Haha, tomorrow is the weekend, Xiao Ai here first wish everyone a happy weekend.
Today's people, the "administrative class" is often "double break" - five days off two, there are 11 additional statutory holidays every year, that is, the so-called "955" and "965", a year of rest 115 days or 116 days.
There are also some units that implement the so-called "big and small weeks" and "nine nine six", which is an additional arrangement of work, according to the labor law should be given "overtime pay"!
However, thousands of years away from us, how did the ancient people of the mainland take a vacation? Nine-nine-six? Nine-six-five? Only on major holidays? Still is...... Open all year round?
Hahaha, in fact, in Chinese history, a fixed vacation system was formed very early, dating back to the Han Dynasty more than 2,000 years ago, when people turned vacation into "Xiu Mu"
Han Dynasty: Do 4 days off 1 day, summer solstice rest 1 day, winter solstice rest 1 day off
According to the records of the Han Laws, the excavated Han Dynasty legal bamboo jane, the officials and officials of the Western Han Dynasty were "five days and one rest"—every five days, one day was a rest day, "4 days off 1".
Why is it called "Xiu Mu"?
The imperial court believed that the officials, large and small, worked for four days and worked very hard. After running outside for several days, my body was dirty, so I took a holiday on the fifth day and let everyone go back to freshen up and rest.
The ancients did not bathe as easily as today, and in the summer it was fine, just go down to the river to wash it.
In winter, there is trouble, you have to prepare firewood, you have to carry water, boil water. Taking a bath, to do a lot of preparatory work, very troublesome, so a day to spare everyone to wash their hair, bathe, rest and rest, called "rest", is really a special image.
In addition to the "four days off and one day off", the imperial court of the Han Dynasty also stipulated "holidays". Every year, the "summer solstice" and "winter solstice" two solar terms are fixed holidays.
"Summer Solstice" is a very important festival of the Han Dynasty, the Three Dynasties of Zhou, Qin and Han, on the day of the summer solstice, it is necessary to sacrifice ancestral gods and pray for the elimination of disasters and prosperity.
Why is the "winter solstice" a holiday? Because the Han Dynasty took the "winter solstice" as the first day of the new year.
The calendar of the Western Han Dynasty was different from the present, when the "Spring Festival" in the modern sense had not yet been formed, and people at that time used the "Winter Solstice" as the New Year. The way the calendar was formulated at that time was called the "Tugui Method", which determined the time by measuring the length of the shadow.
On the day of the winter solstice, the sun has the largest oblique angle, the shortest day, and the longest shadow. On the day of the summer solstice, the sun has the smallest oblique angle, the longest daytime and the shortest shadow. Therefore, people during the Zhou Dynasty, Qin Dynasty, and Han Dynasty all took the "winter solstice" day as the first day of the new year, and the month where the winter solstice was located as the "first month".
This way of giving holidays in the Han Dynasty continued until the Sui and Tang dynasties.
Tang song: "ten days off" - do 9 off 1, every New Year's holiday to enlarge the small long holiday, as well as joy leave, personal leave, funeral leave
At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the imperial court changed the "five days and one rest" that lasted for more than 800 years from the Western Han Dynasty to "ten days and one rest".
The Tang Empire uniformly stipulated that the 10th, 20th and 30th of each month were closed - one day off for nine days of work. The ancients took ten days as "one decade", so it was also called "ten days off".
During the Tang and Song dynasties, in addition to the regular "ten holidays", the imperial court also added more celebratory holidays and religious holidays, and extended the length of the major holidays such as "winter solstice", "summer solstice", and "Spring Festival" (with the change of calendar, the new year has been separated from the winter solstice at this time).
In the Song Dynasty's "Miscellaneous Records of Wenchang", it is recorded that the New Year rests for 7 days, the winter solstice festival also rests for 7 days, and the Qingming cold food is put up for 7 days... People will go out to the countryside at this time to go out and have a visit. This already has the feeling of today's "Golden Week".
