Wherever people live, there are buildings.
We walk inside and outside the building all the time, and we can't do without the building at all times; we need to live, study, work, meet, perform in the building, and we need to carry out various social activities such as commercial trading, sports competitions, religious ceremonies, etc. in the building.
For the needs of life, people have created a variety of buildings; at the same time, architecture has also nurtured human growth in the long river of history.
Professor at Southeast University
China's "Four Masters of Architecture"
Yang Tingbao, Liang Sicheng, Liu Dunzhen, Tong Liao (jùn)
Common disciple Liu Xianjue
A guide to appreciating architectural art for the reader
- "The Language of Architecture"
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NO.1
Ancient Decorative Arts
In ancient times, human ancestors had no housing, and in order to prevent the invasion of wind and frost, rain and snow and beasts, they could only live in natural caves or inhabit large trees. It is these primitive people who not only have the need to settle down, but also have a good yearning, they need to celebrate the harvest of hunting, but also to pray for the blessing of heaven and totem (animal gods). So they began to decorate their dwellings, and frescoes were one of the first methods they used. They fully expressed their good wishes in these murals, which is the origin of art.
NO.2
Classical Chinese architecture
The roof is the most expressive part of classical Chinese architecture and takes many forms. "Like a bird, like a bird flying." The Book of Verses uses such sentences to celebrate roofs and eaves like wings stretching out. Mr. Liang Sicheng said: "This proves that the roof is not only loved by the vast number of people for thousands of years, but also the proudest achievement of our nation. Its development became one of the most important features of Chinese architecture. ”
NO.3
Western classical column style
The most outstanding achievement of Western classical architecture is the creation of classical column styles. Three classical columns were created during the Greek classical period: Doric, Ionic and Corinth. By the time of the Roman Empire, the column style had developed into five types, adding the Taskan column type and the mixed column type, and the proportion model had stricter rules than in the Greek period.
NO.4
Exquisite Greek classical architecture
Greek classical architecture is the most exquisite architectural system in the ancient world, a model of the combination of architecture and art, and its influence has continued for more than 2,000 years. The most prominent representative of classical Greek architecture is the Acropolis, the most important building in the Acropolis is the Parthenon dedicated to the patron saint Athena of the city-state. The 1st-century Greek historian Plutarch described the construction of the Acropolis: "The edifice stands tall, magnificent, beautiful in silhouette, and incomparable, because the craftsmen do their best, each does his best, competes with each other, and is not far behind." ”
NO.5
Magnificent Chinese palace
The palace has been built on a large scale in Chinese dynasties, and it reflects the achievements of Chinese architecture and the characteristics of architectural art. The Taihe Hall of the Forbidden City in Beijing is currently the largest existing wooden structure in mainland China, with a total length of 63.93 meters, a depth of 37.17 meters, a height of 26.92 meters, and a platform height of 8.13 meters. The shape of the Taiwa Hall is the highest rank among the wooden temples. The roof of the heavy eaves hall (four-slope type), the yellow glazed tile roof, the two ends of the kiss (the dragon head decoration at both ends of the roof ridge) are 3.4 meters high, the red columns, the red walls, the upper eaves with 11 stepping bucket arches, the lower eaves with 9 step bucket arches, the beams are painted with dragon patterns and seals, etc. This is a place used for the highest level of solemn ceremonies, such as ascending to the pole, yuan day, winter solstice, pilgrimage, birthday celebration, edict, etc.
NO.6
Architectural Renaissance
Located in the north-central part of Italy, Florence is the home of the European Renaissance, and the Florence Cathedral is the most representative building in Florence. In the Middle Ages, Catholic churches never allowed domes as the subject of architectural composition, as the Church believed that this was the technique of Roman pagan temples. The designer of the dome of the Florence Cathedral, Boruneleschi, disregarded the taboos of the church and infiltrated humanistic ideas and classical techniques, so the completion of this large dome is considered to be the first primrose of Italian Renaissance architecture.
