China's ancient architectural culture is broad and profound
Mention of Aoi
You may feel strange
But must have seen it
As you linger in the magnificent palace
Look up above the dome
It is surrounded by various algae well patterns
Engraving and painting
The palatial one is Mooi
01
The concept of Aoi
Mr. Luo Zhewen edited in 2002
The published book "Ancient Chinese Architecture" defines:
"The algae well is the ceiling recessed upward into a vault-like thing,
Used above the main statue of the god buddha in the temple
Or above the imperial throne in the palace. ”
Trivia
The debate between "Aoi" and "smallpox"
The "ceiling" is the component that shades the top of the building
The dome-shaped ceiling in the building is called "Moi".
Each square of this ceiling is a well
It is also decorated with patterns, carvings, and color paintings, so it is called Moi
The term "Zaojing" was first used in Hanfu
Aoi, like ordinary ceiling, is a type of interior decoration
But moi can only be used for the most honorable buildings
Like a god Buddha or on top of an imperial throne
In the Tang Dynasty, there were clear regulations
If it is not the residence of a prince, it is not allowed to cast heavy arch algae wells
So it can also be said that moai is a more advanced smallpox
▼ Smallpox in ancient Chinese architecture (smallpox within the Confucius Temple)
Source: Widow Jiejun
▼ Ancient Chinese architecture Moi (Shanxi Yuncheng Yongle Palace Sanqingdian Zaojing)
Image source: Network
02
Aoi's "Past Life"
Moi is a structure that mimics ancient cave dwelling architecture
It developed like a ceiling on a roof
The ancients wanted to decorate the ceiling
Thus came the exquisite form of decoration - moi
Its earliest written record can be found in Zhang Heng's "Xijing Fu" of the Han Dynasty, "Ti Pouring Eggplant and Moi, Hunting with Red Leaves"
Han and Wei dynasties
The interior eaves decoration form of "moi" began to appear in the building
▼ Shandong Yinan portrait stone tomb front room algae well
Source: Cultural Relics References
Sui and Tang Dynasties
It developed into a structural form of a square well with layers and a circular ornament centered on it
▼ Sui Dynasty Dunhuang Algae Well
Song and Yuan dynasties
The Decoration of Smallpox is explicitly divided into three categories: Hirabi (àn), Hirabi (qí) and Moi
Flat, is neatly made of square wooden grids
The arrangement intersects as a small grid frame, covered with wooden planks.
Flat, is a large square wooden grid online plate
A kind of ceiling painted with color
Since then
The meaning of the term "Aoi" is clear
Refers specifically to the upward bulge of smallpox as a dome-like structure
There are also restrictions on where and where it can be applied
Generally above the main statue of the god and Buddha in the temple
Or above the imperial throne in the temple
▼ Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, Baoguo Temple, Daxiong Baodian Zaojing
Ming and Qing dynasties
The decoration of Moi is more complex and detailed, and the main pattern decoration shifts from the main pattern decoration to the carving decoration
The decoration theme is mostly dragon phoenix, so the Qing Dynasty also called the algae well the dragon well
▼ The Taihe Temple of the Forbidden City of Beijing
generally
The changes that the semantics of Aoi have undergone can be summarized as changes from a broad sense to a narrow sense from a general term for smallpox to a specific reference to a local bulge of smallpox
The earliest surviving wooden algae well is a mogae well on the Guanyin Pavilion of Dule Temple in Jixian County, built in 984 for the square erasure of the four corners and the addition of bucket eight (eight corner beams composed of eight pyramids)
▼ The algae well on the Kannon Pavilion of Jixian Dule Temple
About the rank and symbolism of mooi
At present, it has been believed that Mooi implicitly combines the idea of "the unity of heaven and man" ("The Unity of Heaven and Man: From Philosophy to Architecture", Bai Chenxi). No matter what type of structure it is, it basically forms a shape below the upper circle, which coincides with the cosmology of the "heavenly circle place" and has the meaning of symbolizing "heaven". The Emperor is the Son of Heaven and is ordained by Heaven to rule over the order of the world. A relief of a dragon in the mirror in the middle of the moi on the emperor's throne indicates that the emperor has the supreme power entrusted by heaven (The Evolution of Ancient Chinese Architectural Mooi Decoration and Its Cultural Connotations, Zhang Shuxian).
