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Moldova's predecessor was the former Soviet Union Republic of Moldavia, which was only historically the eastern part of the Moldavia or Principality of Moldova. The Moldavian principality is in Romania to the west, and to the north and southeast is in Ukraine. The eastern and southeastern parts of Moldavia are collectively called Bessarabia in Russia, and Moldova is North Bessarabia.
Moldavia was conquered by Kievan Rus at the end of the 10th century and later became part of the Galician principality of Kievan Rus. In the 13th century, the Mongol army swept through the principalities of Kievan Rus, and Moldavia was incorporated into the sphere of influence of the Golden Horde, which paid tribute to it every year.
From 1299, Moldavia ceased to pay tribute. Hungary then fought with the Golden Horde for Moldavia, and the Moldavian feudal lords relied on Hungary to free themselves from the Golden Horde in 1350, but came under Hungarian control. In 1359, Bogdan, a small Moldavian nobleman, led the struggle against Hungary and won the victory, establishing the Duchy of Moldavia or the Duchy of Moldova. The Moldavian principality stretches from the Eastern Carpathians in the west, Transnistria in the east, the Black Sea in the south, and the upper reaches of the Dniester River in the north.
But soon the Moldavian principality became a protectorate of the Polish-Lithuanian Union and was not completely independent.
In 1420, the Ottoman Empire attacked the Moldavian principality and, with the help of the Crimean Khanate, conquered it in 1453 and collected the offerings. In 1472, the Duchy of Moldavia refused to pay tribute to the Ottoman Empire and was incorporated into the Kingdom of Hungary in 1475. But in 1526 Hungary was defeated by Suleiman I of the Ottoman Empire. In 1538, the Moldavian Rebellion for independence ended in failure, and the coastal area was occupied by the Ottoman Empire and named Budgark. From then on, the Duchy of Moldavia was subordinate to the Ottoman Empire for more than 300 years, and was administered by the Ottoman Empire sent governors.
In 1812, Russia won the Russo-Turkish War and incorporated the southeastern coast of the Moldavian principality and the area east of the Prut River into Russia through the Treaty of Bucharest, which was named Bessarabia by Russia. Today's Moldova is North Bessarabia, and South Bessarabia belongs to Ukraine. The northern part of the Moldavian principality, Bukovina, was occupied by Austria in 1775 and today also belongs to Ukraine. Since then, Moldavia has been divided into three.
Bessarabia became Russian territory and Bukovina became Austrian territory until 1918. In 1918, both the Russian Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed, and Bessarabia and Bukovina returned to Moldavia and became part of Greater Romania.
Moldavia during World War II
In 1940, however, the Soviet Union forced Romania to return and occupy Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. In 1941, Romania briefly reclaimed Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. However, in 1944, Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina again became Soviet territories.
Within the Soviet Union, the Moldavian SV Republic was formed in the Romanian-populated areas of Bessarabia, but this republic also included the Moldavian Autonomous Republic, the Transnistrian Autonomous Republic, which was once part of the Ukrainian SV Republic, established in 1924. But in fact, the Transnistrian Autonomous Republic was never part of the historical Moldavian principality, it was part of it that was shoehorned in. The southern part of Bessarabia was included in the Ukrainian republic, and since then Moldavia and after 1991 Moldova have become landlocked countries.
Moldavia in Soviet times
During the Russian and Soviet eras, 1812-1918 and 1944-1990, the Moldavian were forced to switch from the Latin alphabet to the Cyrillic alphabet. It was not until 1991 that the Latin alphabet officially became the official script of Moldova. At the same time, Russian was also established as the official language of the SV Republic of Moldavia, and Romanian was seriously degraded until 1989, when it was restored as an official language.
Language and writing often reflect a country's history and culture, and once history and culture degenerate, it will lose its sense of national belonging and reduce its sense of belonging to the same ethnic group. If you want to destroy your country, you must first die its history, and if you want to lose its history, you must first die its words and words.
Not only that, after World War II, a large number of Ukrainians and Russians moved into Moldavia, and by 1989 the population of the SV Republic of Moldavia was 4.33 million, and the proportion of Ukrainians and Russians was as high as 27%, that is, 1.16 million, of which 600,000 were Ukrainians and 560,000 were Russians. More seriously, all the administrative heads of Moldavia were held by Ukrainians and Russians, and the Moldavians were erected from power.
In July 1990, under pressure from the pro-Romanian Moldavian Popular Front, the Moldavian parliament declared Moldavia a sovereign state, but this nearly led to the country's disintegration.
The first to stand out were the Turkish-speaking, Orthodox Gagauz, who also proclaimed their own "republic". After Moldova declared independence in August 1991, the Gagauz demanded autonomy. In the end, the Gagauz people gained autonomy and formed autonomous regions, which solved the problem.
At the same time, Ukrainians and Russians in the Russian-speaking region also declared the creation of the "Transnistrian Republic" and made Tiraspol its capital. As a result, at the end of 1991, Moldovans and Russians engaged in fierce armed clashes in Transnistria, where the Soviet Union's 14th Army was stationed.
Finally, in 1992, Moldova and Russia reached an agreement to temporarily solve the problem: in principle, the Russians of the "Transnistrian Republic" remained in the territory of independent Moldova and enjoyed special status; But it was also pointed out that if Moldova and Romania one day merged, they would decide to stay.
On the Moldovan and Ukrainian side, in 1992 the two sides signed a treaty of friendship, in which Ukraine abandoned its attempts to control Transnistria.
But since then, the only problem has been that Russia has been linking the issue of withdrawal from Moldova with the status of Transnistria, constantly putting pressure on Moldova, resulting in the problem of Transnistria still unresolved.
Only recently the top Russian leader has revived the issue of the status of Transnistria, and some believe that its return to Russia cannot be ruled out. In that case, Russia would have an extra enclave, and Moldova's return to Romania would be a matter of course. Originally, Transnistria never belonged to Moldova in history, and Moldova actually had little to lose. It's just that whether Moldova wants to return to Romania will become a new question.
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