Today, let's talk about combat effectiveness and show you what is called combat effectiveness explosion.
There are four major empires in the classical world, namely the Roman Empire, the Sabbath Empire, the Kushan Empire and the Han Empire. These four empires are closely related to Chinese civilization, the Han Empire naturally needless to say, the Roman Empire was destroyed by the remnants of the Xiongnu, Guishuang was built by the Great Moon Clan running to India, and the reason why the Sabbath was strong, according to Zhang Qian, was learned from the Han army to learn ironmaking.
From another perspective, it is more obvious to see how much influence the nomads of northern China have had on world history, especially in European history.
The Huns destroyed the Roman Empire, the Yue clan established Guishuang, the Turkic branch established the Ottoman Empire, not to mention the Mongols and its four great khanates...
How fierce are the nomadic peoples of northern China? For example, even if it was destroyed by the Jin soldiers, the remnants of the Khitan who had already perished ran to Central Asia to become the boss immediately, and the Western Liao State we did not bother to mention in the history books, but it was the king and hegemony in Central Asia, and just arrived there, it overthrew the boss Seljuk Turks, or the coalition army.
Therefore, the nomadic peoples of northern China are collectively monsters. Don't blame the Song Dynasty, it has faced four major opponents, Khitan, Jin, Western Xia and Mongolia, even the weakest of them, the Western Xia, in Central Asia is a boss level.
In such an environment, the Song Dynasty actually lasted for more than 300 years, lived a good life, and accidentally became the most prosperous and long-lasting feudal dynasty in the history of the mainland (the slavery system of the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties is not counted, and the Western Han and Eastern Han Dynasties do not count). The economy of the Song Dynasty was also the peak of the feudal era, and other countries, even our own history, are difficult to match.
If you change to any country in the world, even if you put them together and change places with the Song Dynasty, I believe you will not live more than 10 years. Because the northern nomads are so terrible.
The old rule first explains the origin of the northern nomads.
Generally speaking, the northern peoples are divided into three categories: Huns, Xianbei and Turks. But in fact, there is only one category, all of which originate from the Huns, because both the Xianbei and the Turks were once ruled by the Huns, in other words, they were all part of the Huns.
During the xiongnu's heyday, the entire north, from the steppe of Central Asia in the west to the sea in the east, was Xiongnu territory, and the Xiongnu, like the Central Plains regime, were not a single ethnic group, the correct saying was that it was a national concept, and all the Xiongnu empires were Huns.
The "Chronicle of History" records that Mao Dundan once unified the Western Regions, and the original 26 countries in the Western Regions, such as Yueshi, Wusun, and Loulan, all became Xiongnu.
The Chronicle of History :(Moton) destroyed the Yue Clan and slaughtered it. Dingloulan, Wusun, Hujie, and the twenty-six kingdoms beside them all thought they were Xiongnu. The people of the bow, and one family.
The Xiongnu Empire eventually perished under the repeated blows of the Western Han and Eastern Han Dynasties, but the Xiongnu did not die, how could people die, the Western Han and Eastern Han Dynasties were only anti-aggression, and did not engage in genocide, the northern steppes have always had people, and the Xianbei Khitan Turks are all remnants of the Xiongnu.
The Xiongnu Empire has perished, the name of this country is gone, and the northern nomads have changed their names to other names, no longer called xiongnu, just like our Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. One dynasty perished, but others arose, and the northern nomads who followed could be seen as a continuation of the Huns.
And even if the Han Dynasty wanted to kill the Xiongnu people, they couldn't do it, because the xiongnu main ethnic group, or the Xiongnu royal family, they were also the Chinese nation.
The origin of the word Xiongnu is the son of Xia Jie.
After the fall of the Xia Dynasty, The Gerbern took his family to the north and settled in the northern steppes, and one of his descendants, Chun Wei, became the earliest tribal leader, and in order to mark its origin, the Central Plains Historian took the name of Xunzhou.
"History of Suoyin": Ying Shao custom Tongyun "Yin Shi Yue Mastiff Porridge, changed to Xiongnu".
The name of porridge is very strange, it is not easy to pronounce, so it has the name of meat porridge, but it is still not easy to pronounce, and in the Zhou Dynasty it was changed to xianyun (xianyun), and in the Qin Dynasty it was changed to Xiongnu.
"History of Suoyin": Serving Qianyun "Yao Shi Yue Meat Porridge, Zhou Yue Otter, Qin Yue Xiongnu".
