Xia Chun (985-1051), zi qiao, a native of De'an County, Jiangxi, was active in the political arena of the Northern Song Dynasty for more than 40 years, and was an official to Zaizhi, who made contributions to the construction of the dynasty, the defense of the northwest frontier, the governance of prefectures and counties, and cultural and academic aspects, and had a far-reaching social impact.
Historical sages lived in their own specific social environments, and all of them were marked by the times. They are human beings, not perfect gods. There is no perfect man in the world, and it depends on the great festival. Xia Chun's life experience was complicated and his political achievements were many, but in the interactions between the bureaucratic elite, he was criticized and impeached as a "traitor", which has two sides worthy of praise and warning. About a thousand years later, when we are chewing on cultural heritage and knowing Xia Chen's people, it is urgent to dig deep into the original materials, identify the authenticity, seek truth from facts, treat their words and deeds, grasp the historical and cultural heritage, and spread the fine ideological style.
In order to recognize Xia Chen, it is necessary to explore his own remarks and the records of his contemporaries, and the record of the history and data of the Northern Song Dynasty is of high value, with the Southern Song Dynasty Li Tao's "Continuation of the Zizhi Tong Jianchang Compilation" in the most. Li Tao extensively collected relevant materials such as records, national histories, meetings, wild histories, family histories, epitaphs, and deeds, and not only preserved a large number of historical materials, but also examined the errors in the notes of the "History of Song", "History of Liao", and other anthologies. Based on this understanding, the historical materials on the life and deeds of Xia Chun reviewed in this article are mainly Xia Zhu's "Wenzhuang Collection", the Northern Song Dynasty Wang Jue's "Xia Wenzhuang Gongzhen Shinto Stele", and Li Tao's "Continuation of the Zizhi Tongjian Long Compilation" as the main historical materials, and other literary materials are used as appropriate.
First, Xia Chun's life experience is brief
Xia Chun was a prominent minister during the Reign of Emperor Renzong of the Northern Song Dynasty, and his life deeds are reflected in his Shinto Tablets. This "Shinto Tablet" is after Xia Chen's death, the Hanlin scholar Wang Jue obeyed the order of the Divine Sect to "discuss the lineage and deeds of the second duke", which has the advantage of being close to the public, and at the same time, it was written more than ten years after the death of the owner, and the time has passed, and the discussion about "adultery and evil" may be viewed more calmly. Wang Jue was ordered to do so, naturally to show the will of the imperial court with the emperor as the core. Compared with other private notes, the Shinto Tablets should be of higher data value.
The "Shinto Tablet" reads: During the reign of Emperor Taizong, Xia Chenghao, Xia Chenghao's father, "fought hard to defeat" when resisting the invasion of Liao Dynasty cavalry, and the imperial court gave praise, with Xia Zhen as the main book of Danyang County in Runzhou. In the fourth year (1007) of Emperor Jingde of Zhenzong, he participated in the system of jujutsu, passed the examination of "virtuous and virtuous, able to speak bluntly and extremely well", promoted to Guanglu Temple, and sentenced Taizhou. In the seventh year of Dazhongxiangfu (1014), Zhao Zhen (emperor Renzong after succeeding to the throne) was made the Duke of Qingguo, and the chancellor Wang Dan recommended Xia Zhen to "preach the scriptures". In the eighth year, he set up the Zishan Hall for the crown prince and the crown prince to study, and ordered Xia Zhen to "persuade the zishan hall" to become the teacher of the prince and others, and formed a mentorship with the emperor. Since then, his career has been smooth, and he has successively served as a zhizhizhi, a scholar, a counselor, a third envoy, a rebbe Shangshu, a privy councillor, and a counselor in the government affairs; in the local area, he served as an envoy of The Fourth Road of Shaanxi Province, such as Zhizhi, pacifying, and soliciting, and also served as an envoy of Dengzhou, Xiangzhou, Shouzhou, Anzhou, Hongzhou, and Qingzhou; when he was dying, he was an envoy of the Wuyi Army, and the governor of Xuzhou. In the event of "the summer and autumn rains are incessant, the river overflows, and the public relatives are on the river, and they have become ill", and he died of illness in the anti-flood office. In the sixty-seven years of his career, after entering the field of social life, he has been active in the political arena, and although his official position has been promoted and changed, he has no record of being punished for major mistakes and big mistakes; he has the experience of serving as a master of the crown prince, but he has not been arrogant and arrogant according to his honor and favor, and has always been loyal to his duties by virtue of his own talents.
Wang Jue summed up Xia's life: "Gong Shao was eager to learn, and learned everything from the books of the Classics, The Hundred Clans, the Yin and Yang, and the Law Calendar. Its study must study the ancient and modern chaos, the origin of natural and human catastrophes. It is an article, And It is not within the reach of a scholar. Wherever the imperial court has a large canon, it is often subordinate to it. Its reputation is all over the world. Although he went out of the army at noon, he entered the aircraft service, and did not try to scrap the book. In the auspicious symbol, the county state offers many ancient ding, bell, plate, and Dun instruments, and on it is multi-branch fighting characters, and the gong nai is an ancient chinese character, and it is diligent to lie down and use finger paintings to invade the skin. There are traces of wind and wind, and the law of protection for the people, and the thieves dare not make a mistake. And he is good at meeting soldiers, and his sick diet is self-conscious. In Shaanxi, he tried the Ten Strategies, Tongjiales, Zhao jiejiao, Qiang, Archer, strong crossbow, and Xiaozhai, and the like, all of which were applied at that time. The public thinks that the material is a tool, and has not tasted the Xu people, so the scholar is suspicious, and the few have been attached. The public residence is also afraid, and does not dare to be self-reliant with nobility.
Emperor Fusi of Chenjue had been in the imperial palace for a long time, and his selection of materials could be described as the most important. At the beginning of the gong, he supplemented the Eastern Palace with literature, and the emperor was pro-government affairs, and often relied on him as a courtier. Unfortunately, his number is far from the slander, the pawn is not calm in the temple, and the merits of Tu Taiping, not the fate of Ya! In the beginning, Shu Yu made Tian Shu taste from the Gong Shogunate, and Gong Xue, so that the Gong had the King's Sao's Xue, but not Shi, Xin Yifu! Although, in and out of the glory for more than forty years, it can be described as a grand. ”
When Xia Chun was born, he was accused of "adultery and evil", blocking his way to the prime minister. Wang Jue only said here that "the scholar is suspicious of the distant life", and Xia Zhen "counts away from the slander", and does not use the derogatory term of "adultery", which should be in line with Emperor Renzong's wish to promote Xia Chen.
Second, Xia Chun's political achievements are important
Xia Chun lishi three dynasties, prominent in the world for forty years, for the state affairs of the people to do their best to dedicate himself, song shi xia zhuan biography also praised him "for the county to have achievements, like to do the rules, in Li Lu to establish the law of baowu, until the thieves dare not issue", made outstanding and real political achievements, not a vain face project. According to his category of career, he described the three aspects of local administration, advice to the imperial court, and outspoken advocacy of border defense.
1. Effective measures to govern the locality. In the third year of the Tianxi Dynasty (1019), Xia Zhu knew Xiangzhou (襄州, in modern Xiangyang, Hubei), "a great famine, the people in exile, and thieves." The public not only issued public funds, but also raised more than 100,000 millets from the rich to save them. Its full living people are more than 460,000 mouths. He made Jiang obey his deeds and gave him a book of praise. Later, the people thought of his favor and carved it in gold and stone with the edict he gave. "Disaster relief in only one place has achieved practical results in rescuing more than 460,000 people." This huge amount of data may not be true and should only be regarded as "extremely large". Because of his outstanding results, he was approved by his superiors, reported to the imperial court, received praise, especially the gratitude of the people, and carved the edict into a stone stele to remember it forever. The people's will is the best proof that Xia Chun is doing his best to do things, sincere and selfless, and this style of work is worth publicizing and promoting.
In the first year of Tiansheng (1023), Xia Zhu knew that Hongzhou (present-day Nanchang, Jiangxi), encountered an epidemic, and told the medical officer to "distribute the medicine to the residents", and the medical officer said that "although the medicine is paid, I am afraid that it is also false." Gong Yue: Why? Doctor: The custom of Jiangxi, still ghosts and witches, every disease, do not try the pro-medicine bait also. Gong Yue: In this way, there are many people who die in the dead, and it cannot be prohibited. After in-depth investigation, Xia Chen learned that "Hongzhi customs are right ghost and witch, where he lives set up an altar, Chen Banner, according to the gods to bless the blessings, the sick go to the screen to love, and their medicine and diet, such as the gods know that they are not ok, that is, do not dare to take pity on the gods." If you die of starvation, you will be lonely and lonely, and you will do what you want. In the Gongso's department, more than 900 families, demon runes, strange hoops, sacred clothes, ghost hats, bells, horns, knives, wats, etc., tens of thousands, were ordered to burn and destroy them. It is said that the rebellion between Han and Jin and Sun En, must not be ignored. The imperial court issued an edict and established a more important law, from the south of Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and was forbidden to do so. According to the "Compilation of the Continuing Zizhi TongjianChang", at that time, According to the situation reported by Xia Zhen, Emperor Renzong said, "Zhaojiang South East and West, Jinghu North and South, Guangnan East and West, LiangZhejiang, Fujian Road Transport Division: From now on, in the name of evil gods, The Master Wu screened the patients for food, clothing, soups, and medicines, cut off relatives, intended to frame those, and conspired with them, and sat on them like the curse law." Xia Chun's request to "the imperial court strictly granted the treaty, hoping to eliminate the great harm, bless the masses, and prevent the meng", which is undoubtedly based on the consideration of maintaining the rule of the Song Dynasty, but it does not constitute a harm to the people, but it is beneficial. Even if there are more than 1,900 "teachers and witches", they are "ordering them to change their professions and return to the peasants, and to study the pulse of acupuncture" and strive to engage in legitimate industries that benefit the social and people's livelihood. Reasonable measures to combat witches are very conducive to the transformation of folk customs and customs to good health, and the benefits are profound and extensive, and the impact is far-reaching.
