The third part of the history of the Soviet Union: after the October Revolution, 1 hit 14 countries, and how the soviet Russia, which was full of danger, fought back
Article 7841 words, should be counted as an article to explain an era thoroughly, I hope you can see something.
As can be seen above: History of the Soviet Union: Lenin's counterattack in 1917, from exile to the father of the Soviet Union, who made Lenin successful
introduction:
On October 25, 1917 (Russian calendar), the cruiser Aurora shelled the Hermitage, and the army then marched straight into it.
The great Bolsheviks were victorious after paying the price of 5 deaths and 50 wounds, and Lenin established the name and form of government of Russia at the second and third All-Russian Congresses of Soviets that followed.
The two consecutive meetings were fruitful.
First, the Decree of Peace and the Decree of Agrarian Land (Second Conference) were promulgated to satisfy the demands of the workers, peasants and soldiers for land and peace, and to recognize the legitimacy of the land and property spontaneously seized by the Russian peasants at the turn of the summer and autumn of 1917, and to broaden the mass base among the peasants. Later, laws and regulations on the eight-hour working day and the Regulations on Workers' Supervision were successively adopted to protect the rights and interests of workers, which met the needs of workers and expanded the mass base in the working class.
After the union of workers, peasants and soldiers, the new "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" was born with difficulty.
But this fledgling country is in crisis, and in addition to the time it takes for various policies to advance, there are many problems.
The most crucial thing is that foreigners do not recognize the account, the enemy is invading, there is internal turmoil, how did Soviet Russia survive the critical moment?
Today, let's talk about the history of these three years of civil war!
The same experience of countless twists and turns, the same many ups and downs, looking at the swing of the intestines!
(Speech by Lenin)
One: The crisis is fraught with danger.
The biggest problem facing the nascent Russian Soviet was that no one seemed to hear what was said!
The reason for this, which no one listens to, is simple: How can you convince the regime you were born into?
The royalists are stirring, the West is afraid and the people who once had the tide of the Revolution are also thinking, and the magic box ignites the world.
Because of this, Lenin, who had just come to power, immediately demanded an armistice, but when he came to the armistice, he encountered the mistreatment of his opponents and the suspicion of his former allies.
The Allies acted very simply, did not recognize the legitimacy of Soviet power in Russia at all, did not look down on Lenin at all, and directly ignored it.
As for the Allies, Lenin, anxious to ease the pressure of the armistice, was also treated arbitrarily in Germany.
The Germans, who are strong in their own armed forces, are looking for advantage and cutting knives.
Take out the crescent knife and say unceremoniously: Armistice, you have to cede Poland, cede Lithuania, cede Ukraine, and by the way, you will lose 3 billion rubles.
Looking at the Conditions of the Germans, the Popularity of the Soviets fried the pan.
So much so that the Bolshevik Party continued to oppose, and many people expressed different opinions.
In short: the terms are too much for Russia to afford!
Among them, the staunch opposition was Lenin's close comrade-in-arms Trotsky.
He argued that a truce was possible, but that the contract could never be signed.
The comrades of the drivers who returned to China after traveling around the world (exile) were very prestigious, and many people also echoed them: the driver was right.
Looking at this situation, Lenin could not sit still!
He solemnly refuted the driver's suggestion, saying: Don't make trouble, it is better to sign the contract immediately, because the socialist republic has just been born, and continuing the war will only kill the baby.
The implication of this is that the newly born regime, like a baby, is easy to die out if it does not take appropriate measures, and what to do at this time is to exchange compromise for time, use time to seek change, and seek survival, development, and strength in the change.
After saying this, Lenin also stressed that the 3 billion rubles in reparations was actually fine, and the land was barely negotiable. If there is no cease-fire and the Germans continue to attack, the terms of the contract will only be worse!
(Pre-war situation map)
The two sides could not stand each other, Lenin could only give full play to his strengths, constantly meeting, constantly discussing, after a round of discussion, Lenin's opinions were still not accepted by many people, and the differences within the party were too big.
After a long discussion, time dragged on, and this delay reached February 10, 1918.
On that day, the negotiators sent by Germany proudly said that if The Soviet Union refused to sign the contract, the war would continue.
When the grumpy Trotsky heard this, he immediately became angry and said unceremoniously: Who is afraid of whom, if you really want to fight us, let the army recover, and let's continue to fight?