To put it bluntly, the Xiongnu are the umlauts of the congee, the son of Xia Jie, so who do you say the Xiongnu are? The Xiongnu tribes are actually nomadic Han Chinese.
In other words, these nomadic people who fight invincible hands all over the world are actually the red Miao Zhenghua ethnic group.
If Turkey wants to recognize the Xiongnu as its father, is it not equivalent to crying and shouting to recognize the Chinese nation as a grandfather?
As we all know, since the beginning of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, after several generations of hard work, all the way to the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu were finally expelled from the desert north. The Xiongnu thus split into two parts, with the Northern Xiongnu traveling far away to the Caspian Sea, and the other part going south and surrendering to the Eastern Han government.
The Huns who ran to the Caspian Sea entered Europe in the 4th century, directly leading to the fall of the Roman Empire, and their leader Attila also received the title of "Whip of God", which means God's punishment.
By the way, there are only two people in history who have received this title, one is Attila and the other is Genghis Khan.
Some say that Rome was wiped out by barbarians, and this is pure wordplay. It was precisely because the Huns (as the Europeans called them) that they had robbed the Goths and Germans of their lands, and these barbarians lost their land and had to flee to the Roman Empire for refuge. There were too many people coming, the Roman Empire could not handle it, and the barbarian uncle was not happy, so he overthrew the Roman Empire.
In other words, the European barbarians, who had been robbed of their territory by the Huns, ran to rob the Territory of the Roman Empire, so it is not wrong to say that the westward migration of the Huns led to the fall of the Roman Empire.
It is also said that the Huns were not Huns. After all, the Xiongnu also set off terrifying waves in East Asia, so the continental history books recorded it in great detail, down to how they went to Europe and when they went.
"Northern History, Western Regions": The Sogdian Kingdom, in the west of the Onion Ridge, the ancient Xiang Cai, a Wen Nasha, lived in Daze, in the northwest of Kangju, to represent sixteen thousand miles. First, the Xiongnu killed their king and had his kingdom, and by the time the king was suddenly ni, he had been three kings... At the beginning of Wen Cheng, the King of Sogdian sent envoys to ask for redemption and listened to him. Since then, there has been no pilgrimage.
The History of the North writes that the remnants of the Xiongnu ran to the state of Lite near the Caspian Sea, killed the king and occupied his country, and when Emperor Wencheng of Northern Wei first succeeded to the throne (452), the Xiongnu king also sent emissaries to visit, and then there was no news.
The country of Chestnut, which we call the ancient book Amami Cai, also has a simpler name, Alain.
"The Biography of Wei Liu Xi Rong": There is also The Kingdom of Ai Cai, an Alain, all of whom are in the same custom as Kangju.
Compared with Western records, the "History of the Late Roman Empire" says that between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea originally lived the Alans, in the 4th century by the Huns, in 375, Alain destroyed the Huns and established a state.
When the Xiongnu sent emissaries in 452, they claimed that the founding of the country had been three generations, and the three generations were calculated to be almost seventy or eighty years, so the time of the founding of the Xiongnu was also about 375 years.
The same time of the founding of the country, the same robbed the Alan kingdom, the Huns are not moving west to the Xiongnu, there is such a coincidence under the sky?
Alain was also a nomadic man, known for his bravery and good fighting, and if you've ever played a game like Roma, you know one class, the Alain Elite Cavalry, and historically, the Alain Cavalry was also the best mercenary of the Roman Empire.
How long did the Alans, who claimed to be able to fight, resist? Three years, just three years, a great war, Alain's entire army was destroyed, even the king lost his life, and there was no Alain in Europe.
Even the Goths, the kings of Europe at the time (Central and Eastern Europe were both Gothic territories), were not Huns rivals. Within a few years, the Ostrogoths were defeated by the Huns, took the Germanic tribes with them, and fled to the Roman Empire with their families and mouths.
You know, this is a stub. This westward migrating Xiongnu, formerly known as the Northern Yili Tribe, is a branch of the Yili Tribe.
A branch of a tribe under the Northern Xiongnu was also crippled by Geng Bing, and when he arrived in Europe, he immediately became the boss and swept everything away.
What would have happened if Modun had moved west to Europe, and you wonder if the Roman Empire would have lasted half a year?
