research.
In 1867, the British Parliament passed a bill establishing the Science and Arts Council and began providing financial support to universities and research institutions.
At the beginning of the 20th century, British public research institutions were further developed.
In 1901, the British National Physical Laboratory was established, and since then research fields and experimental facilities have been continuously expanded. In 1913, the British Parliament passed an act establishing the British Research Council, which provided funding and support to universities and research institutions to promote scientific research and development. Since then, the UK's public research institutions have grown and become more and more wide-ranging.
During the Second World War, scientific and technological research in Britain developed tremendously.
In 1940, the British government established the famous "Agency Ninety", which specialized in electronic warfare and cryptography. The institution played an important role in the war and became an important opportunity for the development of public research institutions in the UK.
After the war, the British government began to strengthen investment and support for scientific and technological research, and created a series of scientific research institutions and research projects. These include the Atomic Energy Research Agency, established in 1950, and the British Atomic Energy Agency, established in 1957.
At the end of the 20th century, the British government made a series of adjustments to science and technology policy, and in 1981, the British government established the Science and Technology Policy Committee and put forward the "White Paper" "New Direction of British Science and Technology Policy".
The white paper puts forward the importance of promoting scientific and technological innovation and application, and emphasizes the role of public research institutions in scientific and technological innovation. Since then, the UK government has increased investment and support for public research institutions to promote scientific and technological innovation and economic development.
At the beginning of the 21st century, British public research institutions began to gradually transform, focusing on scientific and technological innovation and commercial application.
In 2004, the UK government established the Department for Innovation, Universities, Technology and Skills, emphasizing the importance of scientific and technological innovation to economic development, and launched a series of innovation policies and programmes, including the Innovation Support Programme.
At the same time, British public research institutions have also begun to explore ways of commercialization and industrialization.
For example, the UK's National Physical Laboratory has set up a company called the Centre for Quantum Technologies to promote the commercial application of quantum technology. The Engineering and Natural Sciences Research Council has also set up a company called "Innovate UK" to promote scientific and technological innovation and commercial applications.
The author thinks
Basic education in the UK has undergone an evolution from private education to nationalised education, while also constantly reforming education to adapt to social change and development.
The UK's international education strategy began during colonial rule in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and has since expanded to include the establishment of overseas campuses around the world, the provision of English language teaching and training services, and the attraction of more overseas students to study in the UK. British public research institutions have gone through the development of the Royal Society in the 17th century to the Royal Institute in the early 20th century, and later by government-funded research councils and private organisations.
The historical evolution of basic education, international education strategies and public research institutions in the UK is a process of continuous adaptation to social development and change.
These changes and developments reflect the importance and investment of the British government and civil society in education and scientific research, as well as their openness to international cooperation and exchange. All of these have made significant achievements and influences in the UK in the field of education and scientific research, and have also provided valuable experience and inspiration for the rest of the world.
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