The Germans looked at it and said unmoved: Then continue to fight, right?
Then the Germans attacked!
On February 18, 1918, Germany launched an attack on The Soviet Union along the eastern front, and the well-prepared German army defeated the Soviet army.
Looking at the crisis of the situation, Lenin called an emergency meeting that night to ask for the continuation of peace talks, but still encountered many objections, and the meeting quarreled all night, still without success.
Finally Lenin angrily scolded: Treat the war as a child, and cut the revolution into the hands of the Germans! History will tell everyone that it is you who have ruined the revolution.
An angry Lenin, in a very rare form of seriousness, finally sobered the others up.
On 19 February, a telegram agreeing to the treaty was placed on the Germans' desk.
Looking at this telegram, the Germans said with dissatisfaction: What specifications, what statement, too informal, too hasty, or the telegram sent, what do you think of Germany? It must be re-drafted and handed over in person.
Enduring humiliation, the Russians prepared a well-formed agreement, sent them with the best diplomatic etiquette, hoping to silence the Germans and stop their offensive.
Who would have thought that the Germans would have to advance, and in the following days they continued to attack Russia, occupying Latvia, Estonia, Belarus and parts of Ukraine, and the army was about to hit Petrograd.
At the sight of the Germans' style, Lenin, who was under pressure to negotiate peace, was also angry.
I have agreed to the request, you still fight? Do you really think I'm a Chihuahua?
(It's not impossible to go to war)
II. Letter to the People "The Socialist Motherland in Crisis"
Looking at the Germans who were pressing forward, Lenin, who could not sit still, finally released a big move.
His long experience in struggle has made him understand that all peace, whether it is agreement, must go through the test of blood and fire, and that the power in the barrel of a gun cannot be produced without fighting.
On February 21, Lenin drafted a letter to the Russian people, "The Socialist Fatherland in Crisis", calling on everyone to work together to defend the country.
This is part of the original text: in order to save the weary and devastated country from the new scourge of war, we are willing to endure the greatest sacrifice and declare to the Germans that we agree to accept the peace conditions they have proposed. Our military negotiators left Liezhcha for Devonsk on the evening of 20 (7 February), but have not yet heard back.
The German Government is clearly delaying its reply, and it is clearly unwilling to make peace. German militarism fulfills the mandate of the capitalists of all countries to strangle the workers and peasants in Russia and Ukraine, to return the land to the landlords, to the factories to the bankers, and to restore the monarchy to the regime.
The German generals wanted to establish their own order in Petrograd and Kiev. The Soviet Socialist Republic is in grave danger.
Until the German proletariat has acted and won victory, the sacred duty of the Russian workers and peasants is to defend the Soviet Republic with all its might against the huge army of bourgeois imperialist Germany.
This should be regarded as the first Patriotic War of the Soviet people, and coincidentally, the opponent is also Germany!
The proposal of this letter to the people also made the revolutionaries of Smolny Palace, who had the original intention of the world revolution, collectively identify for the first time with the reality of the struggle that they were the rulers of the nation-state of Russia.
This is very crucial, and only with the background of national identity can the generalized socialist struggle have a specific goal, and thus improve the cohesion of the whole country, because step by step is the truth.
(Russian newspaper at the time)
In Soviet Russia at that time, although the royalists and the White Guards organized by the dissidents were rampant in Soviet Russia, the rising revolutionary movement in Soviet Russia also made many intellectuals realize the correctness of the revolution. After the October Revolution, 3% of russian intellectuals in all of Russia chose to join the Bolsheviks, and many more, although they did not join, were willing to serve the Soviet regime and expand the mass base so that Soviet Russia was not alone.
Many intellectuals and officers, after seeing the tenacity of Soviet Russia, were impressed by this nascent regime, and the German offensive also raised the national mood of this group.
On February 23, just two days after the proclamation, countless volunteers who enthusiastically joined the army gave Soviet Russia a new miscellaneous army: the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army was born, and this day was later called the Red Army Festival.
This army then successfully repelled the seemingly powerful German army at Pskov (an ancient city in northwestern Russia) just 250 kilometers from Petrograd.
Lenin, who was unwilling to continue the war, saw that the war had been won, and thought of continuing the peace talks, because the fragile Soviet Russia could not withstand the war.
