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Write on the front:
Intelligent networked vehicles have become the strategic direction of the development of the global automotive industry, and accelerating the formulation of comprehensive industrial policies is of great significance to promoting new technological breakthroughs, promoting industrial upgrading, and stimulating a new round of economic growth. From the aspects of strategic planning, laws and regulations, standards and norms, R&D and innovation, etc., the development history and main characteristics of the intelligent and connected vehicle industry in the United States, Europe, Japan and China are analyzed and compared. Focus on the core links of the industry such as scale on the road, use, supervision, commerce and trade, and ecological construction, and judge the policy development trend of the intelligent and connected vehicle industry. Finally, combined with the actual development of China's intelligent and connected vehicles, the development strategy of the comprehensive industrial policy system of intelligent and connected vehicles is proposed from five aspects: top-level design of strategic routes, formulation and improvement of laws and regulations, support for core technology research and development, construction of new supporting facilities, and collaborative innovation of industrial ecology.
Sun Chao
Shenzhen Urban Transportation Planning and Design Research Center Co., Ltd. Vice President of Intelligent Research Institute Senior Engineer
Research background
Intelligent networked vehicles are the strategic direction of the development of the global automotive industry and have become an important scientific and technological field for global competition among major countries. Accelerating the formulation of a comprehensive industrial policy system that takes into account innovation support and safety supervision[1] is of great significance for China to seize the commanding heights of a new round of automobile industry reform and cultivate new momentum for economic development. At present, intelligent networked vehicles are accelerating into a new stage of development of early commercial pilots and even large-scale operations, gradually shifting from a partial scientific test model to a comprehensive commodity and operation model, and it is urgent to coordinate the development path of new formats, new technology testing and verification, and new product supervision and use, and further systematically establish a comprehensive industrial policy covering all elements such as strategic planning, laws and regulations, standards and norms.
Countries around the world have issued a series of intelligent and connected vehicle industry support policies, covering strategic planning, research and development innovation, laws and regulations, standards and norms and other industrial chain areas, but on the whole focus on road testing and application demonstration stage, the overall technical path, business operation model, management agency responsibilities division of labor, supporting facilities system is still in a relatively vague stage, and each country has its own focus, has not yet formed a systematized policy model recognized by the industry. After a long period of efforts, China has established a relatively complete policy system for the intelligent and connected vehicle industry, but it is urgent to systematically promote the breakthrough and innovation of the intelligent and connected vehicle industry policy policy for commercial operations, such as the improvement of laws and regulations, the support of research and development applications, and the bottlenecks in the industrial chain such as basic components, core operating systems, and underlying design tools that are becoming more prominent under the intensification of global trade competition.
This paper systematically sorts out the development of the global intelligent and connected vehicle industry policy, summarizes and judges the development situation of the intelligent and connected automobile industry, and proposes the development strategy of the comprehensive industrial policy system of intelligent and connected vehicles from five aspects: top-level design of strategic routes, formulation and improvement of laws and regulations, support for core technology research and development, construction of new supporting facilities, and collaborative innovation of industrial ecology.
Overview of the policy of the intelligent and connected vehicle industry
The intelligent networked vehicle industry policy involves multiple links in the whole life cycle such as research and development design, production access, sales and circulation, testing and demonstration, scrap recycling[2], and promoting the formulation and improvement of industrial policies and building a policy environment system that supports the high-quality development of intelligent networked vehicles is the focus of development. The intelligent and connected vehicle industry policies formulated by the United States, the European Union, Japan, China and other countries and regions are detailed in Table 1.
Table 1 Overview of global intelligent and connected vehicle industry policies
1) Industry (in an economy, the effective use of capital and labor force in various industries that produce economic goods or services), schools (educational, research institutions), official and public servants (administrative organs).
Source: Reference [3-15] Collation.
