On January 19th, the archaeological feature film "Jinan Yuan Dynasty Guo Family Cemetery" recorded by CCTV Science and Education Channel will be broadcast for 5 consecutive episodes in the evening slot of the Exploration and Discovery Column of CCTV Science and Education Channel.
The Tomb of the Guo Family of the Yuan Dynasty of Jinan, located in Dongjia Street, Licheng District, Jinan City, was discovered during the construction of the project and excavated by the Jinan Archaeological Research Institute from April to July 2021.
The Yuan Dynasty Guo family cemetery is the most important discovery of this excavation, the cemetery is located in the northwest of the excavation area, a total of 12 tombs, numbered M7-M18. The tombs are large in scale, 6.4-1.24 meters long, all in a north-south direction. Among them, 11 are brick mural tombs and 1 is a stone chamber tomb, which is composed of tomb passages, tomb doors, Yongdao, tomb chambers and other parts. The cemetery was seriously stolen and disturbed, except for M8 and M15, the rest were stolen. Among them, 7 tombs have been found with chronological scripts, the earliest dating is the third year of Taiding (1326 AD), the latest is the Zhizheng period (1341-1368), the age of 5 tombs is concentrated in the fourth and fifth years of the Yuan Dynasty (1338, 1339 AD), the tomb owners include Guo Bagong, Guo Shigong, Guo Shigong, Guo Shigong, Guo Twelve Gong, Guo Qiweng's mother Li Shi, Guo Jia's father Guo De. In the brick carving mural tomb, the brick carving mainly includes imitation wood structure buildings, tables and chairs, lamps, hangers and so on. The murals mainly include Xieshan-style architecture, Kaifang feast, opening door diagram, filial piety story diagram, cloud crane diagram and flowers, etc., and the excavated artifacts include porcelain bowls, porcelain jars, porcelain bottles, porcelain incense burners, copper mirrors, copper coins, etc.
In Shandong, especially in Jinan and its surroundings, the number of Brick Carving Mural Tombs of the Yuan Dynasty has been found to be large, and the number of people with a clear age is small, and the Guo Family Cemetery is the largest known group of Brick Mural Tombs of the Yuan Dynasty in Shandong, and the two-chamber and clear era of the Yuan Dynasty Brick Mural Tombs is also the first time found in Shandong. The cemetery has a variety of burial forms and a large number of excavations, which is an important new discovery of Yuan Dynasty archaeology in Shandong and even the whole country in recent years.
The arrangement of the tombs is orderly, obviously planned, and there is a blood relationship between the owners of the tombs, which is helpful for the study of the arrangement of family cemeteries in the late Yuan Dynasty. According to the preliminary research on the tomb shape system, the content of the murals, the physical anthropology and related literature, the owner of the tomb should be a Han landlord and a wealthy merchant class. The burial age is more concentrated, but the tomb shape system is quite different, there are differences between brick room and stone room, single room and double room, square and round, etc., burial customs include burial, cremation, relocation burial, joint burial, etc., tomb brick carving and mural content is relatively rich, for the study of the late Yuan Dynasty Jinan area landlords or rich merchants this specific class of daily life, customs, religious beliefs, funeral concepts and architecture, diet, clothing and other aspects to provide representative materials. There are many types of porcelain excavated in tombs, including multiple kiln openings, which can be used as standard instruments in the late Yuan Dynasty, providing help for the broken generation of porcelain excavated from Yuan Dynasty tombs or sites in the surrounding areas, and has a measuring role.
(The picture in the text is provided by Jinan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology)