Shaanxi Shenmu Stone Pass Site
Shaanxi Shenmu Stone Pass Site Imperial City Terrace
Shaanxi Shenmu Stone Pass Site Imperial City Terrace 20 Datai Kinan Parapet No. 47 stone carving south side
The site is located in Gaojiapu Town, Shenmu City (county-level city) in Yulin, Shaanxi, on the west bank of the Yellow River at the northern end of the Loess Plateau and on the southeast edge of the Maowusu Desert. Carbon 14 series dating and archaeological series of evidence show that the Site of Shiya City was originally built around 2300 BC and abandoned around 1800 BC, with an area of more than 4 million square meters, which is the largest known city site in China in the late Longshan Period, and is known as an important archaeological discovery of "Stone Breaking".
On the Formation of Ancient Chinese Cities
Zhang Hongyan, Journal of Liaoning University, No. 1, 1985, pp. 45-49
This article mainly explains the formation of ancient Chinese cities by discussing the "bright buds of the city" and "the way of the rise of the city of Muxiuqing in the Xiangqiu Period City of the Small Six Hearts of the B Four Offices of the Tongshi Dynasty". The author believes that according to the specific conditions of the ancient mainland, the city generally went through three important stages before the Qin Dynasty: one is the castle stage, which is about from the late primitive society to the Xia Dynasty; The second is the Duyi stage, from the Shang to the Western Zhou; The third is the rise of the city in the full sense, starting from the early spring and autumn. The Spring and Autumn Period was an era of great turmoil, the political, military and economic strength of the various princely states increased, and urban construction showed a unique development style in many aspects. At this time, there are two main reasons for the rise of cities: First, the development of productive forces has expanded the division of labor in social production; Second, the development of industry and commerce has promoted the rise and development of cities. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the ways in which cities arose were: First, the city from which the City of Yucheng, which was issued in the process of the founding of the Western Zhou Feudal State; 2. The city developed by the members of the Shi Tong Ye Neifang; (3) The development of the newly established eups and the rewarded eups into cities; Some cities were developed from rural villages, which in the early days were only rural communes; (5) Cities developed at the hub of land and water transportation or in important cities of river crossings; (6) Cities developed for military purposes.
"Questions about the Nature of Wangchenggang Castle"
Zheng Jiexiang, Zhongzhou Academic Journal, 1986, pp. 115-118
By analyzing the data of the ruins of Wangchenggang Castle, this paper explains the author's views on the nature of Wangchenggang Castle. The article pointed out that among the two castles that have been discovered in Wangchenggang, the existence of its eastern city is questionable, while the site of its western city is more clear. The era of the Wangchenggang city site should belong to the first phase of coal mountain, that is, the late Longshan culture in Henan, and it is inaccurate to define it as the "middle and late period". The author believes that the emergence of the castle has a long history, and it may be directly derived from the "fortress-type common house" in the middle of the primitive society, and was not formally formed until the late primitive society. Wangchenggang Castle, in terms of its size or its relative age and absolute age, is unlikely to be the capital of the early Xia Dynasty, but should be a city site of the late primitive society, and may also be one of the earliest castles in the history of the mainland.
At the end of the article, it is pointed out that the Yangcheng City where Yu lived should belong to a central place of the Xia tribe at that time, and it is not yet said to be the capital of the Xia Dynasty. The site of Wangchenggang City is roughly a documented building of the Cang and Yu dynasties, and it is unlikely to be Yangcheng in terms of scale, but it is located in the center of xia activities, so it is likely to be built by the Xia people on the eve of class society.
On the Origin of Chinese Cities
Li Xiandeng-Tianjin Normal University Daily, No. 5, 1986, pp. 47-53
Through the analysis of literature and archaeological data, this paper studies the origin of ancient Chinese cities. The author believes that: First, according to the discovery of the sites of Wangchenggang in Dengfeng, Henan, Pingliangtai in Huaiyang, and Shouguang Border Line in Shandong, the emergence of ancient Chinese cities was a process, that is, from the beginning of the budding of cities at the end of primitive society, and then there was a period of perfect development, and when the class society was born, the real city also appeared. Second, there are roughly two theories about the origin of the city in ancient texts: the city appeared in the three emperors and five emperors period, or it is believed to appear in the Cang and Yu periods. The former claim is not yet confirmed, while the latter is largely credible. Third, from the perspective of ancient texts, ancient cities had walls, which were places where people lived and were defended by armies. In the period of ancient cities, cities and states were the same thing, and the two were inseparable and appeared at the same time. The Xia people were the first people on the mainland to establish cities. It may not be appropriate to call city sites such as Wangchenggang "castles". Fourth, in the early Xia Dynasty, China's social and economic development has entered the Bronze Age, agriculture and handicrafts have developed greatly, and there has been a leap in productivity, which is the economic basis for the production of ancient Chinese cities. Fifth, ramming technology is one of the characteristics of ancient Chinese architecture, and the emergence of rammed city walls is one of the premises and symbols of the emergence of ancient Chinese cities. Sixth, since the end of primitive society, on the basis of great economic development, society has finally split into two opposing classes, slaves and slave owners, the class struggle has become increasingly fierce, and the state has gradually emerged, which is the class basis for the emergence of ancient Chinese cities. Seventh, the floods that occurred from the end of ancient Chinese primitive society to the beginning of the Xia Dynasty and the people's water control struggle were the catalysts and midwives that produced ancient Chinese cities. Eighth, the connotation of the ancient city shows that the essence of the city is the center of the slave-owning nobility, the king's residence and rule, and the political center of the country.
Finally, the author concludes that cities emerged at a certain stage in the development of human history. In the mainland, cities appeared in the period of social development into the Bronze Age, into the period of civilization - the period of slavery in the Xia Dynasty, which was produced at the same time as the writing, bronze, city, and writing were closely linked to a whole during the emergence of ancient Chinese civilization, and the emergence of the city was one of the symbols of The era of civilization in Chinese history.