The article is long, divided into two parts, from the ancient myths and legends of ancient texts, and excavated cultural relics to tell the whole story.
Sanxingdui Da Li Ren, and bronze figures
Sanxingdui ruins, a place full of mysteries and surprises. At present, 8 sacrificial pits have been excavated, and nearly 20,000 cultural relics have been excavated, including a large number of bronzes, jades, bronze masks and heads, stone tools, pottery, and hundreds of ivory.
Bronze god tree and cash cow
Located in the alluvial plain of Chengdu, it is named after the mounds of mounds arranged in three straight lines, similar to the three stars with the moon, which has been called since the Qing Dynasty. This has nothing to do with a company in a certain country! In addition, the English name of Sanxingdui is sanxingdui ruins site
Sanxingdui as well as the ruins of the ancient city wall, before the excavation time
At that time, Li Bai had traveled through most of China, and he could not help but sigh when facing the mountains and rivers of Bashu
The difficulty of the Shu Dao, it is difficult to go to the blue sky,
Silkworm bushes and fish, the founding of the country he dazed,
Erlai is forty-eight thousand years old, and is not inhabited by Qin Saitong
Sichuan is surrounded by mountains, the Qinling Mountains in the north, the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in the south, the Wuxia Gorge in the east, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the west, and the Min River and the Jialing River in the middle. A large basin in place. At that time, most of the ancients had to rely on mountain roads to get in and out.
Schematic map of the main mountain ranges in the country
What kind of legends do the mysterious ancient Shu kingdom and Sanxingdui have?
According to legend, the Qiang people who migrated from the northwest region in ancient times merged with the local Qi and Ran tribes to form the later residents of the Shushan clan.
The ancient Shu state was founded by silkworm Bush, experienced Bai Guan, Yu Jie, to Wangdi DuYu, and then to Emperor Cong to found the Enlightened Dynasty, which went through several dynasties and was swallowed up by the Qin State around 316 BC, that is, during the Warring States period. In the thousands of years of the existence of the ancient Shu state, the Central Plains region experienced three generations of changes in Xia, Shang, and Zhou (Eastern Zhou, Spring and Autumn, and Warring States).
The Sanxingdui site is located in the late Shang Dynasty of the Central Plains on the timeline, about 3200 years ago. However, the time span of the Sanxingdui culture may be about 4700 to 3200 years ago.
"Before Shu, on the occasion of the Emperor of Man", the ancient State of Shu originated in the era of the Three Emperors and Five Emperors in China, and later a woman in the Shushan clan married Changyi, the son of the Yellow Emperor, and had a son named ----- one of the Five Emperors.
Huayang Guozhi mentions that the princes of Yuhui will be in the guild, the rulers of the jade are all nations, and the Ba and Shu are going to Yan.
In various ancient legends, the views on the marriage between the Xuanyuan and Shushan clans are consistent. From the era of the Three Emperors and Five Emperors of The Open Source of Chinese Culture, the culture of the Yellow River Basin in the Central Plains and the ancient Shu culture in the southwest have intersected.
The descendants of the Shushan clan once lived in the minshan stone chamber, and their life was difficult, and there was a man named Silkworm Cong, dressed in green clothes, and the people of the mulberry silkworm. He built a capital city of the ancient Shu kingdom, Zhai Shang. "It is the time when people are cute, the vertebrae are left, their eyes are longitudinal, they do not know the words, and there is no liturgical music." This is the description of them handed down from later generations.
Although there is no written record, the image of silkworm bushes is passed down by word of mouth, and it "happens" that many bronze figures with prominent eyes unearthed from Sanxingdui commemorate their ancestors, Silkworm Bush.
At the end of the Silkworm Cong Dynasty, the ancient Shu state had many wars with the Shang Dynasty that was constantly expanding into the Minjiang River Valley, and after the defeat, the clan dispersed and took refuge in the inland of the basin, beginning the Heavy Farming Bai Irrigation Dynasty
There are few historical records of this dynasty. Legend has it that there were rivers and white storks on the plains where they settled, and there are indeed patterns of white storks on sanxingdui artifacts, and it "happens" that the pronunciation of white storks and cypress irrigation is very similar. Compared with other dynasties, the Baiguan era was relatively weak.
Known for their proficiency in fishing and hunting, the Yukai tribe was more courageous and warlike, annexing the declining Bai Guan, unifying the Chengdu Plain, and establishing a new dynasty. At this time, the ancient Shu state was strong and strong, and even helped Western Zhou to attack the King of Shang. "The King of Wu cut down the shi de bashu master".
