Today's Chinese New Year's Day,
Avenue Zhixing first gives everyone a New Year's greeting!
I wish you all: a happy new year and a safe family!
"The sugar melon festival stove has arrived in the New Year, and the girlfriend wants flowers and cannons." The old man wants a new felt hat, the old woman wants a new cotton jacket, and the new daughter-in-law does not dare to ask for it." This is a folk song, which exudes the strong atmosphere of men, women and children who are jubilant for the New Year.
In fact, as the first major festival of the Chinese nation, the Spring Festival does not only refer to the first day of the first lunar month of the summer calendar, but is customarily starting from the eighth day of the first lunar month, including the festival stove, the Chinese New Year's Eve, the first day of the New Year, the people's day, and the Lantern Festival.
The colorful festival customs are both objects and images in the poems, which affect the creative inspiration of the literati and rioters, leaving behind countless famous works that are rich in the atmosphere of life and intoxicating.
Yunche Wind Horse Shaoliu Liu Lian family has cups and plates of abundant ceremonies
"Condensed cold forced Qing Ceremony, there is a wine feast Jiaping" (Northern Qi Wei collected "Wax Festival Poems"), in the winter of the ninth month, people held wax festivals reverently on the wax day. Pei Xiu's "Great Wax Poem" of the Jin Dynasty shows in detail the scene of "the years are accomplished, and the eight waxes are reported to the hundred gods", thanking the hundred gods for blessing "Fang Yu Qing Quiet, Jia Zuo Ri Yan".
In the Tang Dynasty, on the twelfth day of the lunar calendar, wax sacrifices were made to the hundred gods, the earth gods were sacrificed on the day of death, and the ancestors were worshipped on the chenri la. The emperor always summoned his courtiers in the inner garden of the palace and gave them the offering of "golden heli full of red snow, re-knotting the four flowers of xiangluo" (Wang Jian's "Palace Words"). The poet Du Fu was overjoyed by Emperor Lari's reward of "the medicine of lipstick and the silver poppy under the nine clouds".
In the Song Dynasty, the Buddha's Lapa Festival, which was "passed down from family to family to monk porridge, chestnut peach jujube persimmon mixed with sweet fragrance" (Song Wangyang's "Lapa Eight Days Of Study, Early Rise of the Southern Neighbor Fang Zhishan to Send Porridge Fang Xuehan Gladly Ended"), replaced the La-Ri sacrifice. Fan Chengda of the Southern Song Dynasty also said that Laba porridge was mainly a prayer for "no defects in the year of rice ripening" and forced "the plague ghost to smell the incense and go nowhere" ("Mouth Counting Porridge Line"). The most famous of the Qing Dynasty Lapa Festival was the Lapa Festival held at the Lama Temple, where a large copper pot used to boil porridge weighed eight tons.
During the Han Dynasty La, there was also a custom of sending the god of Vesta back to the boundary and taking the ancestors home. By the time of the Tang and Song dynasties, there was a custom of sacrificing the "King of the Stove" (Tang Likuo's "Mirror Listening Words") of "taking the mirror in the box to resign the king of the stove, and the luo clothes cover up the bright moonlight" (Tang Likuo's "Mirror Listening Words"). Folk have used pig's head to worship the stove, and the Southern Song Dynasty Fan Chengda's "Sacrifice Stove Words" outlined an interesting picture of the sacrifice stove in a witty tone: "The twenty-fourth day of the ancient legend of the waxing moon, the stove king wanted to say things to the heavens. The cloud car wind horse is less lingering, and the family has cups and plates and abundant ceremonies. Pork head rotten ripe pisces fresh, bean sand sweet pine powder round. Men sacrifice their daughters to avoid, and burn money stove Junxi with sake", and revealed that women at that time were no longer allowed to participate in the phenomenon of sacrificial stove activities, and descendants gradually formed the custom of "men do not worship the moon, women do not sacrifice stoves".
When offering the stove, it is especially important to "sacrifice the god of the stove with fruit and flowers" (Song ShuYuexiang's "Re-he and Qianyun Answer to the Good Season Debate"), "there are gluttons in the plate, may the god's tongue be as sweet as food" (Ming Chen's "Sacrifice Stove Line"), which not only sticks to the mouth of the god of vesta, but also sweetens the heart of the god of vesta. Of course, the ancient folk "Western family newly brewed, the ancestral stove please neighbor" (Song Liu Yingshi", "Secluded"), there is also an important function of integrating neighborhood feelings.
