Lu Xun once scolded Zhang Shizhao as a "falling water dog", and criticized Zhang Shizhao, leaving many articles scolding Zhang Shizhao. It is precisely for this reason that Zhang Shizhao's daughter Zhang Hanzhi was also tired and was said to be a "little falling dog".
For this matter, Zhang Hanzhi has always been angry and hates his father's "black history" very much. Moreover, when discussing with Chairman Mao, he also criticized his father's "black history."
However, Chairman Mao was very dissatisfied with Zhang Hanzhi's attitude and rebuked him: You must correctly understand the old man, his life is not simple. Do you know what happened to the case of the "Su Bao" when you were old and young?
Xingyan is Zhang Shizhao's pen name, and out of respect for Zhang Shizhao and gratitude for his contributions to helping the revolution, Chairman Mao honored him as an old man. In this matter, Chairman Mao obviously rebuked Zhang For not understanding anything, and Chairman Mao was not satisfied with this statement regarding the so-called great "black history."
Zhang Hanzhi had only read Lu Xun's articles, regarded Lu Xun's family sayings as a golden rule, and accused his father of "black history" without even understanding what was going on, which Chairman Mao was not satisfied with, so he explained to her: "When I was old and young, I was a radical revolutionary who opposed the Manchu Qing. None of us are born Marxist-Leninists. He took detours in his life, but most of them were good. ”
From Chairman Mao's words, we can draw two important points: one is that Zhang Shizhao was a radical revolutionary who opposed the Manchu Qing in his youth; second, Zhang Shizhao took a detour in a certain period of time. The first point refers to the "Su Report", and the second point refers to the "March 18 Massacre", so let's understand these two key events together.
"Su Report"
At first, "Su Bao" was just a small newspaper, and every day it reported nothing more than trivial matters in the city, but after Chen Fan received it, "Su Bao" became different, reporting all revolutionary events, and at the same time praising the patriotic movement of students everywhere.
At that time, it was 1903, or the rule of the late Qing government, the power was controlled by the Qing imperial family and the royalists, and the revolutionaries were surrounded and blocked. The change of "Su Bao" gave revolutionaries and patriotic students everywhere a position of public opinion, and at the same time, their behavior and ideas were disseminated, and more people realized the importance of the revolution and the impact of the revolution, so they threw themselves into the revolutionary ranks.
The contributors of "Su Bao" are Zhang Taiyan, Cai Yuanpei and Zou Rong, the main writer is Zhang Shizhao, and the supporters are Sun Yat-sen, Tao Chengzhang and other bigwigs. From the names of this series, we can see the weight of the "Su Bao" at that time. They insisted on opposing imperial politics, cursing the emperor and the Qing government, and at the same time advocating revolutionary speech, regarding the revolution as a sacred treasure, and recommending the "Revolutionary Army" published in the "Soviet Newspaper" to become the first textbook that the people must read.
The author of "Revolutionary Army" is Zou Rong, the preface is Zhang Taiyan, and the inscription is Zhang Shizhao.
This book is known as the "Declaration of the Rights of Man" in modern China, singing the revolution from public opinion, and spreading anti-imperialist and anti-feudal ideas among the people. After the "Six Gentlemen of Wushu", they still did not fear the butcher's knife of the Qing government and held high the banner of revolutionary righteousness, which is very rare in this regard. And in this process, Zhang Shizhao's role is that of a radical revolutionary.
Being able to hold up a revolutionary torch in the darkness also requires courage, and Zhang Shizhao has this courage. They knew that this move might be encircled and suppressed by the Qing government, but for the sake of the Chinese revolution and the future of the nation, they needed to stand up. This is worthy of our respect, as Zhang Taiyan said: The Destiny of Heaven is new, the coming and going is not far away, please look at fifty years later, the bronze statue is majestic, standing on the cloud table, for me, sit and wait.
Because of the torches of revolution, su bao was soon suppressed by the Qing government. At that time, the person in charge of "inspecting revolutionary party affairs" was Yu Mingzhen (Jiangsu alternate Dao, Lu Xun's teacher). Yu Mingzhen specially informed the person in charge of Su Bao, Wu Jingheng, Chen Fan, Zhang Shizhao, Cai Yuanpei, and Zou Rong to leave one after another, but unfortunately Zhang Taiyan was unable to leave and was arrested and imprisoned.