NO.7
Classicist architecture in France
The famous Palace of Versailles is a masterpiece of classical architecture from the time of King Louis XIV and Louis XV. The success of the Palace of Versailles in its design is to organically organize the complex parts into a whole, and to closely combine the palace, gardens, courtyards, squares, and roads to form a unified plan and emphasize the dignity of the emperor. It is not only the palace of the emperor, but also the center of national politics, the most complete and vivid expression of the new way of life and the new political point of view.
NO.8
A new development in modern architecture
Metal as a building material has been used in ancient architecture, as for a large number of applications, especially steel as the main material of building structures began in modern times. A typical example is the Indian-style royal villa in Brighton, England, which weighs about 50 tons and is supported by thin iron columns.
NO.9
The poetry of the building
Architecture is like an essay, it can be a treatise, it can be prose, it can be a lyric poem. The famous American architect Frank Law Wright was a brilliant Romantic architectural poet. His creation of the flowing water villa straddles the stream, and the staggered platforms emphasize the open and loose layout, reflecting the natural combination with the terrain, mountain stones, flowing water, and trees, so that the artificial architectural art and natural scenery contrast, penetrate each other, complement each other, and play a role in finishing touches.
NO.10
Glass aesthetics
In order to meet the needs of lighting, the combined application of iron and glass two building materials has achieved new achievements in 19th-century architecture, but the idea of building houses with a real large number of glass as exterior walls appeared after the 1950s. The master builder Mies van der Rohe was the most active advocate of steel and glass architecture. The Vansworth Residence he designed was an all-glass square box with an elevated floor that was raised about 5 feet from the ground. The entire dwelling is supported by eight pillars, four on each side, and the two ends of the dwelling are overhanged outwards. It is more like a pavilion than a villa, and it acquires aesthetic value, although it does not meet the privacy requirements of living.
NO.11
Living machines and abstract sculptures
Imaging machines and sculptures of houses was a trend of thought that emerged in Europe in the late 1920s and 1930s. The Longchamp Church, designed by the famous modern architect Le Corbusier, is a very small Catholic church, but it is a masterpiece of architectural art with great influence. The plane of the church is very peculiar, all the walls are almost all curved, one side is still oblique, the surface is coarse concrete, and the wall has large and small window holes, which may have absorbed the idea of abstract sculptural art. The Longchamp Church marks the direction of contemporary architecture from the 1950s onwards towards pluralism and emphasis on spiritual expression.
NO.12
A combination of shape and meaning
Metaphorism, also known as symbolism, implies association, so that the personality to be expressed in some special buildings is extremely strong, and on the basis of satisfying function, the importance of artistic modeling often ranks first. There are many ways to use metaphor or symbolism, specific symbols are easy to understand from the shape, and abstract symbols are allegorical to the association of the scheme. The Sydney Opera House, designed by Wu Chong, is an example of specific symbolism.
NO.13
Abstract architecture
The Philharmonic Hall, designed for Berlin by the German architect Salon, is an example of the abstract expression of symbolism. The salon designed it as a symbolic instrument inside, the space of the audience hall resembles a large resonance box of an instrument, the external wall is meandering, high and low, so that people can get the association of musical rhythm everywhere, while the flexible and free arrangement of the space also makes the function, sound, lighting and plastic arts successful effect, opening up a new field for modern architectural design.
NO.14
Towards a diverse range of modern architecture
The high-tech school is a genre that pays attention to the tendency to express high technology in architectural modeling styles, and theoretically vigorously promotes machine aesthetics and advocates the beauty of new technologies. As a result, various steel frames, concrete beams and columns, glass partitions and colorful pipes are exposed without modification. The best example of this trend is the Centre Pompidou in Paris, designed by the Italian architect Piano and the British architect Rogers. Since the advent of the Centre Pompidou, the Centre for The Arts and Culture of Pompidou has aroused strong repercussions and discussions in the architectural circles of various countries. Some applauded and hailed the major innovations in architectural art; many architects could not help but dismiss it as a destruction of architectural art, which was not commensurate with the city of ancient Paris.
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