03
Classification of algae wells
According to its type system, it can be divided into four categories:
Circular algae well: brilliant colors, exquisite shapes, very ornamental value
Square algae well: Added multi-level variation of the pattern of the algae well
Bagua-shaped algae well: Octagonal, with an increase in the number of layers
Elliptical spiral algae wells: The structure of the algae wells is interlaced with each other
A dome-like structure stacked on top of each other
Gradually shrinks from bottom to top into spiral-shaped algae wells
According to its central pattern, it is divided into four categories:
Square wells are stacked algae wells
It is a relic of the Northern Dynasty pingqi pattern
Only the structure of the square well stacked frame had to be retained
The pattern inside the well has a variety of variations
▼ Northern Zhou Mo 279 cave top square well type algae well pattern
Source: "Decoration of square well patterns during the Northern Dynasty of Dunhuang"
Characteristic Research and Application in Fashion Design
Bulbophyllum lotus algae well
It is a kind of algae well unique to the Sui Dynasty
Characteristic of the well is a large lotus flower with eight petals
The lotus flower is coiled around the deformed stem honeysuckle pattern
Tend to natural form
There are circular beads outside the well
Honeysuckle pattern, white bead pattern three-way trim length
Large exquisite triangular drapery
Sui Dynasty Aoi works do not have a program image novelty
The kaleidoscope has its own ideas, each has its own wonders
▼ Sui Mogao Cave No. 405 Cave Mojing
Source: "Study on the Pattern of Mogao Caves in the Sui and Early Tang Dynasties"
Flying Lotus Algae Well
The well center is wider around the large lotus flower
Draw a number of flying skies flying around the lotus flower
This kind of algae decoration has gone beyond the space of the cave room to give people a feeling of looking up at the emptiness and vastness
▼ Analysis map of the 401st cave of Sui Mogao Caves
Double Dragon Lotus Algae Well
The lotus flowers on both sides of the well are painted in the shape of two dragons playing beads
Around the algae well painted sixteen flying flowers to play music inside and outside echo,
There is a strong sense of movement
The only surviving cave in Dunhuang is Cave 392
▼ Sui Dynasty Mogao Caves 392 Caves
Source: Dunhuang Decorative Pattern
Large lotus algae well
Only one large lotus flower is painted in the well
Or the four-corner puppet with a corner of the flower well outside the trim more layers
Concise and fresh
It is mostly used in palaces and temples
The most important part above the altar
▼Henan Luoyang Longmen Grottoes Lotus Cave Algae Well
04
The beauty of the colors of Moi
Very few algae wells have been preserved in ancient buildings
Analysis of the color laws of algae wells
It is mainly based on the algae well in the murals of dunhuang Mogao Grottoes
The commonly used colors of Dunhuang Algae Well are stone blue, green and earth red
Ochre, cinnabar, red, yellow, white powder, etc
Saturated with color bright
Different periods have different color matching styles
The color of the early algae well is mellow and saturated
A large number of earth color systems are used
To earth yellow, earth red, stone green, white
Dark crimson is used the most
The overall tone is warm and unpretentious
The Sui Dynasty was a period of inheritance
The color of Moi is fresh and elegant
The main color is a cool color dominated by stone blue
There are a small number of akebono contrasts
The colors are crisp and vivid
Tang Dynasty moai is gorgeous in color
Bright and intense
Mainly with cinnabar, red, turquoise, stone blue, yellow and other colors
During the Song and Yuan dynasties, Shi Huang joined in large numbers
The color style of Moi tends to be warm and harmonious
The famous moi
Beijing Ryufukuji Moi
It is located in the northwest corner of the East Four Crossroads
Founded in the third year of Jingtai in the Ming Dynasty (1452)
It is a temple built by Emperor Zhu Qiyu of the Ming Dynasty
Beijing Longfu Temple Tiangong Zaojing as
The finest of the existing Ming Dynasty moai in the mainland
It can be called the only example of Ming and Qing Dynasty architecture
The outer circle of the algae well is squared inside
Such as making money-shaped round wells for the triple heavenly palace pavilion
There are many gods and immortals in the clouds
In between, a huge circle beam structure
The use of mortise and tenon combinations to skillfully utilize mechanical principles in complex structures
Beijing Ryufukuji Moi
In 1901