In addition to the three major festivals of summer solstice, winter solstice and New Year, there are many "small long holidays" in the Tang and Song dynasties: Mid-Autumn Festival, Laba, Shangyuan, Zhongyuan and summer solstice, which are put on for 3 days; small festivals, such as Liqiu and Lichun, will also arrange a day off...
There are also three important people's birthdays: Lao Tzu's birthday (the Taoist Lao Tzu, haha, put 1 day), Buddha's birthday (put 1 day), and the emperor's birthday (3 days).
In addition, during the Tang and Song dynasties, 15 days of "field leave" would be arranged for students of official schools, and during the busy period of farming, they would go home to help cultivate the fields; every year in September, 15 days of "clothing leave" would be arranged, because the ninth month of the lunar calendar would enter the winter, and the students would be arranged to go home to meet their families and prepare for the winter.
Not only that, during the Tang and Song dynasties, a complete set of marriage and funeral leave and family visit leave was also established, which was full of "human touch" even from the current point of view.
Family Leave:
Parents who are far away 3,000 miles (1 mile in the Song Dynasty, about 0.45 kilometers today) are given 30 days of family leave every 3 years;
Officials whose parents are 500 miles away give 15 days of family leave every 5 years.
Marriage leave, personal leave:
Sons can take 3 days off for the rite of passage; children can rest for 9 days if they are married;
Where other relatives are married, a 5-day, 3-day or 1-day holiday shall be arranged according to the distance and proximity of relatives.
Bereavement leave:
The funeral of parents, the forced departure of civilian officials for 3 years to keep filial piety, and the compulsory departure of military attaches for 100 days (after all, important military generals who leave for too long are easy to be attacked by enemy troops);
If the teacher dies, he or she is given 3 days off to attend the funeral.
Yuan Dynasty: Once I was a scroll king, now I choose "Buddhism" a little bit
Before the Yuan Dynasty destroyed the Song Dynasty, it was quite "energetic" and had few holidays.
In addition to the routine "ten holidays", the Spring Festival and Qingming holidays were reduced to three days, and the emperor's birthday and winter solstice could rest for two days, and Shangyuan, Zhongyuan, Lichun, Dragon Boat Festival, Liqiu, and Chongyang had a one-day holiday.
After the song dynasty was destroyed, the Yuan Dynasty was suddenly "lazy" a lot.
In 1277 AD, Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty, extended the "ten-year holiday" and changed it to the first, eighth, fifteenth, twenty-third, and second days of the first month of the month. "Yi Hai" is the "Dry Branch Chronicle Method", which is reincarnated every 60 days. That is to say, the fixed vacation of the Yuan Dynasty was the "big and small month", with the big month taking 5 days off and the small month taking 4 days off.
Moreover, the Yuan Dynasty's sick leave was very loose, so many officials later used the excuse of being sick and lazy. Later, the Zhongshu Province of the Yuan Dynasty was unable to hold back, so it was stipulated that officials must return with "medical records" to cancel their leave, and if they took sick leave for more than 100 days a year, they would stop issuing Feng Lu.
Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty
After being blocked on the road to sick leave, yuan dynasty officials who had many methods set their sights on funeral leave.
The Yuan Dynasty did not have a strict bereavement leave system, but generally speaking, Han officials were allowed to "worry about Ding", tacitly acquiescing to the 30 days of bereavement leave for grandparents and parents, and relocating grandparents and parents to give 20 days of leave.
In the middle and late Yuan Dynasty, bereavement leave also became a tool for Yuan Dynasty officials to skip shifts to ask for leave, and Mongolian and Semitic officials also began to take leave "Ding Worry", and officials only worked a few days a year.
Zhu Yuanzhang was deeply impressed by the later Wen TianWu Xie of the Yuan Dynasty, who believed that the demise of the Yuan Dynasty had a lot to do with the laziness, decay, and greed of the officials, so he hated the corruption and laziness of the officials very much.
Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty in game Civilization 6
Ming Dynasty: Zhu Yuanzhang said, "Do you still think it is not enough to take 3 days off a year?" ”
The Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty was almost the time when the holidays were the fewest in all dynasties, and only three days were held throughout the year: spring festival, winter solstice, and emperor's birthday.
