Tang and Song tombs unearthed human head fish figurines for research
Ding Zijie (School of History, Nanjing University)
Summary: The human head fish figurine is a kind of town tomb monster figurine unearthed from the Tombs of the Tang and Song Dynasties, which was mainly popular in the northern regions of the Tang Dynasty, and was mostly seen in the south during the Five Dynasties and two Song Dynasties, and the distribution and use had obvious era and regional characteristics. Its connotations were also different during the Tang and Song dynasties. In the Tang and Five Dynasties, it was a manifestation of the town tomb pressure and funeral system, while in the Song Dynasty, it was closely related to Taoist thought.
Keywords: human head fish figurine town tomb god monster figurine funeral system Taoism
The head fish figurine is a kind of burial artifact unearthed from time to time in the tombs of the Tang and Song Dynasties, they have a unique shape, a variety of shapes, placed in the tomb has a unique meaning, for the concise writing, hereinafter referred to as the mermaid figurine. At present, there have been many studies on it in the academic circles, such as Xu Pingfang and Bai Bin, who mainly analyzed its nature, the former believing that the mermaid figurine is a funerary object called "Yiyu" in the tomb [1], while the latter believes that the mermaid figurine is actually a Taoist thunder god [2]. Cui Shiping focused on the classification of mermaid figurines and the spread of burial customs. This article is taught by the discussion of previous scholars, combined with the mermaid figurine materials that have been unearthed so far, it is intended to study and analyze the mermaid figurines from the aspects of type, era, region and connotation.
First, the classification of mermaid figurines
At present, the tombs of mermaid figurines have been excavated, and the author has collected more than 40 tombs (Table 1). According to the shape of the excavated mermaid figurines, this article divides the mermaid figurines into A and B types.
Table 1 List of information on the excavation of mermaid figurines
Type A: The mermaid figurine fish body is flat, the face is turned to the left side of the body, the tail is swung to the right, the middle of the body is curved, the overall outline is "S" shaped (Figure 1), and there are many bases under the fish body, most of which are also "S" shaped. This type is not only close in shape, but also very close in size, and the length of the figurine is between 20 and 22 centimeters, and the height is between 8 and 10 centimeters.
Fig. 1 Type A mermaid figurines
1.Tang Tomb of Tianjin Junliangcheng 2.Tang Tomb of Huanghe Road, Chaoyang, Liaoning (M1..20)
Type B: The number of mermaid figurines of this type is relatively large, accounting for about three-quarters of the total number of mermaid figurines. The fish body is straight, no bending, the head and tail are occasionally upturned, and the overall contour is straight. On the body parts, in addition to the common fish scales and fins, there are also feet, horns, etc. There are many types of B-type mermaid figurines, which can be divided into three small types according to the face orientation of people. The size gap is also large, the large mermaid figurine is 30 cm long and 13 cm high, the small one is only 13 cm long and 4.8 cm high, and most of the length is concentrated at 15 to 27 cm, and the height is 7 to 13 cm.
Type Ba: This type of mermaid figurine has its face facing up or slightly upward (Fig. 2:1), with many fish scales and fins, and the largest number of them in type B.
Fig. 2 Type B mermaid figurines
1.Li Jing's Tomb South II...81 (Ba type) 2.Jiangsu Caizhuang (Bb type) 3.Li Fu's tomb South I...189 (Type Bc)4.Jiangxi Pengze Tomb (Type Bc)
Bb type: The face of this type of mermaid figurine is downward or slightly downward (Figure 2: 2), in addition to the common fin fish scales on the body part, the current horned mermaid figurines are only seen in this type, that is, the mermaid figurines excavated from the Tang Tomb in Jinsheng Village, Taiyuan.
Type Bc: The face of this type of mermaid figurine is forward (Fig. 2: 3, 4), another important feature of this type is that it has many feet in front of the fish body, like Fan Cheng's tomb mermaid figurine has two feet under the body, while Li Fu's tomb and Jiangxi Pengze tomb mermaid figurine are fin-like, and the double fins protrude on both sides of the body and support the ground.