Who would have thought that the Germans, who had lost the battle, were still aggressive, and actually put forward more demanding demands, ceding more land, not to mention demanding that all the Russian troops withdraw from Ukraine.
At the end of the day, you only have 48 hours to reply.
This ultimatum made Lenin's head so great that he could only continue to meet and discuss.
(Stalin and Lenin)
At the meeting, Stalin, who had the style of Li Kui, took a tough stance: Signing a contract, signing a contract, signing a bird treaty? Continue to fight, won't it be better to win?
Lenin could not bear this, and he said, taking retreat as an advance: Don't make a fool of yourself, if you do this again, I will directly withdraw from the government and the Central Committee.
This made many people quiet, but there were still people who accused Lenin of weakness.
Stalin, who advocated toughness, even asked Lenin: Vladimir Ilyich! Does your resignation mean that you are de facto resigning from the party?
After listening, Lenin expressed the opinion that he was not a defector, but that it was wrong to refuse peace talks, and firmly said: If you do not sign the acceptance conditions, you will have to sign the death sentence of Soviet power in three weeks.
The visible threats, the uncertain future of the war, and Lenin's insistence made the main war faction reluctantly agree to continue negotiations.
After several days of tug-of-war, the famous Peace of Brest was signed on March 3.
(Contract signing site)
According to the terms of this contract, Soviet Russia suffered heavy losses: the cession of up to 1 million square kilometers of territory, the loss of one-third of the total population, and the sinking of countless industrial and agricultural production areas were undoubtedly unbearable pain.
Looking at this harsh contract, Bukharin and others could not help but speak out against it.
It is also true that the loss of these territories, populations, and industrial and agricultural capacity will not only make Germany more powerful, but if Germany does not keep its promises, the situation of Soviet Russia will be even more dangerous.
But Lenin, who saw through Germany, understood that the battlefield of the First World War had already disappeared here, and the participation of the United States in the war made the seemingly strong Germany only do the work of external strength.
Then he said to Bukharin: If you hadn't signed the contract, you wouldn't have had a chance to talk nonsense with me here.
This seems to make sense, it makes sense!
Bukharin was silent, just like Stalin, silent!
(Peace of Brest)
Three: Self-help in swaddling, the most lacking is time.
After the silence of his opponents, Lenin began to give orders to prepare for self-help, and the wrist of self-salvation was also layered.
The first was the relocation of the capital: the first city was moved from Petrograd, near Germany, to Moscow, the core of Russia, the plain of Eastern Europe, and Lenin, who moved into the Kremlin, finally breathed a sigh of relief.
The second was to change the name: the Bolshevik Party was officially changed to the Russian Communist Party, or the Russian Communist Party (Brazzaville).
Finally, there is the building of the army: Lenin, in order to have the strength to protect himself, entrusted Trotsky to form a regular Red Army on the basis of the previous Red Army and strengthen the national defense force.
This series of maneuvers stabilized the Soviet regime slightly, but the operation of the state apparatus was still problematic.
At the beginning of its establishment, the Soviet Russian regime relied more on party organizations to exercise government functions, because of the lack of experience in being the masters of their own affairs, coupled with the proliferation of social crises, so that internal problems continued.
Military: The army is in ruins waiting to be rebuilt, strategic resources are produced in problems, and logistics supplies are missing.
Economically: financial markets are in chaos, logistics are paralyzed, the black market is active, factories are closed down one after another, food is in short supply, and even heating and water are in trouble.
Politically: The anti-Soviet movements that are everywhere in the country, as well as the high crime rate, are also a headache.
How to do what? The answer is also simple! Organizational structure, armed struggle, united front.
In terms of organizational structure, Through the method of mass recommendation and organizational assessment, Soviet Russia promoted many talents in a short period of time, supplemented them to various government departments, and improved the government structure.
In the armed struggle, a large number of armed workers were recruited, the workers' militia was reorganized into a local army, and party members and activists were encouraged to join the army enthusiastically, thus completing the expansion of the army's size.
On the united front, this was a strong point for Soviet Russia, and Pravda's expedition was generally unfavorable.
If this triple measure is fully implemented in time, Soviet Russia should be able to get through the difficult start.
But others will not give Soviet Russia too much time?