Speaking of xiongnu, there is another digression, when Mao Dun killed the king of the Yue clan and made his head into a night pot, the Yue clan was also divided into two parts, and the Xiao Yue clan moved to Huangzhong in Qinghai and became a professional mercenary of the Eastern Han government, that is, the famous Huangzhong Yicong of the Three Kingdoms.
The Ōtsuki clan first fled to Afghanistan and then south, unifying ancient India and establishing the Kushan Empire.
Emperor Wu of Han sent Zhang Qian on an envoy to the Western Regions, just to find an alliance of the Great Moon Clan to deal with the Xiongnu, and Zhang Qian's legs were almost broken and he could not find it, which was the reason. The Ōtsuki clan did not even dare to stay in Central Asia, and it did not take long for them to go to India.
Later, they finally found it, but Ōtsuki was already scared out of their guts, and the other thing was that they were very comfortable. Although Lao Tzu can't beat the Xiongnu, it is still a piece of cake to clean up you, so I don't want to go back to anything.
The Han dynasty returned empty-handed, but it did not matter, the Han Dynasty relied on its own efforts, not only defeated the Xiongnu, but also played an amazing battle.
Chen Tang, a famous general of the Eastern Han Dynasty, described the Battle of Han and Hungary as one hundred and five, even if they encountered the elite of the other side, they would fight at least one or three.
Book of Han: Tang Yue: "Fu Hu Bing five and Han Bing one, who?" The blades are blunt, and the crossbows are unfavorable. Now I smell quite clever, but I am three and one.
Hu people are not contemptuous, in the Altaic language, the pronunciation of people is hun, hu people Hu people are not the name of the Central Plains people, such as Xiongnu Shan Yu if they call themselves, it is Hu people Big Dan Yu.
Xianbei originated in the northeast of the mainland, and was originally called Donghu, so they did not like to expand westward. The Xianbei people who entered the Central Plains had only one mind, Sinicization, and changed their names and surnames, for example, the famous general Wei Chigong in the early Tang Dynasty was actually from the Xianbei Wei Chibu, and the Yang Jian family of the Sui Dynasty were all Xianbei.
Another branch of Donghu, the Rouran people, who can be regarded as brothers of the same door, chose a completely different path.
While Xianbei took advantage of the chaotic times of the Northern and Southern Dynasties to enter the Central Plains and establish several dynasties, Rouran took advantage of the demise of the Xiongnu to smoothly unify the north and become the new master of the steppe.
There was a natural contradiction between the Central Plains Dynasty and the northern nomads, even if they were inferior and soft in the same door. Rouran invaded the Xianbei regime several times, basically did not take advantage of anything, and the Xianbei people also gave Rouran a nickname, creep, which means that it is weak like a bug.
There is a small tribe under Rouran who is responsible for striking iron, named Tiele, also known as Tie Nu. Tiele originally lived in the southern foothills of the Golden Mountains (Altai Mountains), which was shaped like a samurai helmet, and the steppe peoples called the helmet Turkic, so they also had a name called Turkic.
The Turks originally belonged to the Southern Xiongnu, after surrendering to the Eastern Han Dynasty, they were placed in Gansu, and at the end of the Han Dynasty, the world was in chaos, and the Southern Xiongnu also rose up to make trouble, and as a result, they were repaired by Cao Cao, and there was no way, the leader had to return to his hometown in the grassland with his subordinates and attached to Rouran.
Rouran is the weaker of the steppe people, or the humble people call them bugs, and its rule is not long. If the expansion of the steppe peoples to the south is not smooth, it is difficult to convince the people, and it is always inferior, so at the end of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Rouran Empire collapsed and was replaced by the Iron Tribe Turks.
After the destruction of the country, because he had used the Turks as iron slaves, in order to avoid disaster, one of the remnants of Rouran also chose to move west and ran to the Danube River in one breath.
European history has always been secretive about the Hun Empire, such as never mentioning the reason for the fall of the Hun Empire, normal information you can only find that shortly after the Death of the Hun King Attila, the Hun Empire disappeared, but never say how it was not.
The correct answer is that the Rouran people who moved west were wiped out.
I know that some people want to raise the bar, so here are the sources: "General History of the Hun Turkic Mongols and Other Western Tatars", "History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire". Mainly too long to explain one by one.
A Hun empire that was more barbarian than the barbarians, and even the Goths could not stand it, the Europeans remained helpless after Attila's death until the arrival of a second nomadic people from northern China.
There are two important factors in Rouran's defeat of the Huns, one is that the Huns are leaderless, and the other is black technology.
