The history of human development is also the history of the struggle between human beings and natural climate.
Regardless of the extreme climate, it is the normal change of seasons, the heat and cold winter, which are enough to make human beings look afraid.
Modern people face the two seasons of winter and summer, it seems to be calm enough, summer has air conditioning refrigerators, winter has electric stove heating, to achieve winter warmth and summer coolness is easy, even if it is the cold midwinter, a light down jacket is enough to resist.
In ancient times, how did people spend the winter?
Winter in ancient times was bound to be colder than in modern times, especially during the four cold periods:
The first is the Western Zhou Dynasty before 1000 AD, which lasted for about 150 years, according to the "Year of the Bamboo Secretary", "winter, heavy rain and hail, cattle and horses died, and the rivers and Han were frozen";
The second is the wei and jin southern and northern dynasties from the beginning of the common era to 600 AD, which lasted for about 600 years, and the "Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, Wei Shu, And Emperor Wen" truly recorded the cold situation at that time: "In the winter of October, the ancient city of Guangling, linjiang to watch the soldiers, more than 100,000 soldiers, hundreds of miles of flags." It is a cold year, the waterway is ice, and the boat is not allowed to enter the river, but it is to be returned."
The third is the Southern Song Dynasty, the "History of the Five Elements of the Song Dynasty" records, "In February of the fourth year of Chunhua, there was heavy snow in Shangzhou, and the people froze to death", and the common people had no conditions for winter, could not survive, and only froze to death;
The third is the Ming and Qing dynasties, starting from the middle of the Ming Dynasty, China entered the fourth cold period, until the end of around 1900, up to more than 500 years, domestic scholars will be this period as the "Ming and Qing Xiaoice period", internationally known as the "modern Xiaoice period", and in this period, there are records of snow disasters. In the winter of 1453 AD, there was a rare heavy snowfall in most parts of China from north to south, and many places had heavy snow for the next month, and the disaster was serious, "people and animals froze to death", and the Qing Dynasty poet Wang Fan once recorded the situation when the Qiantang River was frozen in poetry: "The earth is tepid, and it is suspected of flooding." I once smelled the tide of Qiantang, and the freezing was flat as a stone. Smell the Huai seashore again, and look forward to the solid ice shoes."
And how did people keep warm and cold at that time?
Of course, in ancient society, poor people who could not even eat food would most likely be frozen alive in the cold winter.
The tools of the poor people to withstand the cold are also very single, wearing "short brown" when going out, and relying on the stove fire at home.
And for people who are slightly richer, they have more choices for heating.
The most common is charcoal, china is the first country in the world to discover coal, as early as 7,000 years ago, Chinese has been found coal. However, in ancient times, Chinese and coal were not called coal, but called stone, graphite or charcoal, etc., but at that time, people still used charcoal for heating.
From the earliest direct fire heating, to the later burning of charcoal in the furnace, the equipment for charcoal fire heating has been continuously improved. Spring and Autumn there is a record of "burning furnace", the Qin Dynasty appeared fireplace, more amazing is that the Qin Dynasty also invented the "wall of fire", which is the earliest "heating" in China, but at that time there was no iron heating, but with ceramic cylinder tiles interlocked, buried in the wall, the use of wall heating, and the whole room to increase warmth, the wall hidden "fire channel", can be directly under the bed, equivalent to today's northern China "Kang", ancient called "Ondol" or "Warm Pavilion", of course, such "heating" Only the high-ranking nobles could enjoy it.
After the Han Dynasty, the heating equipment was further improved, and the series of equipment such as braziers, foot stoves, smokers, and hand stoves were further improved, and in indoor heating, there began to appear and "pepper rooms" (that is, peppercorns and soil on the wall, supplemented by other cold insulation materials to maintain indoor temperature), and even the "greenhouse" for growing vegetables, perhaps the originator of today's "greenhouse cultivation".
Indoor warmth is solved, but how is it solved outdoors?
In addition to the "hand stove" that can be carried, it is the clothes worn on the body.
However, before the Ming Dynasty, people did not have cotton clothes to wear, and most of the ordinary people wore katsu and linen clothes, filled with substances, which were silk heads and fine pieces of citrus hemp, and the cold protection effect could be imagined, while the rich people wore silk, leather robes, fur coats and so on.
As for cotton, it was introduced to China during the southern and northern periods, and most of them were concentrated in the frontier, and at the time of the Song and Yuan Dynasties, it began to be introduced into the "Guan, Shaanxi, Fujian, and Guangzhou" for a large number of plantings, and began to go to the southern provinces, until the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang took compulsory measures to promote cotton planting throughout the country, and the people of the whole country began to wear cotton clothes.
Of course, in addition to charcoal fire, cotton clothes and leather robes, eating and drinking is also a good recipe for cold, scalding a pot of wine, boiling a pot of hot soup, and even the biggest chill must fade away by three points, just like Bai Juyi's poem:
Green ant new wine, red clay small stove.
Late to the day want snow, can drink a cup of nothing.
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At the end of the 90s, he is a wild writer after the 90s
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There is temperature, there is depth, and it does not disappoint everyone with a heart