In the early morning of March 1, a "spring snow" fell on Shenyang again, and the heavy snow sprinkled on the ocean made the land of Liaoshen once again wrapped in silver, and people who traveled in the early morning wrapped up cotton jackets to prevent wind and cold. On the same day, the "Warm forbidden city - Qing Palace Winter Daily Necessities Exhibition" was also launched in the Shenyang Imperial Palace, and 60 cultural relics collected by the Imperial Palace of Shenyang also gave visitors a glimpse of the ancient people's solutions to the cold.
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the mainland entered the fourth cold period, which is also the longest cold period, known in history as the "Ming and Qing Xiaoice Period". The ancestors of the Qing Dynasty lived in the northeast region for generations, where the four seasons are distinct, the winter is cold and long, the climate is dry, and how to keep warm when winter comes has become the primary problem of the Qing palace administrators.
Through two units, "The Cold Room Is Burnt" and "Palace Brocade Wrapped in Fur", the exhibition shows people's ingenious inventions in house construction, interior furnishings, travel wear and the optimal use of cold items in order to resist the cold.
Qing painting enamel open light bird beast oval hand stove
In terms of house construction, in order to strengthen indoor warmth, the Qing Dynasty built a kiln and fire in the house with the traditional structure of northeast China. Kang and huodi have the characteristics of good heating performance, large heating area, long holding time and relatively stable temperature, which are irreplaceable heating methods for Manchus living in northeast China in winter. Shenyang Imperial Palace of the Ten Kings Pavilion, Qingning Palace, Baoji Palace and other buildings have adopted the heating method of fire and fire, and its interior is equipped with flue, and the temperature of the fireworks in the flue is gradually increased, and the hot surface generates heat, so as to meet the needs of indoor heating.
Clear copper hollow pattern shed stone warm stone
In terms of indoor furnishings, after the small cold and large cold festivals, the doors and windows will be closed in the Qing Palace, and charcoal will be burned for heating, and charcoal basins and smokers will become the necessities of winter life. According to the Manchu "Black Picture File", the architectural diagram of the Imperial Palace in Shenyang from the third year of Kangxi to the fifty-ninth year of Kangxi (1664-1720) indicates that there were buildings dedicated to storing charcoal in the palace, called "charcoal buildings". In addition to using charcoal pots and smokers to supplement the indoor temperature, the exhibition also exhibited the hand stove, which is very portable in the Qing Palace, such as "Qing painting enamel open light bird and beast oval hand stove" and "Qing carved flower character story pattern red copper hand stove". On the eating utensils, various types of hot pots, fire bowls, warm wine jugs and other eating utensils with strong practicality are used to warm food, such as "Qingyin Gilded Shouzi Fire Bowl" and "Qing copper warm wine jug". There are also "winter models" in the stationery utensils, and the "Clear Copper Hollow Pattern Stone Warm Stone" exhibited in the "Cold Room with Burnt Heat" unit is one of them. The stone is carved from a whole piece of shed stone, in the shape of a full moon, the upper part is missing a tooth of the moon, made of cast copper, the surface of the tooth is embossed with a bat pattern, and there is a button in the middle for extraction. Underneath the stone is a copper bracket that can be placed with charcoal or poured hot water to prevent the ink from condensing quickly in the cold weather.
Qing Ne white top winter ji cloth crown
In terms of travel wear, the winter clothing of the Qing Dynasty court such as "Qingming Yellow Silk Mink Coat" and "Qingqing Satin Otter Skin Red Ribbon Autumn Hat" exhibited in the "Palace Brocade Wrapped Fur" unit highlights the living habits of the Manchus, and they set the animal fur obtained after hunting on the clothes, and the clothes inlaid with mink skin have become the main symbols of the winter clothing of the Qing Palace. The first exhibition of "Qing plum blossom deerskin clothes" is transliterated as "Dushixi", and the "Great Qing Huidian" stipulates: "The emperor walks in clothes, and uses deerskin or black foxes as tables in winter". The fabric of the dress is light and soft, and when traveling through the dress, it is tied around the waist, shaped like an apron, with a slit in the middle, and two straps on the inside that are tied to the legs, which are both cold and wear-resistant, and are worn by the emperor or royal family members when they travel or hunt in winter. In addition to the winter clothing of the Qing Dynasty court, such as cotton robes, trousers, cotton socks, and cotton shoes, this unit also introduces the clear provisions on the style, color and ornamentation of winter clothing in the Qing Dynasty court etiquette system through cultural relics such as "Qingming Huangjiang Silk Embroidered Golden Dragon Winter Dynasty Robe", "Qinghuang Silk Tuanlong Eight Treasure Cotton Horse Coat", "Qingnie White Top Winter Ji Cloth Crown".
Qing sika deerskin line
According to the curators, originating from the Manchus in the northeast between the white mountains and black waters, the ancestral birthplace is extremely cold in winter, the outdoor cold wind is cold, and the air is frosted, so people attach great importance to the effect of keeping warm and fighting cold in indoor heating and winter clothing. Shenyang Imperial Palace is an ancient palace complex built and used before the Qing Dynasty moved to Beijing, the courtyard contains a large number of qing palace winter heating, warmth items, the audience can see the innovative spirit and wisdom of the ancestors through these indoor heating facilities and winter daily necessities.
(Guangming Daily all-media reporter Liu Yong correspondent Li Qingpo)
Source: Guangming Daily all-media reporter Liu Yong correspondent Li Qingpo
Editor-in-charge: Wang Zimo
Editor: Sun Xiaoting Zhang Yongqun