The Shaanxi History Museum holds a mermaid figurine, 22 centimeters long, with its face turned to the right side of the body. At present, it is an isolated case, and this mermaid figurine is a solicitation, and the specific background information is also lacking, so this article does not add a score, and it is included in the special case, nor is it discussed in depth.
Finally, a brief mention is made of the materials and bases of the various types of mermaid figurines. At present, the mermaid figurines unearthed are mostly pottery, of which the A-type mermaid figurines are all ceramic, the B-type mermaid figurines are all ceramic in the Tang Dynasty, and the texture of the Five Dynasties and Two Song Dynasties is more diverse, such as the wooden mermaid figurines of the Five Dynasties Tomb of Caizhuang in Jiangsu Province, the stone mermaid figurines of the Tomb of Chen Yuanji in the Southern Song Dynasty of Fujian, it can be seen that the Mermaid figurines of the Tang Dynasty are pottery no matter what type, and in the south of the Five Dynasties and Two Song Dynasties, the mermaid figurines are not limited to a single material. As for the base, the A-type mermaid figurines need a base to maintain a stable because of their flat and curved bodies, so the A-type mermaid figurines have a base; the bottom of the B-type mermaid figurines is mostly wide and straight, and the requirements for the base are low, and many still have bases in the Tang Dynasty, but the five generations and two Song Dynasties are rare. The shape of the base mostly depends on the type of mermaid figurine, the A type mermaid figurine is mostly an "S" shaped base, and the B type mermaid figurine is a long strip or rectangular base.
Second, the use of mermaid figurines
Although mermaid figurines were popular in the Tang and Song dynasties, but also found before the Tang Dynasty, the earliest mermaid figurines found so far are found in the first year of the Sui Dynasty (605), the original report speculated that it may be a burial item in the tomb, and the latest mermaid figurine with a clear chronology is the Mermaid figurines of the Song Tombs of Yunhe Zhengping Mountain in Zhejiang, dating to 1248. Mermaid figurines were found in the Tang Dynasty the most, of which nearly half were concentrated in the early Tang Dynasty, the time was around 650-700 years, and the middle and late Tang Dynasties were also found, but the number was small, the use of mermaid figurines in the five generations has rebounded, only in the Southern Tang Dynasty Erling unearthed 13 pieces of mermaid figurines, and later in the Two Song Dynasties, there were excavations, but the number of mermaid figurines was not much compared to before. It can be roughly concluded that mermaid figurines have appeared in the Sui Dynasty and may have been used as funerary objects, and the Tang Dynasty was an important period for the prevalence of mermaid figurines, especially in the early Tang Dynasty, which was the most popular, although the use increased in the five generations, but it is undeniable that after the early Tang Dynasty until the Southern Song Dynasty, although mermaid figurines have been used, but the number has been significantly reduced, and no mermaid figurines have been unearthed since the Southern Song Dynasty.
Specific to the type, the tombs with A-type mermaid figurines have been clearly unearthed, except for the Tang Tomb Era of Tianjin Junliangcheng, which is not further accurate, the Tang Tomb of Huanghe Road in Liaoning And the Tang Tomb of Xianxian County, Hebei Province, which is close to the Middle Tang Dynasty, the rest are in the early Tang Dynasty, and there is no A-type after the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, the A-type mermaid figurine was only used in the Tang Dynasty, especially in the early Tang Dynasty, and the number decreased after the early Tang Dynasty, and it was no longer seen after the Tang Dynasty. There are more than 30 cases of type B, all of which have been found in the Tang and Song dynasties, and have been excavated in the north and south, and the earliest and latest mermaid figurines of the current known age are all type B, which shows the length of use of this type and the wide range of use areas. However, there are certain differences in the development of each small, Ba type, Bc type mermaid figurine Tang to the two Song Have been found, of which the Ba type occupies the mainstream in the Tang Dynasty, although the five generations and two Song Dynasties are still found, but the number is not as much as the Tang Dynasty, the Bc type has always existed, the number of Tang and Song dynasties has not changed much, and the Bb type is only seen in the Tang and five dynasties, and the two Song Dynasties have disappeared.