Because war is coming again!
(Stop the war with war)
Four: If you avoid war, the war will go far?
After signing a treaty with Germany and withdrawing from World War I, Soviet Russia completely angered the Allies.
The background of the Workers' and Peasants' Movement in Soviet Russia also gave the Western capitalist powers a natural guard. This vigilance may have been observed at the beginning of its birth, but after the Initial Stabilization of Soviet Russia and the choice of peace, they could not sit still at all.
Seeing that the White Guards within the Soviet Union were powerless, a multinational intervention and invasion began.
On the vast territory of the SOVIET UNION.
In the north, there were intervention armies from Britain, France, and the United States, landing in Murmansk to support the White Guards and prepare for a fight. (6 March 1918)
In the east, Japanese forces also landed in Vladivostok with the American and British Intervention Forces in an attempt to misbehave. (April 5, 1918)
In Central Asia and the Caucasus, the Allied armies also began to attack, and even the Germans on the eve of defeat, after seeing many people invade Soviet Russia, openly violated the Treaty of Brest and, together with Ottoman Turkey, invaded Crimea and the South Caucasus in April and May.
In the mid-west, the Czechoslovak legions, composed of 50,000 Austro-Hungarian captives, rebelled on their way back through Siberia, occupying the middle Volga, the Urals, Siberia, and the Far East.
In the south, the anti-Soviet alliance, composed of a large number of anti-Soviet Russian merchants, speculators, landlords, officers, politicians, etc., also under the leadership of Kolchak, Yudenich, Denikin and others, made the White Army more and more powerful, controlled the cities of the lower Volga, and established a so-called provisional government in Ufa.
Kolchak, who later broke away from the Provisional Government, formed an army of his own, and after losing the constraints of the Provisional Government, the size of the army expanded to 150,000 people and launched a large-scale attack on the Soviet-controlled areas.
At that time, as many as 14 countries interfered in the Soviet Union, which can be said to be second only to the era of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, jointly fighting against a single country!
(Situation in the Soviet Union at the time)
What is the situation of this leaking wind everywhere and smoking everywhere? The answer is that the Russian building will fall.
By the summer of 1918, Soviet Russia had lost three-quarters of its territory, 3,400 of the country's 5,400 arsenals were under enemy control, all traffic was paralyzed, and most of the grain-producing areas were under enemy control.
Losing the arsenal is tantamount to losing the possibility of arming.
Losing a line of communication is equivalent to losing the ability to maneuver.
Losing the grain-producing area is equivalent to losing the logistical supply.
This triple loss put Soviet Russia in an extremely difficult situation, and according to historical sources, at the most difficult time, each person had only 60 grams of bread rations per day, and they ate about one bite.
War is raging, turmoil is everywhere, even public order is not good, and leaders are frequently assassinated.
Comrade Lenin, for example, was shot at a factory and nearly died.
This ongoing assassination campaign, as well as security issues and unrest, forced Soviet Russia to use heavy rules and strong measures to punish criminal acts.
For example, the prisoners were sent to the labor camp, the railways were nationalized, and the railway engineers were formed, and the Tsar's family was also killed by the unauthorized decision under this circumstances.
The assassination of Lenin made the Soviet Russians hate each other, and the subsequent resolution "Turning the Soviet Republic into a Barracks" made everyone have the obligation to defend their homeland.
Then, it was that Jedi Strike Back moment.
(Full name Mobilization)
Five: Jedi Strikes Back.
From the end of 1918 to the beginning of 1919, the red army, which had regained its strength, launched multiple attacks and successively liberated Ukraine on the left bank, the Don River Oblast, The South Urals, and Shenkulsk.
The successive victories of the Red Army broke out within the Treaty Powers against intervention in the Russo-Soviet War, after which the French and Greek armies were the first to retreat, and Odessa, Kherson, Nikolayev, and Sevastopol were restored.
Subsequently, the Soviet hero Mikhail Frunze won a glorious victory against Kolchak and Denikin in 1919.
Unwilling to be defeated, the White Army regained its strength between March and April 1919, and Kolchak led his army to break through the Soviet and Russian lines one after another, occupying a large number of people such as Ufa, Watkinsk, Chistopol, Bhugoulima, Buguruslan... and other cities, cut off the Red Army and Turkestan, the eastern front showed signs of rout.