Although they are all in the past in northern China, and the Xiongnu are more able to fight, Rouran also has strengths, they have black technology--- stirrups.
As we all know, stirrup is an invention of the mainland, and the time is the Southern and Northern Dynasties, so the Rouran people who moved west at the end of the Southern and Northern Dynasties naturally defeated the Xiongnu by relying on this black technology.
Maybe the Huns lost very unconvinced, no way, who told you to leave the center of civilization earlier.
The Ruoran took over the Huns and established the Avar Khanate, the second empire of the nomadic peoples of northern China in Europe, and the Bulgarians were said to be their descendants.
The Avar Khanate lasted for more than 300 years and did not perish until the 9th century, in other words, since the 4th century when the Xiongnu invaded Europe for 500 consecutive years, Europeans were living in the shadow of the iron hooves of the nomadic peoples of northern China. And it's the remnants that were driven out and couldn't mix in East Asia.
This sentence should be made to the point, because this kind of thing will happen many times.
The Rouran disintegrated and the Turks rose, but his period of strength was not long. In 583, the Sui Emperor Yang Jian defeated the Turks, causing the Turks to split into two parts: the Eastern Turks and the Western Turks.
In 628, the famous Tang general Li Jing went on an expedition to the desert and captured Jieli Khan, and the Eastern Turks perished. In 657, Su Dingfang continued the expedition, the Shabaoluo Khan Helu was captured, the Western Turks were destroyed, and the remnants of the Turks began a large-scale migration to the west.
In this process, some Turkic tribes surrendered to the Tang, such as the Gelulu tribe that followed Gao Xianzhi in his crusade against the Great Food and then rebelled at a critical moment, resulting in the defeat of the army.
After all, they were all Turkic tribes, and many people in the Western Turks defected to Gelulu, and after betraying the Tang Dynasty, Gelulu knew that he could not go back, simply gritted his teeth and stomped his feet, and established the Qarakhanid Kingdom in Samarkand, Uzbekistan.
Of course, Qarakhanid did not dare to fight the Idea of the Tang Dynasty, so he turned his attention to the West. At that time, the rulers of Central Asia were the Samanid dynasty, which claimed to be one of the strongest empires in Arabia, but the Samanid dynasty did not dare to confront the Qarakhanids, so they found another Western Turk tribe that moved west and entrusted them with the task of border defense.
This tribe, called the Oghuz, worked for the Samanid dynasty for several years, established the Ghazni dynasty in 962 AD, and engaged in a usurpation, the Samanid dynasty pawn.
Soon, the Ghazni dynasty was also destroyed, and the other side was the Gul dynasty. Coincidentally, this Ghurid dynasty was also a westward branch of the Western Turks.
One of the Oghuz tribes was called the Seljuks, and the Seljuk chieftains took the opportunity to rise up, occupy all of Central Asia, and march to Asia Minor (the Turkish peninsula) to establish the Seljuk Turkic Empire.
The Qarakhanids ended with half of the land being annexed by the Remnants of the Khitan State of the Western Liao, while the other half belonged to the Seljuk Turks.
At their peak, the Seljuk Turks controlled vast expanses stretching from the Turkish Peninsula in the west to the Green Ridge (the Pamir Plateau) in the east, including even the holy city of Jerusalem.
This made the Byzantine Empire very miserable, and Byzantium was not convinced, and fought a fight with the Seljuk, and the result was even worse, even the emperor was taken prisoner. There was no way, the pope had to go out on his own horse and run to Europe to cry to the major lords, asking them to launch a holy war and retake Jerusalem.
This holy war was the famous Crusade.
The Crusades and even the centuries-long chaos in Central Asia and Europe after that were actually the sins of the Tang Dynasty, and if it were not for Li Jingsu Dingfang driving out the Turks, there would be no such things.
Su Dingfang: You mean I did something wrong? How do I know that the Europeans are so unbeaten, that is the remnants of the Tang Army beating the remaining remnants.
This is really the case, and the Seljuk Turks, who are miserable in the pope, are actually a branch of the Oghuz tribe of the Western Turks, and they are really the remnants of the remnants.
The Crusades fought for 200 years, gathering the strength of all of Europe, but they were unable to help the Seljuk Turks, and finally had to rely on the help of the peoples of northern China.
Those peoples in our north, you think are inconspicuous, in fact, they are all boss-level monsters, just let one out and conquer the world in minutes.