Fifty years later, in the ninth year of Xi Ning (1076), Zeng Gong came to Hongzhou to take charge, and when the plague raged, he demanded that "from the prefecture to the county, town, pavilion, and transmission of medicine to teach the sick ... People live on it. "I didn't encounter the obstruction of the old habit of "good witches and ghosts". In the 19892 year of The Great Drought in Yuezhou and the outbreak of disease and epidemic, Zhao Zhao of Zhizhou devoted himself to disaster relief and epidemic relief, comprehensively investigated the disaster situation, went deep and meticulous, and achieved good results.
There is also a suggestion for the sake of the people and let the society benefit: Tiansheng Fourth Year (1026) April Jiazi, "Hanlin scholar Xia Zhenyan: The people of Jiangxi and Minyue, take more mountain turtles, plant them upside down, and take the flesh to take their armor, which is called the turtle barrel." The sound of pain, which cannot be heard, is even more subtle, and the residue is especially severe, please strictly prohibit it. Please also set up yachts in Jinshan, Big Lonely And Small Lonely Mountain, Piao Lan, Zuoli, Madang, and Changlukou to raise water workers to save the dangerous drowning. And from it. "The Long Edition records these two things, obviously valuing its social benefits. Stopping the mutilation of large turtles, protecting natural organisms, and placing them in the era of small-scale peasant economy dating back a thousand years ago are invaluable. The setting up of drowning rescue boats in Poyang Lake and the dangerous waterway into the Yangtze River to ensure the safety of the golden waterway is of great importance under the conditions of relying on water transportation in ancient times, and it is still not to be taken lightly today. Xia Chun asked for these two things because he had the will to seek benefits for the people in his heart.
2. Active discussion on the construction of the DPRK and politics. During the reign of Emperor Zhenzong, he made the "Book of Heaven", and in Taishan and Fenyin, the ministers all flattered and echoed, creating Xiangrui. At that time, "the Governor Ding said that he asked the Western Cannon Field of Dazhi City to use the gold and water as the HouTu Ancestral Hall to prepare for fen sui. The Three Divisions made Lin Te want to be in the Upper Forest as a compound road, and the Bad Yuan Wu Men belonged to Yu Qing. Jianghuai sent Li Pu to the sea boulder in the Huiling Pond, which is the Three Gods Mountain, and crosses the Pavilion Road to meet the genus of the gods and immortals several times. Fang Qunchen argued that Fu Rui was a public defender, so that his affairs were far-reaching, so he did not accept the will of Heaven, so he was all embarrassed. When the courtiers were flattering Emperor Zhenzong, Xia Chun did not rely on the wind to make a slant (evil), but "resisted the slack alone", bluntly defamed, and resisted a civil engineering catastrophe that labored the people and hurt the money.
Faced with many drawbacks in the government mechanism, Xia Chun put forward a number of positive suggestions to promote the improvement of administrative management. In the fifth year of Tiansheng (1027), Xia Chun served as the head of the Right House of Shi Zhong, in charge of the documents of the martial arts system, and strictly observed his duties, and established a system of assessment officials. Previously, for "entering the military officials, but the ministers are lacking, and the officials have to be adulterous because of the adultery", after Xia Chen's arrival, "those who are rewarded and punished before and after the examination are listed as the rules of the houses, and the officials must not be deceived." Reversed the treacherous abuses among the deposed military officials.
In the fourth year of Tiansheng (1026), he paid homage to the Right Counselor and deputy envoy of the Cardinal. In view of the fact that the northern region bordering the Liao dynasty had not practiced martial arts for a long time, Xia Chun believed that "personnel are absurd and infrequent, and the border preparations cannot be relaxed, which is the policy of repeatedly guarding the imperial court." One of the proposals was to "increase the water of the military ponds of seven states such as Guangguangxin." Guangxin Army was renamed Guangxin Army in Hebei Road, formerly Suicheng County, Yizhou, in the sixth year of Taiping Xingguo (981) to Wei YongJun, and in the first year of Jingde (1004) it was renamed Guangxin Army. Because of the "flat and close edge", in order to defend against the attack of the Khitan cavalry, the Northern Song Dynasty dredged the pond and stored water to resist.
In the seventh year of Tiansheng (1029), in order to participate in the affairs of the governor, he proposed to restore the six branches of the system to collect the talents; the hundred officials turned to the right, opened up the way of speech, listened to the suggestions of the counsel, and asked for the restoration of the procuratorial envoy. All three recommendations were approved for implementation. As early as May of the third year (992) of Emperor Taizong's reign, the procuratorate was put in place, and it was not maintained for a long time, and it was abolished in November of the third year of the Dao Dynasty (997), so that "the government gained and lost, and the world was wronged and could not reach itself." The re-appointment of the inspectors, who refers to Chen Junguo's major affairs, current political gains and losses, and unjust and wrongdoing, "and allows the inspectors to interrogate and hear about them," and the channels of social management have been dredged.
From the "Wenzhuang Collection", it can be seen that during the period of Zhenzong and Renzong, Xia Chun's reform of current politics involved a wide range of issues, although there were many theoretical expositions and few current facts, but the options were all targeted, and many of them commented on the problems appropriately, exposed the shortcomings, and were frank and sincere. The items in volume 13 of the "Progressive Policy" include 17 items, including the councilor, the prudent lord, the election and adjustment, the suppression of power, the retirement of the eunuch, the system of exile, the use of the state, the removal of the redundant system, the provincial gift, the all-endowment, the order of the times, the prohibition of obscenity, the unworthy merchant Jia, the discussion of the general, the Jibei Kou, the Fu Sai Yuan, and the Forbidden Eunuch Temple. Volume 15 of the "Concerto Discussion" has 10 pieces, including the Selection of Pastoral Shou Song, the Selection of Orders, the Depravity Ofs, the Houwen De Song, the Gong Ju Song, the Pingguan Song, the Suppression of Immortal Interpretation, the General Outline Song, the Border Defense Song, and the Hongzhou Please Break The Witch Song, a total of 10 pieces.
The great drawbacks in the bureaucratic system are the deviations between official positions and duties: "Or subordinate to the Thorn Temple, turning over the millet of the Great Cang; the Qinggong Of the Ministry, which is the sign of the main Guanshi City; or the doctor, who does not understand the study of chapters and sentences; the number is a work, and the things under the pen are ignorant", etc., a total of twelve types of strange situations of "the name is contrary to the truth, and cannot be disciplined", and then points out that "the defeat of the country is caused by the evil of the officials, and the way of the officials can not be careless!" ”
The Equalized Taxation states that the collection of taxes is extremely unfair: "Or the land is wide and the taxes are fresh, and the land is too large and the fields are small; ... Rice and rice are planted and wheat is taxed, and no mulberries are taxed. The government is made up of adultery, the right is proud of the ambition, and the people who do not tell them accumulate to strike off the evil." The imperial court was required to "declare that there should be a special tax decree, to distinguish the fertile land, to determine the law of severity, to classify the subjects, and to be the ninth class", and to implement fair expropriation according to the fat ridge of the land.
"Forbidden Obscenity" exposes the abuses of social folklore, "Qianli is ignorant, the gods are right ghosts, the witches rely on it, the spirits are deceived, and the yuan yuan is from it... The poor have goods for sacrifice. Villages gather in Lu, temples look at each other, spring, summer, autumn and winter, song and dance are still recommended, the people's property is thin, and the encroachment is very much. "Think" sincerely, "it should be a strong indication of the rules, forbidden to be cunning, the source of The Consumption of the Duqi People, and the Origin of the Witch and the Demon." During his reign in Hongzhou, the "Hongzhou Please Break the Witch Song" is a testimony to his practical advocacy.
The "Tribute And Tribute" counts the disadvantages of the examination, such as the mountain of examination papers, which are only identified by five examiners, "those who study the ancients pay attention to the policy, the rhetoricians pay attention to the poetry, the brief people despise their Hong Yan, the beautiful ones despise their quality, the judgments are varied, and the questions are confused", resulting in victory and defeat, "more obedience and external expectations", and slander and soaring. He urged the imperial court to "reform the system", and the admission needed to "choose the merits and promote them, there is no limit to the number"; the criticism of the chief examiner was made public, "if there is any impropriety, and listen to the words", and accept the supervision of public opinion.
In short, Xia Chun's proposals for the government were open and positive, showing his loyal belief in worrying about the country and the people. The operation of the state apparatus of the Song Dynasty exposed many problems, and the call for reform has risen, which can be said to be the prelude to Fan Zhongyan's "Qingli New Deal" and Wang Anshi's "Xining Reform Law".