At the critical moment, The Soviet Union called on the whole country to resist the Kolchak army, and the people who enthusiastically joined the army increased the number of the Eastern Front to 140,000 people, and there was a possibility of counterattack.
Subsequently, the Eastern Front, the troops were divided into two routes, becoming two campaign clusters in the south and the north, and dividing the troops and attacking together.
The Southern Campaign Group launched a counter-offensive on 28 April 1919 and in June it burst into the front of the Ural Mountains.
The Northern Campaign Group launched the Izhevsk-Watkinsk Campaign on May 25, 1919, and subsequently liberated Izhevsk.
The counterattack on the eastern front was good, but the situation on the western front was a little tense, but this was difficult for the tenacious Red Army.
In the ensuing battlefield, the Red Army turned the tide of the war step by step, and Lenin, who knew the news from the rear, said with great satisfaction: The recovery of my hometown of Simbirsk is the most effective and ideal bandage to bandage my wounds!
(Lenin)
Vi. Lenin's urging.
These words spread more and more widely, so that many voices praising Lenin appeared in the newspapers, and after reading the report, Lenin was dissatisfied!
Call your own chief of staff and ask him:
What did you read in the newspaper? I'm embarrassed to read it. Say that I am such and such, exaggerate everything, call me a genius, call me a special person. Here's another inexplicable thing: collective hope, wishing me good health. It's horrible! How can this be?
We have all our lives fought against the cult of personality on the ideological front, and here all of a sudden cult of personality appears! This is not possible in any case.
When the director heard this, he immediately explained that this is the people's expression of love for you! Every day, we receive phone calls, telegrams and letters wishing you a speedy recovery of health, and the newspapers are merely presented as they are.
After hearing this, Lenin said: This situation should be stopped immediately, in a more ingenious way, in a way that does not affect everyone's emotions, in a more meaningful material.
This is the overseer of Lenin's propaganda front, do not engage in a cult of personality, but seek truth from facts.
In addition to the propaganda front, Lenin was also supervising the war in other aspects, and in other aspects, the most intuitive was the logistical problem.
At that time, after successive conscriptions, the size of the Red Army expanded to millions in a short period of time, which also made a dilemma appear, that is, there was not enough food to eat.
What if there is not enough food to eat? Lenin believed that the grain in Soviet Russia was sufficient, that is, the short-term dilemma caused by the hoarding of speculative merchants and kulaks, and that for the needs of the war, it was necessary to ban the trading of grain trucks, all for the sake of victory.
Subsequently, the Committee on Personal Names issued the Decree on the System of Collecting Surplus Grain: every peasant is required to hand over all surplus grain within a week...
The "Surplus Grain Collection System", as well as the successive publication of wartime communist policies, is a decree like seven wounded fists!
From the positive point of view, in a short period of time, he allowed the Soviet Union to increase grain stocks sharply, and also made the Red Army have no logistical problems.
From the negative point of view, it has made a bad start, so that the enthusiasm of the broad masses of peasants in growing grain has been reduced, and the grain production in the Soviet Union has been seriously reduced.
The root cause of the reduction of large areas of arable land and the decline in peasant enthusiasm is that production has been collected to some extent, and it is better to work hard than to lie flat.
The subsequent collection of surplus grain was further expanded, covering almost all aspects of the necessities of life, from grain to meat, and everything was distributed according to needs, like everyone, and the whole country did not even need money.
In this way, wartime communism exchanged unconditional obedience for the guarantee of the supply of the whole country, and in the form of unified thinking and uniform distribution, after paying a huge price, it was exchanged for the final victory.
In July 1919, British and American troops were driven out of Soviet Russia, and the Red Army continued to attack and liberate the Urals.
In November 1919, the Red Army defeated Denikin's White Army, regaining lost ground and recovering with the naked eye.
The war is basically over at this point.
Both Kolchak and Denikin became yesterday's yellow flowers, and foreign interventionists retreated, if not in a hurdle.
So what is this branch? The answer is Poland!
(Polish Army)
Seven: The Polish Offensive and the End.
Poland is a Russian feud, as everyone knows.
This hatred was deeply rooted in the marrow of the Great Northern War in the Tsarist era, and the subsequent three partitions.
But the nascent Soviet Russia actually had a good attitude towards Poland!