The Sanxingdui gold right, about 114 cm long, the outer gold leaf weighs about 463 grams, and more "coincidentally", the gold rod is engraved with the pattern of human heads, fish, birds and arrows. Some people say that ancient China rarely used scepters, the Central Plains rarely used gold masks, and the Sanxingdui Sacred Tree and the Sumerian Sacred Tree are somewhat similar, so Sanxingdui originated from Egyptian or Mayan culture, which is a bit far-fetched.
Sumerian culture
Ancient Egyptian culture
Ancient Egyptian sun god worship
Sanxingdui and other cultural relics that "happen to" resemble each other, and there are many more, which are briefly mentioned here and will be written in detail later.
- Sanxingdui and the domestic Hongshan, Liangzhu, Lingjiatan, Erlitou, Yin Ruins and other sites, collided with the same shi Ge, Tao Lu, Yu Zhang, Yu Chun, Ling Bi, Jade Face Man, Bronze Zun, Bronze Beast Face Plate and so on
pottery
- Sanxingdui appeared ringed shells from the Indian Ocean, chalcedony beads from Central Asia
Currency during the Shang Dynasty
- Sanxingdui appeared similar to the Egyptian cultural label gold mask, scarab carvings;
Scarabs from ancient Egypt, and bronzes from Sanxingdui
- The lead and tin in Sanxingdui's bronzes are suspected to have been shipped from Africa because they have similar isotopic radiation properties;
- The sacred tree in Sanxingdui, which is nearly 4 meters high, collided with the Jianmu in the Shan Hai Jing and the sun god bird Jin Wu
Whether it is a myth or a cultural relic, it can only be accompanied by this place, when economy and trade, agriculture and industry were relatively developed. It is an international trade Z heart, just like Dunhuang was for the Silk Road. Perhaps there was also a silk road with a southwest route, from Chengdu in Sichuan to Yunnan, through Mdian, to India, and then to Central Asia. According to the chronicle of Dawan, Zhang Qian saw Qiong bamboo sticks and weaving cloth from Sichuan in the Western Regions.
Ancient civilization sites at 30 degrees north latitude
In the last year of the Shang Dynasty, Du Yu brought tribes from Zhaotong, Yunnan into the Chengdu Plain to defeat the Yu Clan, opening the Du Yu era, calling emperor Wang, and establishing the capital at Yuyin (the western suburb of Chengdu). The Jinsha ruins on the western outskirts of Chengdu today are likely to be the capital of the Du Yu Dynasty. According to the legend, Du Yu fell from the sky, and it is difficult to imagine what a scene it was, but when their large army swooped down from Zhaotong, Yunnan, over the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau at an altitude of more than three thousand meters, they could indeed find the meaning of the divine soldier descending from heaven.
In the later ancient Shu kingdom, Wenshan Mountain was used as a livestock breeder and Nanzhong as a garden garden. The scope of influence covers Gansu, Shaanxi, Hubei and Yunnan. And there is also a record of sending troops to Vietnam and winning.
Zhaotong, Yunnan
Later, the Jingchu people who floated up from the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, because of their merits in controlling water, were given the throne by Zen and opened the Enlightened Dynasty. Turtle Ling led the Shu people to widen the mouth of the treasure bottle, which greatly alleviated the waterlogging problem in the Chengdu Plain. Li Daoyuan said that the river water is also Tuo in the east, and the enlightened place is also chiseled.
Before this, the Chengdu Plain was not peaceful, and the Min River, which originated from the snowy mountains in northwest Sichuan, crossed the high mountains and deep valleys upstream, merged into rapids, and rushed to the Chengdu Plain. Breaches of the embankments often occur during the rainy season, and the course of the river changes frequently as a result. Residents suffered. Some people even speculate that the discontinuity of the Sanxingdui culture may be related to the local flood.
Later, in 316 BC, the State of Qin adopted Zhang Yi's plan, using the Golden Bull as bait, and let the people of the Shu State build an open Golden Bull Road, which connected the qin and Shu exchanges, and then took the opportunity to annex the Shu State.