Advise the king not to sleep this evening Everyone indulges in the feast
At the junction of old and new, Chinese New Year's Eve, "Shishu House, Sitting in the Hearth Group, Da Dan Sleepless" (Tokyo Dream Record). Judging from the existing literature, The Southern Dynasty Liang Xu Junqian's "Gongnei People Sit at Night and Watch the Year", the earliest to write the custom of the Chinese New Year's Eve Shou Nian Festival into the poem.
The poet's situation is different, and the scenes and moods of the old age in the poem are also different: there are Tang Du's trial words "Playing the strings and playing the festival plum wind into the wind, and exploring the hook and bai wine" ("Keeping the Age to Serve the Feast") is red and green, there is also Song Sushi's "Children are strong and do not sleep, keep vigil and rejoice" ("Keeping the Age") Frolic and lively; there is Yuan Yuan Kai", "What is this night?" He said that his hometown "a cup of pepper leaf wine, not a thousand lines of tears" ("Kezhong Chinese New Year's Eve"), there are also Qing Li Ciming family "Cuibai red plum sitting around, the feast is not completely poor." Wax goose flowers under candles like silver. The pulse of Jin Sheng, see also a family spring" ("Linjiang Xian, Yan Wei Chinese New Year's Eve Works"). There are Qing Yuan's "sixty-three sad Chinese New Year's Eve, all of whom have been under the knees of CiQin. Today, when the kindness becomes a yongjiao, and when Chinese New Year's Eve how to hate" ("Sadness"), there are also Qing Youtong's tributes to the mother, there are also Qing Youtong", "laughing and persuading Tu Su to call hehuan", "may the concubines win the old year", "there is also a Tsubaki Lang to take, reunion." Pray for the Ming Dynasty to pay for the festival" ("Nanxiangzi Boudoir Chinese New Year's Eve"), praying for the beautiful feelings of the husband and wife to be married together forever and reunite for a long time.
"The years are poor and twilight, and the festival is dedicated to the new fang" (Tang Li Shimin's "Removing the Night"), keeping the age is the watchful eye for a better life. Ming Dynasty Yu Qian's "Message to the Heavenly Guest, Light Cold Bottom with Sorrow." The spring breeze is not far away, only in the east of the house" ("Except for the Night Taiyuan Cold"), as if writing to oneself as a New Year message.
Chinese New Year's Eve the Tang Dynasty, there was also a kind of "傩" or "Da Dao" ceremony to drive out the plague, as Wang Jian's "Palace Words" said: "Jin Wu entered the name of the night and painted pants and zhu yi in four teams." The courtyard burns the lights like daylight, and the agarwood fire sits and blows the pipes. "The sound of firecrackers is removed again, and the harmony is full of huan" (Song Zhao Shixia's "Partridge Heaven Ding Wei Chinese New Year's Eve"), Chinese New Year's Eve is the night of hope, "advise the king not to sleep this night." And full, pan-mounted boats. Everyone was intoxicated by the feast. May the New Year and the Old Year be victorious" (Song Yang Wu Wei", "Double Geese Chinese New Year's Eve").
Five more laughter and worship of the New Year Do not ask to meet but to be polite
After the Han Dynasty, every New Year's Day, the imperial court held a grand pilgrimage ceremony. Three Kingdoms Cao Zhi's "First Year Yuanzuo, Auspicious Day Only Good." It is for the sake of the Gathering, feasting on this high hall. Fresh clothes, yellow and yellow" ("Yuanhui Poems"), wrote the solemnity of the New Year's Day Dynasty, and the Tang Dynasty poets created many New Year's Day Dynasty poems, such as Tang Lulun's "Ji ji Yan Duoshi, staggering and dancing hundreds of barbarians" ("Yuan Ri Early Dynasty Presents the Dukes of the Former Provinces").
The Northern Song Dynasty took Yuan Zheng as a "big festival, seven days off" (Song Wang Shu's "Wild Guest Series"). On New Year's Day, a large-scale "platoon battle" will be held in the imperial palace. The Southern Song Dynasty Shi Hao's "RuiHe Xian Yuan Ri Chao Hui" describes the lively scene of the New Year's Day court, showing the solemnity, magnificence and luxury of the royal celebrations. Qing Zhu Yizun's "New Year's Grace is more generous, yesterday drunk and first woke up." Nine heavenly songs, the wind fluttering the first listen" ("Yuan Ri Feast Taihe Gate"), the poem does not have the sincerity of the grace, but is full of fluttering mood after being rewarded.
