Model of Han Pond pottery
Dalizhou Pharmaceutical Factory Eastern Han Tomb was excavated
Grey pottery. The repair is complete. Height 8 cm, caliber 52 cm, base diameter 54 cm, wall thickness 1.3 cm. Disc-shaped, open, folded edge, along the inward tilt, rounded lip, straight wall, flat bottom, four square protrusion short feet at the bottom edge, a bridge-shaped embankment in the center of the basin, and the section is "T" shaped. There is a square water outlet hole in the center of the embankment. There is a "V" shaped sluice gate on one side of the hole. The pond is divided into two by the central embankment, half representing the pond and half representing the field dam. The pond is filled with a lotus flower, two lotus leaves, two snails and bearded fish, a loach, a jellyfish and a small fish. The pond model is an important physical specimen for studying water conservancy irrigation in the Erhai region during the Eastern Han Dynasty.
The Formation and Characteristics of Prehistoric Capitals of the Mainland
Qiu Juxian, Yang Dongchen, Journal of Henan University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), No. 1, 1987, pp. 41-45
This paper uses the materials of ancient mainland books and archaeological discoveries to explore the formation of prehistoric cities and their characteristics. Proposed: The formation of prehistoric capitals and the development of slave states are intertwined, and have experienced a process of budding, development and formation, dating back to the Settlements of the Yanhuang Era and down to the Wangdu of Yu Qi, there is no specific date to be documented, and the general inference exceeds a thousand years. The archaeological discoveries and the records related to ancient documents are corroborated by each other, and the formation of prehistoric capitals can be divided into the following processes: the Yandi and Taihao eras were embryonic and initial stages; The Yellow Emperor and Shaohao eras were stages of development and beginning to take shape; The Yao Shunyu era was the stage of perfection and final formation. Since then, as the center of state rule, the capital city has become the political, economic, and cultural hub, which has been built in places with convenient transportation, dangerous situation, dense population, and cultural development, and has become a place where the country has issued orders to its subordinate subjects. Its characteristics are as follows: First, the prehistoric capital was generally built in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. These areas are in the middle of the world, and from the perspective of military and political affairs, geographical factors are particularly important in the selection of capitals and the construction of yi. Second, prehistoric capitals were frequently migrated. The reason for this is first of all due to war, followed by life, politics, economy, etc., and third, the prehistoric capital is constrained by the level of economic development and military and political needs at that time, and its scale is not large, but it is an important symbol of human society entering civilized society.
"Re-exploration of the Origin of Ancient Chinese Cities"
Lei Congyun, Chinese Civilization (I), pp. 257-267
In 1987, the author of Peking University Press started from the literature and sorted out the clues of the construction of the city in the Shennong era, the Five Emperors era, the Yao Shunyu era, and the Xia Shang Zhou era. Archaeologically, the large settlements of the Yangshao era provided the initial basis for the emergence of subsequent cities. Castles in the Longshan era were pioneers in the history of Urban Development in China. There are five features: 1. City shape makes square. 2. The construction of the castle is adapted to local conditions, but it is mainly a "city building" built layer by layer with mud. 3. There are already certain architectural layouts and facilities in the city. 4. There are palaces, houses, handicraft workshops and other buildings and tomb areas in the city, and the official palace building occupies a key position. 5. Outside the city and near the city, there are many settlements in Bubu. The discovery of the ancient city of Pingliangtai and others shows that the "Gongzuo Chengguo" and "Yu Zuo Palace" in the literature are not nonsense. The ancient cities of Pingliangtai and Wangchenggang show more of the nature of castles, while the excavations of the palace ruins of Erlitou Ancient City show that by the late Xia Dynasty, the construction of the capital city and palaces had reached a considerable scale. The ancient city reflects the great creation of the ancestors, in terms of construction technology, there are small version stacking method, plate construction method and layered ramming technology, before the flat ground construction method first lay foundation grooves and high platform buildings; In terms of construction facilities, there are tall walls, gates, janitors, palaces, galleries, courtyards, wells, outdoor water, drainage ditches and drainage pipes; In terms of building materials, there are common uses of adobe. These ancient cities are a sign of the collapse of the ancient Chinese clan system and the emergence of slavery. There has been a class divide in society, and a number of figures and groups with special positions and powers have emerged.