After the end of World War I, Poland, which had disappeared for more than a hundred years, needed to be restored after the game between the parties, based on the Strategic Cushion of France. As soon as he saw the restoration of Poland, Lenin, on behalf of Soviet Russia, recognized the independent sovereignty of Poland at the first time and expressed his support, but he encountered a counterattack.
The first thing the resurrected Poland did was to participate in the invasion of Soviet Russia with the support of Britain and France, because it was afraid that the faith of Soviet Russia would ignite turmoil in its own country, and seeing that Soviet Russia was weak, it could take advantage.
In April 1919, Poland invaded Lithuania and occupied Vilnius, and in May Poland attacked Ukraine.
At that time, the main forces of the Red Army were dealing with the civil war and had no time to deal with Poland, which made Poland's aggressive ambitions bigger and bigger.
On 7 May, after the Polish army conquered Kiev in Ukraine, the Red Army finally defeated Kolchak and Denikin in the Volga region and drove them to Crimea before they had more strength to deal with the Polish army.
Subsequently, the Soviet Red Army made the Poles realize how much their combat effectiveness was.
(Marshal of the Red Army Tukhachevsky)
The Red Army, which amounted to more than 800,000 troops, attacked in two directions.
The Western Front, under the command of Tukhachevsky, joined Budyonny's Southwestern Front in advancing north and south, repelling the Polish army to the west of the Curzon Line in one fell swoop.
The red army, which was getting madner and madner, took advantage of the victory and pursued it to Warsaw, Poland.
Lenin believed that the polish workers and peasants, who had been oppressed for a long time, would stand up for themselves, and when the time came, they would not only liberate Poland, but also shock the European countries fiercely, and then let the red flag fly.
But after hitting Warsaw, the Red Army suffered a crushing defeat.
Poland, which had received Anglo-French support, fought back under the City of Warsaw, and even the Polish peasants opposed the Red Army's attack, and this long-term hatred made them not very interested in Lenin's words!
After losing more than 100,000 men and capturing 100,000 men, the Red Army lost the vigor to continue the offensive.
Seeing that the Red Army had lost its vigor, Britain, France, and Poland also lost the courage to continue fighting.
Britain and France said, don't fight, right?
Aren't you going to admit it? We'll just admit you, let's take a step back!
Lenin, who had experienced turmoil and more than three years of war, also understood that Soviet Russia could not continue to fight, so he took over this step.
Soon after, Poland and the Soviet Union reached the Treaty of Riga, in which the Soviet Union paid for peace in ukraine and part of Belarus, which the Soviet Union had taken from Poland before World War II.
But behind this peace, there is a little-known story, that is, the red army prisoners of war!
According to the statistics of the secret information, after the fiasco in Warsaw, about 45,000 to 85,000 Red Army prisoners of war were slaughtered and mistreated in Poland, a little-known history that no one mentions in the West.
Perhaps in the eyes of Westerners, Russia's gray cattle army is not a human at all, only Katyn's death is a man!
From this point of view, we understand the reasons for the Katyn massacre in World War II? This is the revenge that belongs to the Red Army.
Finally, I have to say that the history of Poland is the history of a shrouded madman.
After the end of World War I, he first took the Danzig Corridor from Germany, and then acquired a lot of territory in the Soviet Union.
What is even more bizarre is that in the 1938 War of Germany's annexation of Czechoslovakia in World War II, Poland also took advantage of the fire and robbery to invade the Cechin region of Czechoslovakia, and became an invader together with Germany.
Of course, that is all an afterthought, and Poland, after the completion of the contract, once again became the so-called Eastern Front, just as it was when it was the shield of Europe, but this shield has long been out of strength.
(World War II Polish Army)
End:
The final fiasco in the attack on Poland is a question that deserves deep reflection on Lenin and others.
At that time, there were oppressed proletariat and workers and peasants everywhere in Europe and the United States, but Soviet Russia could not be too hasty, because the weak and small were not socialism, and the poor were not socialism.
The Soviets, who understood the understanding, began to reflect on the rhythm of economic construction.
As for what Lenin did right in 1917-1920, we can understand the three magic weapons, organizational construction, the united front, and armed struggle.
As for the theme of the fourth article, I haven't thought about what the name is, so let's talk about it when it is released!