Southern Song Dynasty land tour of the "North Wind Blowing Snow Four More Beginnings, Jiarui Heavenly Sect and Years Removed." Half a lamp tu Su Yu did not lift, the small grass in front of the lamp wrote peach charms" ("Except for the Night Snow"), Qing Kong Shangren's "cutting candles to dry up the night wine, pouring out the money to buy spring money." Listen to the burning firecrackers in the child's heart, and see the peach charm old Xing bias. Drum horn plum blossoms add one, five more laughter to worship the New Year" ("Jia Wu New Year's Day"), etc., are like a "Happy Year Map", full of fresh and rich breath of life.
During the Song, Jin and Yuan dynasties, there was also a game of children riding bamboo horses in the Yuan Day festival. For example, Song Sushi's poem "Yuan Day Over Danyang Tomorrow Li Chun Send Lu Yuanhan": "Bamboo horses are different from time to time, Ning Xin is old, and earth cattle are not ci chun tomorrow." The innocence and cuteness of the Southern Song Dynasty Jiang Kui's "Partridge Heaven Ding Wei YuanRi" in which "Jiao'er learns to write human characters, and Yu Lei Shendi writes untrue" vividly reflects the folk custom of "replacing old peaches with old charms" on the morning of the first day of the new year.
On the first day of the first lunar month, the New Year's greeting is also an important activity, and people often send business cards to celebrate the New Year on the occasion of the new year. Sometimes the master himself did not show up, but only sent servants to carry the prayers around, called "flying posts". As a result, many people often paste a red paper bag in front of their homes, with the words "Receiving Blessings" written on it, in order to bear the use of "flying posts". In the Ming Dynasty, there were already new year cards similar to modern postcards. For example, Wen Zhengming's poem "Bai Nian" says: "I do not ask to meet but to be familiar, and the famous paper is full of people." I also throw a few pieces of paper with people, and the world is not too simple. ”
Xiao'er whipped the earth cow Xueweng beat the spring first
"It's a pleasure to win the golden flower, and it's pleasant to pile up the small dishes." I am ashamed of my white hair and mocking my old age, and I don't go to the door to see the spring" (Song Chaochong's "Li Chun"). The Spring Festival coincides with Lichun, and ancient folk have activities such as welcoming the spring god, beating spring cattle, sending spring plates, and lichun banners during the Spring Festival.
Since the pre-Qin period, Tianzi has been "pro-Shuai Sangong, Jiuqing, Princes, and Doctors in the Eastern Suburbs" during the Lichun period (Li Ji Yue Ling). Tang Wentingjun's "Words for welcoming spring for the Han Emperor" describes the extravagant scene of the Han Dynasty Tianzi Li Chunri in the eastern suburbs of spring. Tang Zhang Jiuling's "Eastern Suburbs Jai Matsuri, You Should See the Five Gods Coming" ("Li Chun Morning Rises against the Snow"), and the Southern Song Dynasty Zhu Shuzhen's "Lettuce Picks Yi Yi Roll Cake, Luo Ha Rotary Scissors Called LianChao" ("Li Chun Ancient Law"), all depict the scene of people welcoming the spring god.
Li Chun eclipse lettuce, to the end is the eastern Han Dynasty custom, Tang Dufu has "spring spring plate fine lettuce" "dish fiber hand to send green silk" ("Li Chun"), Bai Juyi has "two days of spring people seven days, plate vegetable cake bait time by time" ("six years of Spring Day People's Day Work"). Spring plates were very popular in the Tang Dynasty, Du Fu, Bai Juyi, Shen Qi, Wang Changling and other poets have included spring plates into poems, and Tang Ouyang Zhan's "Spring Plate Endowment" also describes the process of arranging flowers on the plate with beautiful people "one branch at a time" and "pieces of flowers and pieces of flowers". As a result, "green silk vegetables, silver clay cake bait, and sub-cups and plates" (Southern Song Dynasty Fan Chengda's "Chaozhongcuo"), became the protagonist on the Table of the Spring Festival Day of the Song Dynasty.