1
United States: Regulation continues to be weakened, and the complete policy system led by the government is leading the world
The United States autonomous driving first-mover, the initial establishment of a leading global strategic planning - innovation support - laws and regulations - standards and norms - the promotion and application of a comprehensive industrial policy system, on the basis of balancing innovation and safety, the overall appearance of the characteristics of continuous weakening of supervision.
In terms of strategic planning, the formation of a continuous top-level layout of industrial development, from 2010 to 2021, an intelligent transportation strategy will be released every 5 years, and the development plan of autonomous driving and vehicle wireless communication technology (Vehicle to Everything, V2X) will continue to be emphasized; from 2016 to 2021, automatic driving 1.0 to 4.0 and comprehensive plans will be released successively, refining the requirements of autonomous driving research and development applications, laws and standards, etc. In terms of innovation support, it provides special funds for the research and development of autonomous driving technology, of which the Federal Transit Administration has allocated more than $8 million. In terms of laws and regulations, we have promoted the interpretation and revision of existing regulations such as new technology vehicle exemption procedures and transportation safety regulations, and in 2017, the House of Representatives passed the Federal Autonomous Driving Act (H.R.3388 - SELF DRIVE Act), and California and Nevada passed 8 and 4 related bills respectively, involving testing, taxation and other fields.
2
Europe: Based on the commercial layout, it is the first to explore innovative insurance and ethical special policies
In the all-round layout of the commercialization of autonomous driving, Europe has taken the lead in carrying out research on autonomous driving insurance, liability rules and ethics, and the industrial policy based on strategic planning, laws and regulations, and standards and norms has been increasingly improved.
In terms of strategic planning, focusing on autonomous driving innovation, infrastructure, law, data security, etc., the EU and member states continue to carry out top-level route design, of which "On the road to automated mobility: an EU strategy for mobility of the future" clearly states that fully autonomous driving will be universally automated by 2030. In terms of innovative regulations, the emphasis on safety and security, the UK's Automated and Electric Vehicles bill (The automated and electric vehicles bill) took the lead in clarifying insurance and liability sharing; germany's proposed ethical code for autonomous driving is the world's first ethical requirement for autonomous driving. In terms of standards and norms, we will strive to promote transnational collaboration and promote the strategy of cooperative intelligent transportation systems. In terms of technology research and development, the United Kingdom has established a special fund of 200 million pounds for research on autonomous driving technology, business models, insurance and so on.
3
Japan: Focus on regulation leadership, industry, academia and government to jointly build a commercial application support policy environment
Focusing on the steady and orderly commercial application of intelligent connected vehicles, Japan continues to improve the comprehensive policy system of intelligent networked vehicles led by regulations, and clarifies the industrial development cooperation mechanism that integrates industry, academia and government.
In terms of innovative regulations, in view of the bottlenecks and obstacles faced by legal road and reasonable law enforcement, we will continue to promote the revision of regulations such as the Road Traffic Law and the Road Transport Vehicle Law, add new safety standards such as automatic operating device management, and include traffic accidents in the automatic driving mode into the scope of application of traditional automobile compulsory insurance. In terms of innovation mechanism, the national innovation project "CROSS-ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion Program (SIP): automated driving for universal services" was formulated, and the Autonomous Driving Promotion Committee was established accordingly. Form an autonomous driving R&D mechanism that integrates industry, academia and government. In terms of standards and specifications, we pay attention to the coordinated promotion of intelligent networked vehicles and intelligent road infrastructure standards, and issue the "Safety Technical Guidelines for Autonomous Vehicles" to clarify the management requirements of the operation design scope.
4
China: Attach equal importance to strategic standards, focusing on industry support and test demonstration management policy formulation
From the action of the ministry to the national strategy, China has focused on improving the top-level design and basic support environment of intelligent and connected vehicles, and gradually formed an industrial policy system with development planning and standard construction as the core.
