As I understand it, institutions are divided into two categories, one is horizontal, such as various departments in an enterprise, and various bureaus in a county. One category is vertically speaking, including national institutions, provincial institutions, municipal institutions, county-level institutions and township-level institutions.
According to online comparisons, a state institution is a general term for a system of state organs established by the state to fulfil its functions. From the perspective of the geographical scope of exercising their functions and powers, they can be divided into central state organs and local state organs. From this point of view, I believe that the patriarchal system implemented by the Shang Dynasty is not only a reborn political reform, but also a comprehensive and in-depth institutional reform.
The patriarchal legal system is a system that distinguishes relatives and relatives according to blood distance. As early as the primitive clan period, the patriarchal system germinated, but the formation and emergence of a complete system to maintain relations between nobles was a matter of the Zhou Dynasty. The patriarchal system evolved from the patriarchal system of clan society, a system in which royal nobles distributed state power by blood in order to establish hereditary rule. It is characterized by the integration of clan and state organizations, and the complete convergence of patriarchal and political hierarchies.
Under the patriarchal system of the Zhou Dynasty, state institutions were divided into the following two categories.
First, it is vertically divided into five levels of institutions
The central body "Son of Heaven Builds the Country". There may be blood relations between the Son of Heaven and the Son of Heaven in the central institution, but they are not necessarily direct lineages, some are brothers and brothers, and some are uncles and nephews.
The provincial institution "princes establish families".
Municipal agency "Qingzhi Side Room".
The county-level institution "Dafu has a sect".
Township-level institutions "have subordinate children".
So far, a systematic and complete, vertical system of state machinery has been formed.
Of course, the above analogy is not very rigorous, not very scientific, but from it we can see a little prototype of the modern national vertical institutional system.
2. Horizontal implementation of the secular official system
(1) Beijing officials and local officials
The officials of the Shang Dynasty were distinguished from those served in the Middle Dynasty and those served in the Imperial Dynasty.
(2) The rank of Beijing officials
1. The highest administrative officer is the "Xiang" who assists the Shang King in decision-making, also known as "A", "Bao" and "Yin".
2. Other officials include: divination, sacrifice, and recorded history. Divination in the palm of divination. Palm prayer to the ghost god. Hold the grain collection. The pastoral who is in charge of animal husbandry. The beast of the palm hunt. The sake of the palm of the sake. The car of the king car. It is the uniform of the imperial car of the king of Shang (also known as servant and royal). The elders of the country who are in charge of educating the children of the nobility, the elders who are in charge of foreign fields, and so on.