In the Song Dynasty's Spring Festival, there are also "Standing Green Banners", and the colorful silk and paper under the hands of women skillfully change into various shapes such as birds, swallows, insects and butterflies, flowers, and money, called "Spring Banners" and "Spring Victories". Song Sushi's "Spring Victory, a Spring Breeze Blowing Wine to Wake Up" ("Minus Magnolia Lichun"), describes the lively scene of people welcoming the spring god.
The custom of the Zhou people Lichun "unearthing cattle to send cold air" reached the two Han Dynasties, and gradually evolved into whipping spring cattle to persuade farming and pray for good fortune. After the Song Dynasty, the Spring Whip Spring Cow became an important folk ritual for the official and folk. Yang Wanli "The child whips the earth cow, and the scholar beats the spring first." Yellow hooves and white horns of cattle, green grasshopper greentails. This year's soil vein should be rain cream, last year is not like this year's music. Children smell Nian Dengxi is not hungry, and cattle smell Nian Deng's sorrow is not fat. Ears of wheat are seen as brooms, and rice is also full of pearls. When the fields are ploughed but the mountains are ploughed, when the cattle are idle" ("Watching children play to fight spring cattle"), vividly describing the scene of children imitating the game scene of adults playing spring cattle on the spring day.
Bright Moon Spring Breeze Three Or Five Nights Fragrant Car Baoyuan Pass
"Bright Moon Spring Breeze Three Five Nights", that is, the fifteenth day of the first lunar month, also known as "Shangyuan", "New Year's Eve", "Lantern Festival" and "Lantern Festival", pushes the lively and noisy atmosphere of the Spring Festival to a climax. Tang Su tasted "fire tree silver flower, star bridge iron lock open." Dark dust goes with the horse, and the bright moon comes one by one. The rangers are all plums, and the songs are all plums. Kingo can't help but be at night, and the jade leaks are not urged" ("Shangyuan"), which describes the lively scene of the lantern night in the capital Chang'an.
During the Lantern Festival, the emperor always "moved the double que in the color battle, and the Qiong Feast would meet the nine guests" (Sun Di's "The Fifteenth Day and Night of the First Month") and ordered poems to be written and praised for virtue. On a Lantern Night during the Northern Song Dynasty, Emperor Huizong feasted on his courtiers and sang with lyrics: "Huanyu Qingyi, Lantern Tour Yu, for the opening of the Royal Duan Gate." The warm breeze swayed and the aroma was light. 100,000 hooks Chen Canjin, Juntaiwai, Luo Qi colorful. In the cheers, the candle dragon shines, and the mole is too peaceful in spring. ("Man Ting Fang" [Huan Yu Qingyi]) exaggerated and rich words, depicting the grand situation of the Lantern Festival inside and outside the court.
Every festive season, the poet Bai Juyi was bound to Chang'an on the fifteenth day of the first month of the first year of the first year of the Zhen Dynasty, and he composed "The Three and Five Nights of the Spring Breeze of the Bright Moon, and the Ten Thousand People Walking Happy and One Person Is Sad" ("The Fifteenth Day of the First Month of Chang'an"), expressing the feelings of loneliness and sorrow.
In the Sui Dynasty, on the night of the full moon of the Lantern Festival, the custom of zhang lanterns began to arise in the capital and local state capitals, and Xue Daoheng had the description of "all parties gathered, before the hundred plays came", "the sunset fish negative lamp, the dragon holding the candle all night" ("He Xu gives the good heart of the scene to rhyme poems"). During the Lantern Festival, the Tang Emperor's capital Chang'an "opened a thousand doors", "the moonlight is full of imperial capital, and the incense car Baoyuan Pass is passed" (Li Shangyin," "On the fifteenth night of the first month, I smell that there are lights in Beijing and I can't wait to see it"). "Nine strange lights and shadows, a thousand doors and moonlight." The city is out of the treasure ride, the road turns to the incense car" (Guo Lizhen's "Shangyuan"), "a thousand doors open and lock ten thousand lights, and the imperial capital is moved in the middle of the month." Three hundred people danced with their sleeves, and at one time there was a sound of words in the sky" (Zhang Hu's "Fifteen Night Lights of the First Month"), which describes the night of the Lantern Carnival.
