#奇妙知识季 #
On February 11, 1929, the Italian government of Mussolini signed the Treaty of Lateran with Pope Pius XI, recognizing the Vatican as a sovereign state, and resolving the dispute between the Holy See and the Italian government for many years. So the Vatican's national day is February 11. I'm sensitive to this date as it's my daughter's birthday, haha. Memorizing historical dates is to associate with the back to be efficient!
I have traveled to the Vatican four times, this Roman inner city state, but it is an independent sovereign country, it is bordered by Italy on all sides, so it is called the country of China, is the center of catholicism in the world, theocracy, the land area of only 0.44 square kilometers.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in history, in order to thank the Pope for his assistance in seizing the throne, the Frankish king "Pepin donated land" to help the Pope occupy the central region of Italy and make Rome the capital of the Papal States. In the 15th century, the Vatican Library and Sistine Chapel, the Vatican City Wall were built, and St. Peter's Basilica was rebuilt in the 16th and 17th centuries. However, after the unification of Italy and the establishment of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861, the papal territory was threatened, and after the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, the French army in Rome was transferred back, Italy occupied Rome, and the pope was deprived of secular rights and forced to retreat to the Vatican Palace.
The two golden and silver-white keys on the coat of arms say that Christ gave it to St. Peter, symbolizing the surrender of all rights in heaven and on earth to him
I visited St. Peter's Square, St. Peter's Basilica and the Vatican Museums. The museum also needs to be booked, because it is the top european museum alongside the Louvre in Paris and the Uffizi in Florence, with 12 galleries and 5 art galleries, countless art treasures, one top and one! Among them, the Sistine Chapel has the treasure of the town hall, the canopy of the Book of Genesis and the front wall of the "Judgment of the Last Days", both works of Michelangelo.
Part of The Last Judgment
When you go to the Vatican, you must read the Bible in advance, know That Christ and St. Peter must have a certain understanding of Christianity to understand it.
Peter was one of the twelve disciples of Christ Jesus, the Jew. He was a fisherman, and Jesus wanted him and his disciples to follow the Lord in preaching the gospel and become fishermen. Peter enthusiastically followed and soberly realized that Jesus was the Christ, the Son of the living God. He personally experienced the many miracles of Jesus, his mother-in-law was healed by God, Jesus walked on the sea of wind and waves, and he was full of worship and admiration for God. Although he "did not confess the Lord three times" because of the weakness of human nature, as Jesus prophesied, God still used him, and peter experienced several more times of being with God after Jesus died and rose again. For example, on the shores of Tiberias, God let their empty nets become a full net of harvests.
Peter witnessed Jesus' death and resurrection, his faith was unusually strong, and Jesus gave him the task and authority of shepherding the church on earth, "Thou shalt feed my sheep", and wrote in the Bible. New testament. The Gospel of Matthew records one of the most important words: "I will give you the keys to heaven, and whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever you set free on earth will be freed in heaven." "
Peter, despite his human weakness, became a staunch evangelist after Jesus' ascension to the throne, so much so that he was eventually caught by Emperor Nero, who was madly persecuting Christians while he was preaching in Rome. He could have escaped, but in the end he was determined to die for the gospel. He demanded to be crucified because he did not consider himself worthy of the same death as the Lord, and the time of martyrdom was about 67 years after A.D.
The statue of St. Peter in St. Peter's Basilica, looking at the foot he stretched out, has been touched by tourists.
Constantine the Great, who made Christianity a free religion, issued a decree of pardon in Milan and built a church in peter's original cemetery in 326-333 AD. In 1506 Pope Julius II began to rebuild the church, and it was 120 years later that St. Peter's Square and the Cathedral were completed. Raphael changed the design from a Greek cross to a Latin cross, Bernini completed the design of St. Peter's Square, and Michelangelo completed the final modification of the church and completed the prototype of the main hall dome. Porta completed the construction of the main hall dome, etc.
Let's take a look at St. Peter's Square.
Two semi-circular marble colonnades in St. Peter's Square, 284 columns, 88 square columns, combined in four rows. The columns are 18 meters high, each pillar is topped with marble statues, and the outer eaves are topped with 13 statues of Christ in the middle, flanked by disciples. Is Bernini's great design work.
St. Peter's Square, I have been there four times, and the photo of the one I went with my classmates in winter is missing. The obelisk should be in the middle of the square. Ancient Roman emperors from ancient Egypt to get 11 obelisks, St. Peter's Square this one was transported to Rome in 37 BC, originally the Roman Emperor Caligula to decorate the square next to the royal palace, in 1586, Pope Sistine V ordered the stone stele to be moved to St. Peter's Square.
By the way, in the Vatican we can see the guards guarding the door, dressed in colorful costumes designed by Michelangelo, they are all Swiss, they are the papal guard, it is said to have defended the pope for more than 500 years, they are the oldest guard in the world, they came to guard the Vatican in 1506. In 1527, the Holy Roman Empire invaded Rome, and the Swiss Guard sacrificed more than 140 people to defend the Pope, and the Pope has used only Swiss ever since. Remember that? There is also a "Swiss Gate" at the Hermitage in Vienna, where Swiss mercenaries are known for their loyalty.
Okay, so let's get into St. Peter's Basilica. Of the three treasures in St. Peter's Basilica, the first is the church's high altar and bronze canopy, designed by Bernini at the age of 26.
The altar is 29 meters high and supported by 4 ornate spiral-shaped copper pillars carved with grape branches and cherubs, with 99 lamps burning in front of it and the Pontifical altar and st. Peter's tomb below. Only the Pope can hold Mass here. Above is a large dome designed by Michelangelo. When you go to St. Peter's Basilica, you must pay attention to the large dome designed by Michelangelo for St. Peter's Basilica. This is the first dome in Europe, the other two are the domes of the Church of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence, and the dome of the Pantheon in Rome.
The second treasure is the throne of St. Peter, designed by Bernini:
The Throne of St. Peter in St. Peter's Basilica, one of the three treasures of St. Peter's Basilica, was designed by Bernini, above which is a shrine of glory, ivory ornamental wooden chairs with bronze gilded face, two angels on the back of the chair, holding the key to open the kingdom of heaven and the triple crown of the Pope. The appearance of the throne is supported by four bronze figures, namely st. Ambrose, St. Adamas, St. John theologians, and St. John the Greater. Chrysosto, St. Augustine.
The third treasure is Michelangelo's 24-year-old sculpture Of the Holy Death:
It shows the mercy of the Son, the love of the Mother, the sacrifice of Christ, the sacrifice of the Mother, the sacrifice of God and the radiance of mercy and redemption for mankind
When we visit the Vatican, we don't remember the names of the popes of the generations, but instead remember the names of Bernini and Michelangelo, the names of artists such as Bernini and Michelangelo.
Of course, there was one pope who impressed me more, and he was Bernini's patron, Urban VIII, who witnessed the completion of the reconstruction of St. Peter's Basilica during his tenure. He is said to have a good personal relationship with Galileo.
See the bee in the picture above, which is the symbol of the Barberini family, and traces of this family can be seen in St. Peter's Basilica.
There is much to see in St. Peter's Basilica, the monument to Pope Alexander XVII is also the work of Bernini, the tomb of Leo VIII is the work of the sculptor Piero, and the statue of St. Peter's brother St. Andrew, who himself asked to be crucified on an X-shaped cross. It is said that the flag of Scotland has a white X, and it is from him that the British flag matches the cross with the x as the meter flag.
Finally, I put two pictures of me taking pictures of St. Peter's Basilica, which are my favorite patterns.
Little angel next to the holy water bowl
Doves