After Zhang Taiyan's arrest, Zou Rong also gave up running away and chose to be arrested with Zhang Taiyan. How difficult it is to know oneself in life, Zou Rong's behavior is like a very boy's broken piano. And for them, I suddenly thought of a poem by Chairman Mao: "In order to sacrifice more ambitions, dare to teach the sun and the moon for a new day."
Here I would like to say that the main reason why Zhang Shizhao was able to leave was that he himself thought that it was because he was a non-signature book at that time, and he was saved from disaster, or that he was a prisoner, for Shanyin Yujun, and Yu Yousu, and he was particularly unpunished.
He thought that his published works were unsigned, so he could escape the disaster, but in fact this did not exist, because he had inscribed the book "Revolutionary Army". So the main reason is that San'in Yujun (Yu Mingzhen) is circling for him. "Yousu" means that Yu Mingzhen's son Yu Dachun often followed Zhang Shizhao to the east and west for the revolution, and Yu Mingzhen himself had sympathy for the revolution.
Zhang Shizhao's failure to sign the matter was only convenient for Yu Mingzhen to excuse him. Just like the arrest of the key criminal Zhou Shuren, what is the relationship between the arrest of Zhou Shuren and Lu Xun? In the same way, what is the relationship between the arrest of the key offender Zhang Xingyan and Zhang Shizhao? Under the protection of Yu Mingzhen, Zhang Shizhao survived, and a trace of the revolution was preserved.
Zhang Shizhao then joined the Huaxing Association, which was eventually incorporated into the League and formed a national revolutionary party led by Sun Yat-sen. It played an important role in the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal Xinhai Revolution, and its significance in history is self-evident.
From this point of view, Zhang Shizhao is a person who insists on anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism, and at the same time is a radical revolutionary. Therefore, many people said, especially when Lu Xun said that Zhang Shizhao was a pawn of the reactionaries, Chairman Mao dismissed this. Is it reasonable that your teachers protect people from revolution, and then you say that people are the pawns of the reactionaries? Is this scientific? This is not scientific.
It should be known that Zhang Shizhao made great contributions to the revolution, on the one hand, he joined the League, on the other hand, he also raised funds for the early Communist Party to study abroad (more than 20,000 silver dollars), and Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping, Chen Yi, Nie Rongzhen, Cai Hesen, Li Lisan and others still had to thank Zhang Shizhao for studying in France.
The March 18 Massacre
Lu Xun scolded Zhang Shizhao for being a "falling dog", the first point is that Zhang Shizhao merged with eight universities in Beijing, and the second and most important point is the March 18 massacre.
The first point is to put it simply, that is, at that time, Zhang Shizhao advocated the merger of eight universities in Beijing and rectified the study style. This is mainly due to Zhang Shizhao's political views, when Zhang Shizhao advocated federalism and declared that the covenant law should be abandoned and a parliament should be established.
If we only insist on our own propositions, then naturally there is no problem, the problem is that Zhang Shizhao harmed the interests of students when he insisted on his own political propositions, which is what Chairman Mao said about "taking a detour."
At that time, when the Women's Normal University was abolished, it caused a student tide, and Yang Yinyu, who was in charge of this matter, was also a supporter of Zhang Shizhao, so he used the military police to suppress the students and cause Lu Xun's dissatisfaction. Who is my xun brother, the heavens are not convinced, and everyone wants to be afraid when they see it. With this temper, Lu Xun began to intimidate Zhang Shizhao.
Zhang Shizhao was the chief of education, and Lu Xun was only a minor official, so Zhang Shizhao dismissed Lu Xun from his post. As a result, Lu Xun sued Zhang Shizhao in court, and with his own scholarship, he won Zhang Shizhao and took back his position.
Why am I saying this on purpose? What I want to say is that although Zhang Shizhao was deeply valued by Duan Qirui at that time, Zhang Shizhao did not use his position as education chief and duan Qirui as prime minister of state to interfere with the administration of justice, which is very important, because this is related to the role played by Zhang Shizhao in the "March 18 Massacre" later.