Third, the spread and regional characteristics of mermaid figurines
In the Tang Dynasty, most of the mermaid figurines were found in the northern region, mainly Hebei and Shanxi, and a considerable number of discoveries were also found in Liaoning, and only the Tomb of Tang in Liu BanXiang, Zhangpu County, Fujian Province, and the Tomb of Emperor Fu Yunqing in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province. During the Five Dynasties and Two Song Dynasties, except for the tomb of Peng Gao of the Southern Song Dynasty in Yangxian County, Shaanxi, it was basically in the southern region, mostly seen in Jiangsu during the Five Dynasties, and mostly in Jiangxi, Sichuan and other places during the Two Song Dynasties. Mermaid figurines are rarely found in the south when they are popular in the north, and rarely found in the north when they are popular in the south, so the main use areas of mermaid figurines are constantly shifting with the development of the times, and different eras are different. In the three different periods of the Tang, Five Dynasties and Song Dynasties, the central area used was from Hebei and Shanxi to the south to Jiangsu, and then from Jiangsu to the south to Jiangxi, Sichuan and other places. In the process of transfer, type A did not leave the northern region, tang will no longer see, type B into the southern region, five generations of popular in Jiangsu, at this time three small, two Song Dynasty Ba, Bc type to the south of Jiangxi, Sichuan and other places spread, Bb type is no longer seen.
In addition to the continuous southward direction of the area of use, the distribution between the north and the south of the mermaid figurine also has its own characteristics. From Figure 3, we can see that the mermaid figurines in the northern region are densely distributed, while the southern region is more scattered. First look at the northern region, the area of mermaid figurines mostly belong to the Tang Dynasty, the main concentration of areas for Shanxi Xiangyuan, Changzhi area and most of Hebei south of Beijing, the area of mermaid figurines A, B both types, the era is mostly in the early Tang Dynasty, The Daye first year mermaid figurines in Beijing area are the earliest mermaid figurines in the current visible era, it can be seen that this area may be an important area where mermaid figurines are popular. Another special area in the north is Chaoyang City, Liaoning Province, where several cases of mermaid figurines have been unearthed nearby, which is the most northeastern location of the mermaid figurines seen so far, which is far from the Central Plains and has not been found around again, which is more isolated. The area of mermaid figurines A, B both types, the shape of the mermaid figurines in Hebei, Shanxi region also have similarities, mermaid figurines chronology to the early Tang Dynasty, there are also the Middle Tang Dynasty, so although the Chaoyang area is relatively remote, but the mermaid figurine type and popularity time in the north Shanxi, Hebei region has a lot of similarities, in general, the northern region of the mermaid figurines are not only densely distributed, the use of also has a considerable unity.
Figure 3 Distribution map of the excavation area of mermaid figurines
1.Beijing 2.Changzhi, Xiangyuan 5.Wen'an 6.Chaoyang 7.Anyang 13.Yuanshi County 14.Nanhe 19.Dingxian 21.Taiyuan 23.Anguo 24.Nanlugu 25.Xianxian 26.Wuxi 27.Tianjin 28.Zhangpu 29.Nanjing 31.Fuzhou 32.Caizhuang 33.Jingdezhen 34.Qionglai 35.Jinxian 36.Pengze 37.Yangxian 39.Mianyang 40.Yunhe 41.Luotian
(Note: The numbering in the figure is the same as the number of the tomb in table 1 above, and the number appears for the first time in the same tomb label table in the same region)
Compared with the north, the distribution characteristics of the mermaid figurines in the south are generally scattered and locally concentrated, and in general, the southern mermaid figurines are scattered throughout the south, and the local areas have obvious concentrations, such as Jiangsu in the southeast region and Sichuan in the southwest region. There is a lot to be said about this distribution. First, during the Five Dynasties period, Jiangsu was one of the important areas where mermaid figurines were used, this phenomenon should be closely related to the Southern Tang regime, most of Jiangsu belonged to the Southern Tang Dynasty in the five generations, and the Southern Tang Dynasty absorbed and borrowed a lot of Tang Dynasty systems and cultures when the Southern Tang Dynasty was founded, which may be one of the important reasons for the appearance of mermaid figurines in the south. Second, in the five generations period, the tomb owners of the mermaid figurines unearthed in the south were mostly of the high status, such as the lord of the Southern Tang Dynasty, the Min royal family, etc., which shows that the mermaid figurines should be a kind of burial product commonly used by the upper class in the