Third, Xia Chun's prudent proposition of taking charge of Shaanxi's border defense
Confronting Liaoxia was a headache for the rulers of the Song Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Renzong, Zhao Yuanhao of western Xia launched a military attack on the Song Dynasty, and the western border defense was immediately tense. Xia Zhen, who started with literature, was swept into the military whirlpool by the tide and became the commander of the border defense front. In May of the first year of Kangding (1040), Xia Zhen was changed from a marginal pacification envoy at the edge of the Qinfeng Road to a deployment of The Western Capital, a slightly appeased envoy, a marginal envoy, and a Zhiyongxing army, with Han Qi and Fan Zhongyan as deputy envoys, and xia zhen in charge of the front-line military and political affairs. In June of the second year of Baoyuan (1039), Xia Chun was ordered to "discuss the affairs of the West", and had already stated his opinions in detail, he traced the history of Song and Xia exchanges, recalling Zhenzong's decision to "learn from the shortcomings of recovery, to pity the work of Guanfu, but to warn the officials of Xinjiang to wait, to take advantage of the guards, to expel when they come, not to pursue", "this is the far-reaching plan of Zhenzong". Subsequently, analyzing the situation between the enemy and us, the three generations of Western Xia's successors, Deming to Yuan Hao's grandchildren have "expanded the land for more than a thousand miles, accumulated goods for decades ... With the succession of poor and poor, richer than Yuan Hao, the situation can be known; the army that has won the victory of the first dynasty, compared with the soldiers of today's Kwantung, can be known; the division that has practiced warfare with the rejuvenation of the country, the general who has not tried the side of the fang edge, and the clumsy work can also be known; the terrain can be known after the relocation of Fu Pingxia, outside the Yuan Hao Cave River. The combat effectiveness of the Song army has obviously declined, "If the troops are divided into deeper troops, the army will travel thirty miles, self-grain and grain, cannot be sustained for a long time, must carry the sword, it is difficult to help." ...... If you are poor in its nest, you must cross the big river, there is no long boat and giant ship, you need to float the sac, the thief is on the river, to wait for work, my division is half-crossed, left and right, I don't know how to defend the emperor? The subject thinks that it is not in the interest of the host and the guest, regardless of the convenience of attack and defense, and that it is useless to discuss the recourse."
In view of the difference in objective conditions, Xia Zhen suggested that "if the barriers are cured, the equipment is repaired, the restraints will be assisted, and the dangers and obstacles will be controlled, but the fun is too old, and it is not expected to win or lose, which is the common system of today." The specific countermeasures were: "First, teach the strong crossbow to think that the soldiers are the soldiers; second, the Qiang belong to the Qiang to think that the fence; third, the father and son of the Zhaojiao and the strength to break the thieves; fourth, the terrain is dangerous and far away, the number of fences is too much, the soldiers are brave, and the number of soldiers is timid; and the number of soldiers is timid; and the number of soldiers is increased or decreased; fifth, the Zhaozhu roads should help each other; sixth, recruiting natives as soldiers, calling the gods and tigers, and one or two thousand people in each prefecture to replace the eastern soldiers; seventh, adding archers, zhuangding, and hunting to prepare for the defense of the city; eighth, and the small villages on the border do not accumulate grain, and the thieves are in a hurry to attack, abandon the small village, and enter the big village, with full strength; ninth, the people of Guanzhong are tired and if they are wrong, Allowing millet to atone for his sins, one pound of copper is five, to support the side; ten, to damage and redundant troops, redundant officials, and reduce cavalry, in order to relieve the luck. The imperial court agreed with Xia Chen's plan, "which was quite adopted at that time."
Xia Chen's countermeasures were to draw lessons from our ancestors in a truth-seeking manner, and make a sure and safe choice based on the current military and political situation of the Song and Xia dynasties, as well as the geographical environment in which they lived. In accordance with this general principle, he adopted the principle of putting defense first in Shaanxi's border defense, "no need to fight with it", and "defended against its borders and cities", imposed economic sanctions on Western Xia, and "sat and waited for it to die".
However, some bureaucrats who fought the main battle did not proceed from reality, but only relied on the subjective desire to win, threatening to attack and attack xia Zhen for "cowardice.". Unfortunately, after the fiasco of Haoshuichuan, it was reported that Liu Ping and Ge Huaimin had "lost their army as a light thief", and Emperor Renzong woke up from the atmosphere of "keen on rejuvenating the division" and "repented without speaking out". Summoning Xia Zhen back to the dynasty as a cardinal envoy, he was in charge of military decision-making. However, there are still people who obstruct it, saying that Xia Zhen is "timid in the use of soldiers, and if he uses them now, he will fall into disgrace." In order to avoid the demoralization of the front, Emperor Renzong had no choice but to change his life, but "in the end, he took the word for justice." Emperor Renzong could be dictatorial but he took care of all parties, and wanted Xia Zhen to be the prime minister, but because "the deliberators slandered the duke to the end", he had to give the title of "British Duke" without authority. Emperor Renzong explained that "there are many slanderers at the time, and only Qing Qing is also.". When the country is faced with the attack of the enemy, it is not surprising that there are main wars and main defense disputes in the ruling clique, both ancient and modern. In the face of the Western Xia's attacks, Xia Chun was not the only one who advocated a prudent and prudent policy. For example, in March of the first year of Kangding (1040), Chen Zhizhong, a member of the Tongzhi Privy Council, said that "Yuan Hao took advantage of the world's long absence of soldiers and stole the Western Frontier", and the countermeasure strategy should be "Kou is large enough to protect the fortress, and small enough to be expelled"; "It is still necessary to expand the local troops and reduce the number of cavalry", "to keep quietly to be proud of his ambition, and to frustrate his front". In June of the same year, Ding Du, a scholar of Hanlin, replied to the "Imperial Strategy" and wrote the "Outline of Preparing the Frontier", comprehensively analyzing the situation between the enemy and ourselves, and concluding that "for the sake of the present, mo ruo is careful to obstruct the obstacles, to wait far away, to control the key points, and to control the whole strategy of the imperial government."