At the time of the "March 18 Massacre", some media believed that Zhang Shizhao was the mastermind of the massacre, and this media was the World Evening News. But in fact, Zhang Shizhao was in Tianjin at that time. Not to mention that Zhang Shizhao is in Tianjin, even if Zhang Shizhao is in Beiping, what can he do? He was only a Director General of Education, Attorney General, Secretary General of the Government, and he had no power to interfere in the affairs of the military and police. At that time, the military police in Beijing were controlled by Lu Zhonglin (the former commander-in-chief of the Nationalist Army), Feng Yuxiang's man, and duan Qirui's government was just a mascot.
Why did the World Evening News rip Off Zhang Shizhao? The main reason is that the World Evening News once fought a lawsuit with Duan Qirui's son, and the result was that the World Evening News lost the lawsuit. At that time, Zhang Shizhao was the chief justice and Duan Qirui's red man. The World Evening News believes that In order to curry favor with Duan Qirui, Zhang Shizhao used his relationship to interfere with the judiciary, resulting in a losing case.
Therefore, the World Evening News criticized Zhang Shizhao, and Zhang Shizhao also reprimanded the World Evening News. But Zhang Shizhao's voice was not heard, because Zhang Shizhao had two problems at that time, the first was that his person Yang Yinyu had done something similar (suppressing the tide of female teachers' universities), and the second was that he was a high-ranking official in Duan Qirui's government.
The main content of the "March 18 Massacre" is to accuse the Duan Qirui government of suppressing the masses of the people and patriotic students.
The beginning of the matter was that the Nationalist Army (Feng Yuxiang) and Feng Zhi (Zhang Zuolin) went to war, and Zhang Zuolin, under the cover of Japanese warships, advanced into Tianjin Dagukou, and in order to counterattack, Feng Yuxiang's troops laid mines in the waters of Dagukou and shelled Japanese warships.
Japan quickly united with Britain and the United States and other empires, accusing Duan Qirui's government of violating the Xinugu Treaty, so it ordered Duan Qirui's government to lift the defense of Dagukou. At this time, Duan Qirui said that the "Xinugu Treaty" stipulated that the forts around Dagukou and Beijing should be flattened, but the provisions did not stipulate the requirements for waterways. Weak countries have no diplomacy, Duan Qirui's voice is not heard, and the great powers are partial to Japan and Zhang Zuolin, and forcibly demand that Duan Qirui dismantle the defense facilities in Dagukou.
During this period, patriotic students and the broad masses of the people were indignant and demanded that the Duan Qirui government resist the "Eight Kingdoms Disk". However, Duan Qirui's government guards suppressed the student tide, and later ordered the arrest of Li Dazhao, Li Shizeng, Yi Peiji, Gu Mengyu, Xu Qian, and others, and the literary circle Xunge was also blacklisted.
The impact of the "March 18 Massacre" was so great that Lu Xun called it the darkest day since the Republic of China, and Chinese intellectuals also condemned Duan Qirui's government. As a member of Duan Qirui's government, Zhang Shizhao was not less scolded. Especially after the fall of the Duan Qirui government, Lu Xun even scolded Zhang Shizhao as a "falling dog".
As a member of Duan Qirui's government, he suppressed the tide of female teachers' universities, which became Zhang Shizhao's "black history". Chairman Mao believed that Zhang Shizhao had indeed taken a detour, but he would not be called a "falling dog", because many things could not be decided by Zhang Shizhao. In the era when the barrel of a gun came out of power, it was difficult for a literati like Zhang Shizhao to have great power, let alone order the Beijing military and police.
There was no natural Marxist-Leninist, and although Zhang Shizhao took some detours, he finally chose Marxism-Leninism. Moreover, combined with Zhang Shizhao's contribution, Chairman Mao believed that Zhang Shizhao was still meritorious to the revolution and "most of it was good."
Zhang Shizhao's contribution to the revolution
Finally, we would like to mention Zhang Shizhao's contribution to the revolution.