southern region at this time. Five generations ago, Jiangsu Wuxi Tang Tomb and Fujian Zhangpu Liu Banxiang Tang Tomb excavated mermaid figurines, Tang Dynasty mermaid figurines are mainly distributed in the north, so the two southern tombs unearthed mermaid figurines are more special, and Liu Banxiang Tang tomb mermaid figurines are B type, the southern region of the mermaid figurines are only B type, in the mermaid figurine type is also consistent. It can be seen that jiangsu and Fujian regions already used mermaid figurines for burial in the Tang Dynasty, so the southeast region may have certain cultural commonalities and relatively continuous cultural origins in the burial customs of mermaid figurines, which may also be one of the important reasons for the dense distribution of mermaid figurines in southeast China. Third, the mermaid figurines concentrated in Jiangxi and Sichuan during the Two Song Dynasties should be closely related to Taoism, which will be discussed below. The mermaid figurines excavated from the tombs of the Southern Song Dynasty in Yangxian County, Shaanxi Province, were the only mermaid figurines in the northern region at that time, Yangxian was located in the southwest of Shaanxi, belonging to Hanzhong, which was an important area for the origin and development of Taoism, and was also an important gateway to the land of Bashu, and was closely related to Sichuan, so the mermaid figurines may have a certain relationship with Taoism, and the influence of Sichuan is not excluded.
Fourth, the connotation of the mermaid figurine is tested
Mermaid figurines have a unique shape system, is a kind of town tomb god monster figurines in the Tang and Song Dynasties, in the tombs of the excavated mermaid figurines, most of them have other town tomb god figurines, many of which are located near the mermaid figurines, which together play a role in the tomb to ward off evil spirits and auspicious victories. However, although the mermaid figurines in the Tang and Song dynasties all belong to the gods and monster figurines in nature, the connotation behind them is different.
In the tombs of the Tang Dynasty, pottery figurines were popular with burial, and in the New Book of Tang Shao' Biography, Tang Shao once wrote: "Burying more than the group of courtiers, with figurines like dazzling and dazzling, arresting the crowd and becoming a custom." [46] It can be seen that both officials and ministers and ordinary people are keen to bury pottery figurines in tombs, and the tang dynasty town tomb gods and geographical feng shui theories are very popular, which also has a profound impact on burial customs. The New Book of Tang and Yiwen Zhi records: "Sixty schools of the right five elements, one hundred and sixty parts, six hundred and forty-seven volumes." [47] Among them, there are dozens of books directly related to funerals, such as the Burial Classic, the Burial Book, and the Five Yin Classics of the Tomb Book. In this kind of background, the Tang Dynasty not only developed rapidly, the town tomb figurines have also been fully developed, the town tomb figurines of the Tang Dynasty have formed a high degree of unity system, with two town tomb warrior figurines with two squatting town tomb beasts are the most common, but also see mermaid figurines, double head snake figurines, zodiac figurines and other mythical figurines. Most of the tomb owners of the mermaid figurine tombs unearthed in the Tang Dynasty have a certain identity or status, the higher status has more than five officials, and the lower ones are mostly middle and lower-level officials, as for the five generations, the identity of the tomb owner is more prominent, like the Southern Tang Emperor, the Min royal family, etc., which shows that the use of mermaid figurines in this period is more exquisite. In general, although the identity gap between the Tomb Owners of the Tang And the Five Dynasties is large, most of them are officials, and basically they are people with a certain status or identity. In this period, the degree of unity of the mermaid figurine system is also very high, in the Tang Dynasty mermaid figurines, the A-type mermaid figurine has been mentioned above, the shape is unified, the B type is mainly Based on the Ba type, and the five generations of fish figurines are represented by the Southern Tang Erling Tombs, although there are many types of B-shaped figurines unearthed, but in addition to the different facial orientations, the overall shape, physical characteristics, etc. are basically the same (Figure 2:1, 3). Therefore, in the Tang and five dynasties, the burial customs of mermaid figurines are not only the expression of ideas such as town tomb gods and geographical feng shui, but also the high uniformity of the figurine shape and the certain identity of the tomb owner, etc., which indicate the particularity of the use of mermaid figurines to a certain extent, and are also a manifestation of the funeral system at that time.