The Song Dynasty Lantern Carnival was even more grand, Liu Yong's "dragon and phoenix candles, crossed light star Han." Open a feather fan on the Aoshan Mountain" ("Pouring Cup Music"), Zeng Gong's "Golden Saddle Galloping Genus Ercao, Midnight Noisy Khotan. The bright moon is full of flowing water in the street, and the lanterns enter the stars" ("Shangyuan"), Xin abandoned the disease," "The east wind blooms a thousand trees at night, and it blows down, and the stars are like rain." BMW carved car fragrant road. The sound of the phoenix, the light of the jade pot, the dance of the fish and dragon in one night" ("Qingyu Case, New Year's Eve"), Wang Tongzu's "Advocating the Noise of the Moon, the Lights of the Heavenly Street at Night and morning" ("The New Year's Eve of the Capital"), etc., are all sung on the New Year's Eve.
Song Dynasty Lantern Night Watching the Moon, "Embroidery Pavilion everyone ... Hand holding yumei low said: Encounter is often, the first yuan season" (Chao Chongzhi's "Rumor Jade Girl"), "Last year, on the first night of the new year, the flower market was as bright as day. The willows on the moon, people about after dusk" (Ouyang Xiu," "Sheng Cha Zi"), has become a godsend opportunity for young men and women to meet and make love. Poet Zhu Shuzhen "I hope to be a temporary adult, I may as well be hazy for a long time." It is necessary to be drunk when you admire the lanterns, and you may not meet here next year" ("New Year's Eve"), and the scene of the meeting with the lovers is written in a sound and colorful way.
The sound of firecrackers all night Silver flowers listen to peppers at night
Before the Tang Dynasty, people burned bamboo festivals during the Spring Festival to make them burst and explode, which was used to "avoid the evil ghosts in the mountains". After the Tang Dynasty, in order to make the sound of firecrackers louder, people began to fill bamboo tubes with gunpowder, called "explosive poles", and the Tang people came to the crane to have the saying that "the new calendar will only open half of the paper, and the small court will gather the ash of the explosive pole" ("Early Spring").
Since the beginning of the Song Dynasty, people have rolled gunpowder and lit it in paper, which has led to the "cannon battle" (also known as "cannon zhang") as we see it today. Southern Song Dynasty poet Fan Chengda's "Firecracker Line": "Firecrackers in the old dynasty were passed down from the past, and Wu Nong used it five days ago." Eat the residual bean porridge to sweep away the dust, cut off the barrel five feet simmered for pay. The sweat between the knots is full of fire, and the servants will still sprint away. But the child immediately avoided his front, and roared when the steps hit the ground. One sound of two hundred ghosts, three sounds of four ghost nests falling. Ten voices of the Hundred Gods daoning, all eight sides up and down are peaceful. But the scorched head is stacked under the bed, and there is still yu wei to drive away the boils. Remove the medicine to add a wine glass, and spend the day and sleep at night. "Informative and vivid description of the scene of the farmhouse setting off firecrackers. People in the "raw pot of fire roaring bamboo", "welcome the spring to send the remnants of wax ... Shou Nian Feast Opens to Listen to the Ode to the Pepper" (Fan Chengda's "Except for the Night").
During the Spring Festival of the Qing Dynasty, fireworks and firecrackers were unprecedented, and the Qing court held a grand and grand ice competition fireworks festival in Zhongnanhai, Beijing every year. Xie Wenqiao's "New Year's Words for the Teaching Gate" has clouds: "The sound of firecrackers all night long, fireworks come from the Sheng Emperor Jing." Bao torch silver flowers are noisy in the middle of the night, and the sixth street song and wind music are leveled. ”
After the Song Dynasty, firecrackers also carried the good wish of exorcising evil spirits, as Shi Hao's "Grateful Emperor's Grace and Night Removal" said: "Send poor texts with willows to drive away ghosts." Booming sky-high drama... On the 30th day of the waxing moon, how to avoid? And do something, fairy work. "Ming Wen Zheng Ming Also Yun" The rest of the poor do not need to burn the car to send, the residual diseases are from the firecrackers to rest" ("Yi Di Chinese New Year's Eve").
Fireworks and firecrackers add a lively and festive atmosphere to the festival, and have become an important cultural symbol for retiring the old and welcoming the new and congratulating the new year. As Wang Anshi said in the poem "Yuan Ri": "In the sound of firecrackers, one year old is removed, and the spring breeze sends warmth into Tusu." Thousands of households always exchange new peaches for old charms." Firecrackers are the sound of revelry, the taste of the New Year.
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