When Xia Chun held the military and political power in his hands, he did not act rashly and blindly attacked, incurring the guilt of losing soldiers and generals. Those responsible for the defeat in the war can pay attention to the real evidence and take a fair stand. For example, in the "Battle of Haoshuichuan", Yuan Hao was defeated, and the Song army was lured into Haoshuichuan (present-day northwest of Longde, Ningxia), and the entire army was destroyed, and the main general Ren Fu was killed. Han Qi, who was held accountable for the failure and directly ordered Ren Fu to confront him, took the initiative to plead guilty. Xia Chun learned of what had happened, defended Han Qi, and was exempted from heavy punishment. Hongmai recorded: "In the rebellion of Xia Qiang, Ying Gong was appeased by the Four Roads, and Han Wei Gong (Qi) was the deputy. Outside the mountain of thieves, Han Gong ordered the general Ren Fu to win the victory village from Huaiyuan City (present-day southeast of Xiji, Ningxia), and after the thief, if there was no war, he would ambush him according to the danger, ask him to return, and then warn him again. He also moved the covenant, violating the degree of moderation, although it was meritorious, it was also cut. Fu was tempted by thieves, not good shuichuan, and the asarian theory was blamed on Han. Ying Gong sent people to disperse the troops, and Han Washu was placed in the belt of blessings, and the crime was not in Han, so he took an official. Ying Gong was wise in this matter, and later the scholar did not necessarily know it, but he showed it. "Hongmai (1123-1202) was about two hundred years after Xia Chen (985-1051), and his record of his virtuous deeds is bound to be convincing and circulated for a long time.
4. Xia Chen's contributions to cultural scholarship
Comprehensive investigation revealed that Xia Chun was knowledgeable and had achieved excellence. Wang Jue outlined: "Gong Shao is eager to learn, and he learns everything from the books of the history of the scriptures, the hundred clans, the yin and yang, and the law calendar. Its study must study the ancient and modern chaos, the origin of natural and human catastrophes. "Here are a few examples of what he has learned.
1, the article qi bone. In the third year of Tiansheng (1025), Xia Zhen was sentenced to the Xianyuan and sent an envoy to the Khitan Dynasty. He said in the above table that "the father has no enemy, and the mother has not been removed, and the righteousness cannot be done, but the resistance to the chapter is resigned", and the above table says: "The father died in the king's affairs, and the mother was worried." Righteousness does not wear the heavens, it is difficult to worship in the vault, and the worship is a pillow block, and the sound of Yi music cannot be heard? ”。 This table is considered to be the best work of "four or six (骈文) even pairs, the most exquisite"19, he is Xia Chun's maintenance of righteousness, disgusted with memorizing scriptures, doing flattering texts, adhering to the results of "the text is mainly qi and bone", but also not only obedience, but also the rebuttal of "the king does not care about his festivals" accusation.
2. Meridian science. Xia Zhen is not only good at writing poems and table rules, but also writes academic works such as meridians, calendars, and rhymes. In the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, the medical official Wang only studied the meridian structure of the air cavity, cast it into a bronze man model, and then compiled old news, corrected the slander, and wrote the "Copper Man Acupuncture diagram sutra", which was played in the imperial court in October of the fifth year of Tiansheng. Emperor Renzong "ordered the Hanlin scholar Xia Chun to write the preface and issue it in imitation". Renzong's fate was to see Xia Chen's meridian medical ability. Xia Zhen's "Preface to the Jing dynasty of the Gongren Gong Moxibustion" first pointed out that the diagnosis of illness is related to the state politics, "The saint has the world, on the disease and the country, the original diagnosis is to know the government, Wang Ze is not flowing, then the adultery is born in the lower, so the discernment of Shu Yu is ruled by the rule." True qi is not honored, and the body is moved, so it is prudent to heal to save the people. ”
Then from the Yellow Emperor's Inner Classic, the gist of the meridians was extracted: "In the past, the Holy Ancestor of qi Boye thought that those who spoke well of heaven would be tested by man, and there were two out of dozens of heavens, and people responded to them through the context; the degree of Zhou Tian was three hundred and sixty and five, and the popularity of the cave should be responded to." There are disciplines up and down, there are elephants on the left and right, there are meetings in the governors, there are numbers in the body, there are poor in the bloodline, and there are yin and yang in the changes. ...... Prepared by the art of acupuncture and acupuncture, the art of divine craftsmanship is born. "Shengzu refers to the Yellow Emperor. Qi Bo answered the Yellow Emperor's question, and the Yellow Emperor taught lei gong the way, that is, the 12 meridians and 365 acupuncture points of the human body caused by the induction of heaven and man, which were unified in the two major systems of the Supervisor Pulse and the Ren Pulse. The divine doctors Bian Que and Hua Tuo used acupuncture techniques to cure diseases. Because "it is difficult to learn from the holy bedchamber for a long time", the scriptures handed down are false, and the healers have an inaccurate grasp of the acupuncture points, resulting in "the commoners are depraved and cannot be redeemed, and the quacks accept mistakes without thinking.". As a result, Emperor Renzong took enlightened measures, and Wang was the only one who devoted himself to creating, resulting in outstanding results. Xia Chun wrote:
"After Hong Wei I, I mourned Zhaoshu diligently... The doctor is a doctor with a precise technique, a deep understanding of the method of acupuncture, the keeping of the old kings and officials, the care of human life, the daily use of special urgency, and the thinking of the fallacious help to the people. In the temple, shang medicine is the only one of the royal kings, the supreme forbidden formula, the special work stone, the dedication to the commandments, the exquisite reference, the fixed side in the human form, the right measure in the skin membrane, the salvation test of the ancient and modern, the leakage of the sun phase, there will always be all the sayings, and it will be divided into three articles. Later, he used the ancient scriptures to exhort to the finest, the scholars sealed, and lost their hearts, as if they would look at the words, not like the case, the repetition of the creation of the bronze artificial style, the internal organs, the side note of the valley, the well Rong will be, the hole is safe, the trick is reached, the inscription is engraved on the side, so that the viewer is rotten but there is the first, and the doubter is refreshed but iced,...... Zhaofang, Jingshi Bandai ,...... Bao I li steam, between shou kao. ”21