1: Support Revolution
Needless to say about joining the League, and there is no need to say much about the dissemination of revolutionary ideas, I will mainly talk about twenty thousand dollars here.
In the early days, the Chinese Communist Party was so difficult that it didn't even pay to send its members to study abroad. At this critical moment, Zhang Shizhao used his influence to raise 20,000 silver dollars for the Chinese Communist Party, so a large number of cadres were able to study abroad.
What is the concept of twenty thousand dollars? Let me give you an example. Chairman Mao's monthly income in the Peking University library is only 8 yuan, and he can barely save 96 yuan a year without eating or drinking. In order to feed this group of international students, Chairman Mao had to work for 208 years without eating or drinking. You think about how big a sum of money it was at the time.
It is worth saying that at that time, Xun Ge bought a courtyard in Beijing, and it was only more than three thousand yuan. Some people take money to buy a courtyard, some people take money to support the revolution, and then people who take money to buy a courtyard say that the people who take money to support the revolution are not revolutionaries. As a member of Duan Qirui's government, Zhang Shizhao actively supported the revolution, and in this regard he could confirm his identity as a revolutionary, not a reactionary.
2: Rescue Li Dazhao and Chen Duxiu
Li Dazhao and Chen Duxiu were successively arrested by the Feng clan and the Kuomintang. Li Dazhao and Chen Duxiu, collectively known as "Southern Chen and Northern Li," not to mention their influence on the Chinese Communist Party, were both pioneers of the communist movement and one of the main founders of the Communist Party of China. Their frequent appearance in history books, red TV series, and movies is enough to prove their influence on the Chinese Communist Party and their status.
After they were arrested, Zhang Shizhao successively participated in the rescue of Li Dazhao and Chen Duxiu.
When he rescued Li Dazhao, he once ran around to find Zhang Zuolin's friend Pan Fu and interceded for Li Dazhao as much as possible, trying to make Zhang Zuolin change his mind. However, Zhang Zuolin, who was influenced by Japan, disregarded the opposition of public opinion and forcibly pronounced the death sentence of Li Dazhao.
When Chen Duxiu was rescued, he personally served as Chen Duxiu's defense lawyer, engaged in a verbal argument with the prosecutor in the courtroom, and finally successfully changed the verdict of the court, and Chen Duxiu survived death.
Under the "encirclement and suppression" of the Kuomintang, everyone avoided the Communist Party for fear of assuming the political reputation of "communist elements," but Zhang Shizhao tried to rescue them regardless of his personal safety, which was very rare.
3: Mobilize Cheng Qian during the Liberation War
Of course, one of the biggest contributions was to mobilize Cheng Qian during the Liberation War, and Cheng Qian's peaceful uprising was also an important reason why the People's Liberation Army was able to peacefully liberate Hunan.
Cheng Qian was an "old qualification", and when he first followed Sun Yat-sen in the revolution, he was still quite familiar with Zhang Shizhao. It is precisely because of this layer of identity that his vigilance against Zhang Shizhao is relatively small, and it is also easier to contact.
Zhang Shizhao said straight to the point: "The friendship between you and me is not a day, according to my opinion, Mao Runzhi is a great figure in Chinese and foreign history, and the Communist Party has the ability to do a good job in the country." Did Brother Ren just stand idly by and watch new China? ”
Cheng Qian understood Zhang Shizhao's meaning, but Cheng Qian had his own concerns. Zhang Shizhao is not a Kuomintang, but he is. The Communist Party can accept Zhang Shizhao, but can it accept itself? You must know that you are what the Communist Party calls a "Kuomintang war criminal."
During some conversation, Zhang Shizhao understood Cheng Qian's concerns and informed Chairman Mao of them. Chairman Mao said that Cheng Qian was an old revolutionary, and it was inevitable that he would be coerced by Chiang Kai-shek, and as long as he stood on the side of the people, he would not be blamed for the past.
Under the activities of Zhang Shizhao, Cheng Qian finally led Sanxiang Jian'er to declare a peaceful uprising and the peaceful liberation of Hunan. This move greatly promoted the process of the Liberation War, and at the same time spared Hunan from the suffering of war.