In terms of strategic planning, from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology's "Vehicle Networking (Intelligent Connected Vehicles) Industry Development Action Plan", the 11 ministries and commissions' "Intelligent Vehicle Innovation Development Strategy" to the State Council's "New Energy Vehicle Industry Development Plan (2021-2035)", intelligent connected vehicles have risen to a national strategy, and the development route of closed testing, road testing, demonstration application, trial operation and commercial operation is basically clear. In terms of standard construction, adhering to the promotion mode of systematic layout and special breakthroughs, in 2017, the "National Vehicle Networking Industry Standard System Construction Guide (Intelligent Networked Vehicle)" was formulated, clarifying the unified standard system architecture, and on this basis, the "LTE-based Vehicle Networking Communication Security Technical Requirements" (YD/T 3594-2019), "Automobile Driving Automation Classification" (GB/T 40429-2021) and other technical specifications were successively formulated.
Development of the intelligent and connected vehicle industry
The next 5 years are a rapid breakthrough period for the scenario-based scale deployment of intelligent and connected vehicles and early business exploration (see Figure 1), and countries around the world are trying to build a complete industrial development support policy system from the core links of the industry such as scale on the road, use, supervision, commerce and trade, and ecological construction, and strive to break down existing policy obstacles and strengthen the foundation for the development of new technologies.
Figure 1 Development path of intelligent networked vehicles
Note: The longitudinal axis L0~L5 corresponds to the 0~5 levels in the "Automobile Driving Automation Classification" (GB/T 40429-2021).
Strive to promote the legal road, with conditional commercial operations to accelerate the development process of industrial self-hematopoiesis
As a transformative technology, intelligent connected vehicles are still positioned as scientific experimental products, and the current regulatory system from product production, certification, access, sales to supervision is difficult to apply [16]. Taking the lead in promoting the landing of conditional operations is the primary measure for countries to promote the industry's self-hematopoiesis and support the sustainable evolution of new technologies.
It takes a long time to introduce supporting regulations to support and manage the commercial application of mature products of intelligent connected vehicles, and countries mainly balance innovative development and safety guarantees by interpreting and revising existing regulations, providing exemptions or conditional commercial deployments, etc., to provide financial support for the recent large-scale industrial investment and rational operation. For example, the U.S. government plans to further simplify the regulations on applications for exemptions for new technology vehicles, revise and adjust road transport regulations on vehicle operations, maintenance, etc., support eligible smart connected vehicles to operate on the road, and issue operating permits to Nuro's self-driving low-speed delivery vehicles in 2021 to allow the provision of fee-based services.
Accelerate the landing of the industry and support the key technologies and theoretical breakthroughs in the industry under the redefinition of the travel system
The replacement of intelligent systems for drivers to achieve environmental perception, decision-making control and human-vehicle interaction will inevitably promote the expansion of the automotive industry from vehicle manufacturing to new technologies such as high-precision sensors, intelligent algorithm software, and Internet of Vehicles, and promote the reconstruction of the industrial value chain. Therefore, new technologies and theoretical breakthroughs are needed to meet the development of future transportation.
In terms of technological breakthroughs, the European Union launched the Horizon 2020 and GEAR 2030 Strategy, focusing on strengthening the research and development support for autonomous driving and connected driving technologies, and carrying out collaborative intelligent transportation systems (C-ITS) research pilots; China released the "Intelligent Vehicle Innovation Development Strategy". It proposes to carry out research and development of key basic technologies such as complex system architecture, complex environment perception, and vehicle-road interaction. In terms of theoretical breakthroughs, the Automated vehicles comprehensive plan in the United States proposes theoretical research on the impact of automatic driving on the existing policy system and the mechanism of automatic driving to improve transportation efficiency.