Marking the meridian acupuncture points on the copper cast human body, the image is realistic, which is conducive to learning and application. The medical skills hidden in the royal official are "issued in all directions" and promoted to the society, which has the protective effect on the health of the people. This immeasurable feat of merit is first attributed to the developer Wang Alone, and the place where Emperor Renzong promulgated it should not be forgotten. The medical theory analysis and acupuncture techniques in the preface are both excellent and worthy of the best works.
3. Legal calendar. In August of the eighth year of Tiansheng (1030), Longtuge was waiting to be made by Yan Su to play the "Lotus Leakage Method" to the imperial court. Yan Su, a native of Yidu, Qingzhou, an outstanding astronomer in the Northern Song Dynasty, once manufactured a guide car and a drum car, and the "lotus leak" produced by him was a more advanced chronograph instrument. Yan Su also pushed the lotus flower leak to the society, and where the officials were in office, "all carved stones to remember their laws, and the prefectures and counties used them to wait for dawn, and the world pushed their precision." For Yan Su's scientific and technological achievements, Xia Chun wrote "Yingzhou Lotus Flower Leaking Inscription" and gave full praise. He said that Yan Su knew Qingzhou, "Jianzi leaked in the White Building." Soon, he knew Qingzhou, "because he had to see its system in detail, exquisitely visiting the gods." A few years later, Yan Su knew Yingzhou (present-day Fuyang, Anhui) and Xia Yu was in Suiyang (present-day Shangqiu, Henan), bordering the two places, and often asked, "Because please be more leaky, in order to spread its spread." Yan Su "by is to re-examine the degree of dial, to Zi Tong in the south, than the ancient law day a moment, night loss a moment." Qingshe is slightly north, three moments of day, three moments of night damage. Between the yin and the green, the day is two moments, and the night damage is the same. Still a leak in the house, the sky is getting worse. Xia Chun was able to introduce it from the professional perspective of the calendar, because he had studied astronomical knowledge in depth, "to the old History Bureau, roughly kiss this study, thinking that the stem body left-handed, the Seven Yao Yunshe, all animals also." Equatorial transverse band, ecliptic oblique interception, complex forward and backward. Those who move and have advances and retreats, the situation must be poor, so the former sage system, with the degree of heaven multiplied by day and night, the leakage of three hundred and one as the fixed degree, to reduce the degree of heaven as bright, plus the positive degree to think that it is dim, so the reality of the sundial scenery is traced, and the difference between the prevention of solar terms is the difference. ”
Therefore, he commented from the height of astronomy: "Fu Ying Ri Push, Emperor Hong's Xian Tianye." When the cure is clear, the people who become soup should also be. The sun and the moon have a contraction, the day and night have a decrease, the non-Xuan can not measure the profit and contraction, the non-luck instrument can not be fixed dim, so that the calendar is counted, and the omission is born. The day is like a view, and the night is like a house, although the fortune of heaven cannot escape. And briefly describe the evolution of the "missing engraving" system, "Han Chengzhou Qin, the most prepared picture book ... Caught and applied to Li Lan, the ancient law began to change... Participate in the middle star, rise and fall according to the time, and put the system of arrows, which will not be passed down in the world. After the Tang Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty, Yan su "lotus leak" came out, and there was a great improvement: "Its system: for a quarter pot, jagged water on the top, the wood is a quarter of the arrow, the arrow is four, the face is twenty-five, the carving is sixty, the four sides are hundred, and the total is six thousand points to the effect of the day." Where forty-eight arrows. One breath and one easy, cast golden lotus to carry arrows, copper wu to divert water, bet golden lotus floating arrows up. ”
Looking at the history of the progress of "missing carvings", Xia Chun was very emotional: "However, the three-hundred-year-old Dou calendar changed the constitution, and the strangers came out, and now Yan Jun deserves it." Fu Liu Yi Qun Shu, only astronomical numerology, probing the Zhao Suo Kui, hook deep and far, the most difficult to understand. If the mind is not reached, although it is known to the people, it is necessary to test the way. And the world's vulgar Confucianism, or thinking that it is not the praise of Mr. Gentleman, is so wrong. Zhongni made the Spring and Autumn Festival, and every time he was in the Leap Leap, he issued a text to declare the number of calendars, and the deep meaning of this saint was also. Books are not cloudy, when they are respectful; etiquette is not cloudy, Baidu has to count and have constant. The observer of the latter, fortunately, did not fail. ”
Finally, Xia Chun said: "The pole star is built in the middle, outside the zodiac camp." There are degrees of obscurity, sometimes there are obscurity. The vision of the saints, the ancient history of the obituary. The hole pot is a leak, and the floating arrow is a carving. ...... Qin's testament, Hanjing system. Past Mi Wen, Old Rules Gary. ......。 Loneliness and recklessness, the world lost its legacy. Yi Yanjun, literary residual force. Bo through the old chapter, Zhaoxin scenery. ...... There is no difference in the ups and downs, and the rise and fall are breathless. Meaning to create, count the poor heavens and the earth. 23 Yan Su's "Lotus Leak" pushes the missing chronograph to a new height, and through Xia Chen's professional preface, the world can understand it more clearly.