In the twenty-seventh year of qing guangxu, a large fire burned most of the Longfu temple
In 1976
The Tangshan earthquake affected Beijing
The few halls that existed in Longfu Temple were also almost overturned
In 1989
The components of The Ōi of Takafuku-ji Temple were moved into the Temple of the First Farmers
Preserved as a cultural relic
August 12, 1993
On the evening of the 12th, Longfu Temple was once again hit by fire
The glorious Temple of Longfuku-ji has completely disappeared
In 1994
The restoration design was made after the finishing and analysis of the parts of the algae well
Follow the principle of restoring cultural relics as old as they were
The original form is made of the Mingjian Moi of the Hall of Enlightenment
The original structure and original process have been restored protectively
In 2011
The Museum of Ancient Architecture in Beijing faces two algae wells between the halls of Zhengjue
And Pilu temple Mingma moi also undergone protective restoration
▼ Beijing Longfu Temple Wanshan Zhengjue Hall III Buddha (Shakya Buddha) overhead algae well
At Beijing Design Week 2019
The widow also tried to restore the algae well
Shenyang Imperial Palace Grand Hall Zaojing
The Grand Palace Hall of the Imperial Palace in Shenyang is located on the East Road of the Imperial Palace in Shenyang and was built by the Qing Taizu Nurhaci
Because of its unique architectural form and high artistic value,
Not only was it the landmark building of the Shengjing Imperial Palace at that time,
It has become one of the city landmarks of Shenyang today
Moi makes the hall even more magnificent
▼ Shenyang Imperial Palace Grand Hall Zaojing
05
The "new life" of Moi
The Aoi culture is the essence of the traditional architectural culture of the mainland
The spiritual connotation it embodies
and the core content as an important decoration of the building
It also needs to be inherited and carried forward by us today
Hall
The Great Hall of the People is in many places
It is also used in the Dunhuang algae element
The top ceiling is inlaid with crystal glass in the center
Composition of ceiling-mounted flower lamps
Surrounded by dotted gold stone open sculptures
and a checkerboard-style colored moi
Its style is derived from dunhuang Tang Dynasty zaojing
Decorated with a resembly of the Shengtang Mogao Grottoes
The lotus flowers of the deep well in Cave 31 are elements
Combined with the architectural structure
The need for functions such as lighting and ventilation
In the form of plaster flower reliefs
The decorative style of the ethnic forms that make up the Great Hall of the People
▼ The top of the Golden Hall of the Great Hall of the People is decorated with moi
Dream back to Sheng Tang
Designed by Lawrence Hsu
The theme is "Dream Back to Sheng Tang" dress inspiration
It is from the Dunhuang motif elements
This dress uses "Flying Sky"
And the blue and yellow colors commonly used in the moi pattern
Will be elegant lotus pattern embroidered dress on
Solemn and elegant
The international film festival is full of chinese traditional charm
▼ Zhang Jingchu wore a "Dream Back to the Tang Dynasty" dress at the 62nd Venice Film Festival
06
The widow had something to say
The dome rises high, like an umbrella like a cover, and whenever you look at the algae well overhead, there is always a sense of mystery that is high and deep
When you visit an ancient Chinese grotto or palace
Don't forget to look up at the exquisite ornate moi in the center of the cave roof and the temple roof
Acknowledgements and Disclaimers:
[1] "Research on the Decorative Characteristics of Fangjing Patterns in the Northern Dynasty Period of Dunhuang and Its Application in Clothing Design" Li Hao
[2] "Dunhuang Algae Well Pattern Research and Its Application in Modern Design" Cai Sihui
[3] "Study on the Pattern of Mogao Caves in the Sui and Early Tang Dynasties", Chen Zhenwang
[4] Cultural Relics References, Jiang Baogeng, Li Zhongyi
[5] Decoration of Traditional Chinese Architecture, Gao Yang
[6] "Carved Beam Painting Building" Lou Qingxi
[7] Architectural Patterns of the Forbidden City, Liu Qiulin, Liu Jian, Wang Yasi
[8] Some of the original material of the picture is quoted from the Internet, and I would like to thank the original author!
Production Team:
Original in this issue: Ma Danya Zhang Chang
Planning and producer: Yu Yantian
Editorial typesetting: Yanlinger
| explanation| this article has been authorized by the introduction, the copyright of the picture belongs to the original author, only exchange and learning is not commercial.
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