The rulers of the Song Dynasty promoted Taoism, especially during the Zhenzong and Huizong periods, zhenzong "dazhongxiang fu first year spring first month yi ugly, there are yellow pao dragging left Chengtianmen south of the tail. [49] After that, the Heavenly Books fell repeatedly, and during the Huizong period, on the one hand, he maintained close ties with Taoism, such as Zhenghe Iii (1113) "Zhao Tianxia visited the Taoist Immortal Scriptures",[50] and Zhenghe 6 (1116) "Meeting Daoists at the Shangqing Baozhen Palace". On the one hand, they also overhauled the palace view, such as the construction of the Yuanfu Wanning Palace on Maoshan Mountain, the relocation of the Shangqing Temple on Longhu Mountain, the addition of the Jingtong Nunnery and the Lingbao Temple, and the "construction of the Palace Temple and the Shaping of The Holy Icons" [52]. Under the strong admiration of the rulers, Taoism developed rapidly in the Song Dynasty, and its influence on the people was also increasing, which also had an important impact on the funeral customs at that time. In the tombs of the two Song Dynasties, the common town tomb warrior figurines and squatting town tomb beasts in the Tang Dynasty are almost gone, but the special shape of the god and monster figurines not only did not disappear, but the types were more diverse, and the god and monster figurines in the Song tombs In addition to the existing types in the Tang Dynasty, there were four god figurines, star figurines, immortal figurines and so on. Most of the Song tombs excavated from the mermaid figurines are smaller, the identity of the tomb owner is mostly civilian, the shape of the mermaid figurines in the tomb is more diverse, and the detailed characteristics of each mermaid figurine are also different from each other, which shows that the use of mermaid figurines is more common in the lower layer, and the modeling design is more flexible. Other artifacts related to Taoism will also be unearthed in the tombs of the mermaid figurines, such as the Song Tomb in Luotian Wangjiaqiao, Hubei Province, which in addition to the mermaid figurines, also unearthed a complete set of zodiac signs, four gods, and tower jars, which the report notes are "exactly a set of artifact combinations that appeared with the prevalence of Taoism". In Jiangxi, Sichuan and other places, even if there are tombs with unexplored mermaid figurines, there may be other gods and monsters in the tombs, or there are Land purchase coupons, charms and other objects with strong Taoist colors, which shows the popularity of Taoism in the folk at that time and the profound influence on local burial customs. Therefore, in this context, although the mermaid figurines in the Song tombs still belong to the town tomb gods and monsters, they are more closely related to Taoism, which is an important manifestation of the influence of Taoist thought on burial customs.
In summary, this article believes that, first of all, the mermaid figurine is essentially a kind of mythical figurine buried in the tombs of the Tang and Song Dynasties, which has obvious characteristics of the times and places, and is an important embodiment of the funerary customs and the concept of gods and monsters in the Tang and Song dynasties. Secondly, the connotation of the mermaid figurine is not static, there are different embodiments in different eras, in the Tang and Five Dynasties, it is the product of the influence of the town tomb to ward off evil spirits, the funerary system, and geographical feng shui, and in the two Song Dynasties, it is closely related to Taoism.
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[51] Same [49], vol. 21, Huizong III, p. 396.
[52] Same [49], vol. 21, Huizong III, p. 396.
[53] Same as [44].
About the Author Ding Zijie (1996-), male, 2018 master's degree candidate majoring in archaeology, School of History, Nanjing University, main research direction: Wei, Jin, Southern, Southern, Southern, Sui and Tang Dynasties archaeology.
Originally published in Southeast Culture, No. 6, 2020