Like Rouran killing the Huns, the Seljuk Turks were rivaled by the Western Liao and Khwarazm.
On the eve of the fall of the Khitans, Yelü Dashi led 200 horses to leave the Liao State, all the way to the west, ran to Kyrgyzstan, and established the New Liao State, commonly known as the Western Liao.
Don't look at the Khitan being beaten by the Jin soldiers, there is no way to fight back, but in Central Asia, even if there are only 200 horses, they immediately turn over and become overlords.
In order to compete for the territory of the Qarakhanids, the Western Liao fought with the Seljuks, and won a great victory, and soon the Seljuks were destroyed, and most of the land was incorporated into the pockets of the newly emerging Khwarazm.
Who destroyed the Western Liao and Hua lazimo, the Mongols, the Mongol cavalry, as soon as they arrived, there was no follow-up...
No, and then the eastern territories of the Seljuk Empire were annexed by Khwarazm, but in the west, especially in Asia Minor, part of the territory remained, after all, Khwarazm was not so long.
This territory was called the Sultanate of Roma, which was originally a vassal state, equivalent to a vassal state, and after the fall of the Seljuks, the Sultanate of Roma gained independence. Of course, as the Mongols killed Asia Minor, the Sultanate of Roma also died, but fortunately the Mongols did not stay long, because the Mongol army of the Western Expedition was soon informed of the death of the Great Khan Möngke and was anxious to return to seize the throne.
This time, the one who saved Europe was replaced by Sichuanese, it didn't matter. After the Mongols left, a small tribe of the Sultanate of Roma seized control.
In the process of its rise, it first fought with Byzantium. To say that Byzantium is a real dish, you say that you can't beat the Seljuk Turks, this time for a small tribe of the Rohm Sultan, it is reasonable to say that it belongs to the branch of the Seljuk Turkic branch, still can't fight, the Byzantine Emperor was also injured.
To say that there is progress, the last time was captured, this time the good villain was only injured.
Unable to fight, Byzantium repeated the same trick and again asked the European lords for help, this time the European coalition army is still in the name of the Crusaders, but not called the Crusades. Why? Because they were dried up and lost miserably, the Ottoman army crushed the coalition army with little effort.
How miserable? At least 10,000 crusaders were captured and demanded high ransoms, while those who could not pay were tortured and killed on the spot. In fact, because the number of captives was too large, the European lords could not come up with so much money, except for the 300 nobles who were redeemed, the rest was ...
The fiasco completely shattered the confidence of the European lords, who never dared to speak of holy war again, and this small tribe was the Ottoman Empire, the largest country in modern Europe.
What was the fighting power of medieval Europe? Don't listen to their bragging, the real situation is that when they are combined, the branches of the remnants of the Western Turks cannot be beaten.
The branch of the branch that moved west to the West Turk branch is a bit tongue-twisting, but it is sauce purple.
Was the Ottoman Empire powerful? Then you have to see who you are with, if you compare with the nomads of northern China, it is a younger brother.
It is said that The Byzantines should have been destroyed long ago, but no, they survived for an extra 150 years, why? An unexpected person helped them.
who? The only ones who can defeat the nomads of northern China are the nomads of northern China. Still a bit of a twist, no way, just say so.
The Timurid Khanate, one of the Mongol Central Asian Khanates, couldn't look at it and thought the Ottomans were too crazy, so they ran over and fought a fight, showing that I was the boss. The Ottomans were beaten badly, and this time it was his turn for the emperor to be captured and almost destroyed.
Later, Timur didn't care, because he was busy on the Crusade and went to Find Daming gan. Of course, before it was done, Tamerlane fell ill and died halfway through.
The Timurid Empire was later destroyed by another Mongol khanate, and its remnants, which fled to India to establish the Mughal Empire, may have been the only unification in Indian history, and Islamic culture was not brought by the Arabs, but by the Mongols.
Osman finally breathed a sigh of relief and took the opportunity to hurry up. In 1453, it took only 53 days to attack Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul, a Byzantine pawn.
Throughout history, all the northern nomads who have experienced going out in China, no matter how miserable it is when it goes, no matter how bad it is, once it goes outside, it immediately becomes the hegemonic level, and its downfall often depends on the next northern people who have moved west.
Think about it from another angle, it is in this environment that Chinese civilization has developed for thousands of years and has become the only ancient civilization in the world that has continued.
So you say, who is the fighting nation?