Innovate safety supervision, strengthen real-time monitoring of vehicle operating status and multi-source data element protection
The real-time dynamic networking of intelligent networked vehicles is its core functional system, involving five communication scenarios such as car cloud, car car, car person, car road, and car inside. Multiple network interactions between these five scenarios pose security risks, while behavioral data analysis such as public travel preferences can be used to further induce the risk of data theft. Therefore, how to prevent network security vulnerabilities, information and data leakage, network attacks, etc. is an important focus of countries to strengthen supervision and promote industrial development [17]. For example, the series of U.S. autonomous driving policies 3.0 to 4.0 all take network security and privacy protection as the basic principles, and promote the construction of an open platform for autonomous driving data, showing the public real-time data such as autonomous driving operation areas, deployment scales, operating enterprises, and accident status, and initially have the ability to supervise the operation of autonomous vehicles.
Strengthen market competition, and carry out the exploration of standard specifications- infrastructure- and cooperation mechanisms for product circulation
Facing the free commodity circulation of the full-scenario operation of intelligent and connected vehicles and the development stage of mature commodities in the future, countries are scrambling to forward-look at the commanding heights of value distribution in the future automotive industry, such as international standards and certification systems. For example, the European Union launched the "Cooperative ITS" (Cooperative ITS) to establish and improve a unified vehicle-road coordination standard system within member states, break down trade barriers, and make reserves for the future circulation of goods. The United States actively participates in the international intelligent networked vehicle organization and the formulation of international standards, promotes the establishment of the Group of Seven automated and connected driving expert group, and improves the future foreign market access environment.
5
Cultivate a collaborative ecology, pay attention to the linkage of government, enterprises and the public under the uncertain attributes of new formats
Intelligent connected vehicle technology is still in the stage of exploration and development, and the technical path, business model, and potential impact need to be further polished and iterated. Therefore, countries pay great attention to the construction of the ecosystem co-construction mechanism between the government and enterprises, research institutions and the public, the government guides, supports and supervises the development of new technologies, enterprises and research institutions promote product breakthroughs and theoretical research, and the public recognizes and supervises the application of new technologies. For example, Japan and the United States have vigorously promoted the construction of industry associations and other organizations, encouraged enterprises, associations and other organizations to establish voluntary group standards, and the market chooses the most appropriate development path.
China's intelligent networked car
Industrial policy development strategy recommendations
At present, the world's new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is in full swing, we should actively embrace the certainty of intelligent networked vehicles to promote the upgrading of the automobile industry and the reconstruction of travel modes, actively respond to the uncertainty of vague technical paths and general impact mechanisms, and build a comprehensive industrial policy system for intelligent connected vehicles from the aspects of strategic routes, laws and policies, technology research and development, supporting facilities, and industrial ecology (see Figure 2), so as to achieve complete coverage of government guidance, enterprise bottom self-driving, and industry collaborative co-construction. Promote the formation of an industry development pattern in which all aspects of the whole life cycle go hand in hand.
Figure 2 Development strategy of intelligent and connected vehicle industry
Give play to the leading role at the top of the strategic line
Based on the phased characteristics of technological development, the existing foundation and its own potential research and judgment, the concept has changed from catching up to leading confidence, and accelerating the development of the intelligent and connected vehicle industry, including deployment plans from scenarios to global application schedules, mainstream technology solutions, spatial distribution of industrial chains and regional complementary strategies. Promote the coordination of upper and lower levels, encourage qualified regions to introduce promotion routes with local characteristics on the basis of national macro routes, such as the transformation of the automobile industry's strong city focusing on the pre-assembly mass production process of intelligent and connected vehicle manufacturing (to achieve the overall one-time production of automobile manufacturing and other intelligent devices, to avoid late modification), and the unmanned bus application from the distribution hub to the scenic spot in tourist areas.