After that, King Zhao of Qin appointed Li Bing as the Taishou of Shu County, and the Dujiangyan Water Conservancy Project built by Li Bing was improved on the basis of turtle spirits transforming the mouth of the treasure bottle. After the completion of Dujiangyan, agriculture in the Sichuan Basin was able to develop rapidly, thus laying the foundation for the country of Tianfu and abundant materials, and also preparing a solid granary for the six kingdoms of Qin unification. Dujiangyan still plays an important role in sand distribution and flood control irrigation.
On the Yulei Mountain, a few hundred meters from the mouth of the treasure bottle, there is a temple of the second king commemorating Li Bing's father and son, which was previously built to commemorate the turtle spirit who controlled the flood under the authorization of Emperor DuYu.
After Qin Shi Huang unified the six kingdoms, he was not satisfied with the unification of territorial area, but also focused on unifying ideas, writing, metrics, etc., in order to build a dynasty that would be unified for thousands of generations. So there was, burning poetry books, pit warlocks, and the six arts were lacking from then on. In fact, this is more likely to be the result of a dispute between Confucianism, Dharma, and Taoism after reunification, and later The Taoists and Confucians were defeated. However, these previous texts were all backed up in Room H, but unfortunately the sky was not as good as the human calculation. A few years later, the pawns shouted, Hangu Ju, the Chu people torched, poor scorched earth. Xiang Yu's fire, the backup of the classics and the Appang Palace were all burned to ashes.
Most of the previous written records of the ancient Shu kingdom have since been erased. Therefore, more than 800 years later, Li Bai lamented that Erlai was forty-eight thousand years old and was not inhabited by Qin Saitong.
After sleeping for more than 3,000 years, the Sanxingdui ruins gradually revealed themselves to the world by chance.
In 1929, Yan Daocheng, a villager in Moon Bay, Guanghan County, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, found a large amount of jade, and then the jade entered the market, and Sanxingdui was first known.
In 1934, Ge Weihan, a Chinese chinese, obtained an archaeological excavation license from Sichuan Province and excavated hundreds of stone wall fragments, stone knives, jade knives, turquoise, jade beads and other devices. After the Sanxingdui Museum was completed, his grandson also visited it.
In 1986, a large number of monuments were found when the local brick kiln factory excavated the soil, which was only 600 meters away from the Ge Weihan excavation site, and a large-scale excavation began in China.
In 2021, after the establishment of a constant temperature and humidity excavation site, the country carried out a delicate protective excavation of 6 sacrificial pits in Sanxingdui, and many amazing cultural relics were unearthed.
Why didn't the middle stop digging? Is there any strange discovery that you dare not dig up?
Don't think too much, at that time the technical conditions were not enough, the more digging, the more destruction, the more regrets left, which is the same as the excavation of the Qin Emperor's mausoleum.
Now, even the soil in the sacrificial pit will be brought to do spectral identification, protein amino acid analysis, you can see which plants were at that time, and you can also analyze what the staple food of the people at that time was. The texture of the ivory slices can be inferred from the changes in climate and precipitation, as well as the physical state of the elephants, as well as the type of food they prefer.
In the excavations in the 1980s, ivory was also unearthed, but there was no preservation technology, and the excavated ivory could only be watched gradually dehydrated in the air and shattered. Now, through polymer lamination technology, ivory can be preserved intact. The same is true when artifacts of other materials are excavated.
In addition, the cultural relics unearthed in the 1980s also need a lot of time to repair and study, and the bronze sacred tree of the Z name of Sanxingdui took nearly ten years to get to this state. At present, this global Z-high bronze sacred tree still has some components missing, and it cannot stand smoothly, which shows the difficulty of the work.
When the Sanxingdui Z-high Daliren was unearthed, it was broken into two pieces, and the current state is the result of later efforts.
The significance of archaeological excavations is not that they are dug out to see what they have, only the tomb robbers and the cultural stream M who insisted on excavating the Qin Emperor's tomb in Q face would do so.
More importantly, archaeological excavations should restore and understand the living conditions, social development level and technological development of the ancients through cultural relics sites as much as possible. And as far as possible to preserve the characteristics of the cultural relics themselves. If it really can't be discovered, it will be left to future generations, not the destructive recklessness of the present.
The wonderful life of sanxingdui people
If it is said that the intersection of the ancient Shu kingdom and the Central Plains culture is only accompanied by legends, it lacks convincing
Then the many cultural relics unearthed by Sanxingdui are the wonderful fragments of their lives that the ancient Shu people have revealed to the world by their own hands
This will be left for the next article to talk about slowly.