What the? You say "ten days off"? Don't ask, ask is no!
Moreover, the "attendance" in the Hongwu period was extremely strict, going to work every day to "point out", leaving work "painting unitary", 7 in the morning and 7 in the evening, working 12 hours a day. Late arrivals and early departures are all included in the annual assessment of officials. The whole court was full of complaints, and many times it was neglected, asking for an additional holiday.
Zhu Yuanzhang thought to himself, Am I really too harsh? So he ordered the relevant departments to "investigate the ancient holidays."
The research results of relevant officials are that the Han Dynasty "five days and one rest" (do four days and one rest)
Zhu Yuanzhang's understanding of "five days and one rest" is: one day off on the fifth day of each month (hahahaha)
It was not until after the death of "workaholic" Zhu Yuanzhang, under the efforts of the later Emperor Zhu Jia, that the holiday gradually became longer.
However, the main extension is the three festivals of winter solstice, Spring Festival and Lantern Festival, forming a pattern of a large long holiday every month in winter and March. In the ninth year of Ming Xuande, the Xuande Emperor even gave officials a full month of vacation during the Lantern Festival.
Zhu Yuanzhang, who was restored according to the portrait
Qing Dynasty: Seal, New Year! Closed on Sundays
The Qing Dynasty continued the holiday system of the Ming Dynasty, they opened up the three festivals of winter solstice, Spring Festival and Lantern Festival, starting from the winter solstice and returning to work after the Lantern Festival, which is equivalent to a "winter vacation".
Taking the Beijing officials of the Qing Dynasty as an example, generally speaking, from the nineteenth day of the waxing moon to the twenty-second day of the waxing moon, they would pack the seal letter, seal it in the box, and then go home for the New Year; from the nineteenth to the twenty-second day of the first month, they would go back to the yamen to open the box, take out the seal letter and start working.
Therefore, this month was also called "seal" by the people of the time. The word "seal" is now derived from fantasy novels as the meaning of "trapping" the evil forces.
Haha, remember, the word "seal" is not ancient, the Qing Dynasty began to appear, referring to officials stop working and go home for the New Year!
Official seal of the Ming and Qing dynasties
However, the "seal" also caused a lot of trouble, and the mountain thieves and bandits and the local bullies at that time all took advantage of the month when the gate was closed to do evil. From this point of view, the "seal" and today's "seal" are similar in some places!
By the end of the Qing Dynasty, the gates of the country were smashed open by the "strong ship and sharp cannon", the influence of Western missionaries became greater, and the word "Sunday" began to become popular. In the last decade of the Qing government, on the basis of the original holidays, a system of Sunday public holidays was also established.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, officials, like the end of the Yuan Dynasty, were overwhelmed by things, went to work to touch fish, and there were a lot of things that "ate empty pay". Under such circumstances, it is impossible to govern the country well by relying only on a few "zhongtang lords" working overtime every day.
To sum up, in ancient times, the mainland was a typical "agricultural standard". The peasants arranged their own production and life according to the "yellow calendar" promulgated by the state. When the farmers are busy, they go to work in the fields; when the farmers are idle, the clans and societies arrange for everyone to celebrate folk activities together. As a result, folk festivals were gradually formed, carrying cultural traditions.
In ancient times, peasants arranged their own lives, and naturally there was no holiday system; but officials ate "imperial grain", and they had holidays. Their holiday arrangements are closely related to agricultural production.
During the busy period of farming, they had to organize the rental distribution of seeds, tools, cattle and horses, and organize the construction of water conservancy irrigation projects.
When the peasants rest and celebrate folk festivals, they also rest.
The holiday system in China's history has a long history and is in the same vein. Even if the dynasty changes, the holidays have not changed significantly, which just shows that the arrangement of these holidays is the "optimal solution" for agricultural production and life in this hot land of China.
It is loaded with heavy historical memories and emotions, which is the portrayal of our 5,000-year-old agricultural civilization.
Well, the ancients vacation will first talk about here, like my article, remember to like and pay attention to yo ~ ~
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