Orderly promote the formulation and improvement of laws and regulations and policies
Facing the recent urgent needs and long-term development needs of intelligent networked vehicles such as legal road, compliant commercial use, and reasonable law enforcement, the first is to promote the adaptation of existing relevant regulations to revise or compile special regulations for intelligent networked vehicles. It is recommended to take the lead in exploring the exemption mechanism for intelligent and connected vehicles, support the subdivision scenarios where the standard is not yet perfect but the technology is stable and mature to carry out operation charges, and gradually formulate regulations such as certification, access, and responsibility determination for comprehensive commercial use. The second is to establish a rolling support policy. At the current stage of technological exploration, we encourage and fund trial operations in areas with conditions, and after the scale is expanded and gradually matured in the future, it will focus on model norms and benefit rewards and punishments.
Enhance the research and development capabilities of key core technologies
The technology is not yet fully mature, the uncertainty of the impact of new technologies on the existing transportation system is the underlying bottleneck that currently restricts the development of automatic driving, it is recommended to increase the support for the research and development of key core technologies, through key research and development plans, major scientific and technological projects, corporate tax incentives and other measures, the vehicle regulation-level mass production parts, complex environment intelligent decision-making control algorithms and platforms, adaptive agile networking and other theoretical and technological breakthroughs to give funding.
Accelerate the construction of new open supporting facilities
Closely follow the strategic window period of new infrastructure, and give full play to the synergistic role of 5G, satellite Internet, intelligent transportation and other subdivisions with intelligent networked vehicles. The first is to study and formulate smart road construction planning and guarantee policies, and clarify the functional classification of smart roads, deployment plans, construction and operation responsibilities, and funding policies. The second is to promote the construction of a closed test field for full testing services, from the current scene testing and evaluation to a full range of testing services such as multi-functional integrated testing, mixed driving ability assessment, and on-demand response service mode based on actual operation conditions, so as to improve the scientific evaluation of the test field.
Enhance the collaborative innovation ability of industrial ecology
Encourage enterprises to make collaborative breakthroughs and differentiated development. The first is to support the upstream and downstream of the industrial chain to jointly carry out technical research and applications, and promote the strong combination of upstream and downstream enterprises in the industrial chain such as key components such as lidar, vehicle manufacturing, decision-making control overall solutions, vehicle-road collaboration equipment, and travel service providers, so as to form a sustainable development pattern of efficient production and marketing docking in all aspects of the industrial chain. The second is to support breakthroughs in group standards, encourage enterprises, scientific research institutions, and universities to form alliance platforms with international influence, give priority to funding the formulation of group standards, and support iterations to industry standards, national standards, and even international standards, so as to accelerate the cultivation of international competitiveness in the industry and seize the right to speak in key areas.
Write at the end
The development of intelligent networked vehicles has entered a critical transition period of commercial application pilots and even scale landing, becoming one of the key measures for countries around the world to seize the commanding heights of future economic development, and will accelerate the development of related industries such as automobiles, electronics, information and communications, and road transportation. It is of great significance to accelerate the formation of a rolling comprehensive industrial policy system that adapts to and promotes the development of new technologies, new models and new formats of intelligent and connected vehicles. On the basis of comprehensive and in-depth study of the current development process of the intelligent networked automobile industry policy in major countries and regions in the world, this paper conducts forward-looking research and judgment on the development trend of the intelligent networked automobile industry policy, and forms a complete industrial policy system construction strategy covering the guidance of the upper level of the government, the self-drive of the bottom layer of the enterprise, and the collaborative construction of the industry. Combined with the current level of technological development of intelligent and connected vehicles, the industrial policy development strategy proposed in this paper focuses on the phased needs of the transition of intelligent connected vehicles from scientific research and testing to legal road. In the future comprehensive promotion and application stage, further research and discussion are needed in terms of travel service models, traffic management regulations, and road infrastructure construction standards.
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The first article of the "Urban Transportation" network
DOI: 10.13813/j.cn11-5141/u.2022.0004
Author: Sun Chao, Huang Yuwen, Zhang Kai, Zhang Yongjie
Cooperation contact information: 18515441838, marked "cooperation".
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