4. Phonology. Xia Chun "knows more ancient texts, learns strange characters, and draws skin with fingers at night", in February of the fourth year of the Celebratory Calendar (1044), compiled the completed collection of ancient characters, "Ancient Texts and Four Rhymes". In his preface to the play, he said: During the period of dazhongxiangfu (1008-1016), "the ancient instruments of the county were many kedou texts, and they were deeply afraid that the advisers would not understand, so as to take up their duties." From the teacher Xianda, Bo visited the relics, broke the stele, searched for everything, accumulated years and exceeded the discipline, sealed fang should, self-whimsy, worried about scattered, so the collection of ancient script obtained before and after, the quasi-Tang "Cut Rhyme", divided into four sounds, Shu Ling Houxue is easy to discuss, still out of it, the letter is transmitted to the world" The whole book is arranged according to rhyme, divided into five volumes, volume one flat sound; volume two flat sound; volume three, upper sound; volume four, go to the sound; volume five, into the sound. During the reign of Emperor Zhenzong, Xia Chun was made a secretary, directly gathered in the Xianyuan Temple, moved to the Right Zhengyan, and was recommended to the Qingguo Gong to preach the Scriptures, persuade Zi Shan Tang, and was a teacher for the princes and princes. Seeing the tadpole script of the ancient artifacts, that is, having a strong sense of responsibility of "being deeply afraid of the lack of advice and not being able to understand the advice, and taking the post of a prisoner", he immediately sought to study from his predecessors, "accumulated years and exceeded the discipline", spent twelve or three years of effort, and searched for the ancient chinese text of the seal, and in order to avoid being lost, compiled into the "Four Rhymes of the Ancient Text", which provided an important reference material for the academic circles to study the Warring States script of our country.
V. The Historical Facts and Identification of the Impeachment of Xia Chen's "Adultery and Evil Cult."
Xia Zhen, who has been prominent all his life, is not flawless in his character, and his colleagues have criticized him a lot, resulting in his failure to ascend to the high position of prime minister. Wang Jue's "Shinto Tablet" says: "The gong is a material instrument, and he has never tasted Xu Ren, so the scholar and doctor are suspicious, and few have been attached." The public residence is also afraid, and does not dare to be self-reliant with nobility. Emperor Fusi of Chenjue had been in the imperial palace for a long time, and his selection of materials could be described as the most important. At the beginning of the gong, he assisted the Eastern Palace with literature, and the emperor bowed to the government affairs, and repeatedly relied on him as a courtier, but his number deviated from the slander, and he did not calmly follow the temple, and the merits of Tu Taiping were not destined for Yaye. Li Tao's "Continuation of the Zizhi Tongjian Long Edition" wrote that he was "talented, but eager to forge ahead, happy to make friends, allowing for the number of tricks, leaning over and repeating, and the world is adulterous and evil." The specific facts accused of being "adulterous and evil", the author has reviewed the documents, mainly the following examples:
1. In the third year of Tiansheng (1025), in July, Xia Zhen reverted to the zhizhi system. This official position came from the fact that when he was "worried about Ding Mu", he "sneaked to the Capital Division, asked for recovery, and relied on the internal official Zhang Huaide as the internal helper, while Wang Qinruoya was good at it, because of his left and right, so he had a fate". Ding was worried and went out to seek officials, which was lacking in terms of filial piety rules. Seeking eunuchs for internal assistance is a communication skill, although it is a common thing in the imperial era, it is not enough to be disciplined.
2. In April of the third year of the Qing calendar (1043), Emperor Renzong planned to summon Xia Zhen as a secret envoy, "Tai Zhi handed over the chapter on Theory, and in Shaanxi was afraid of cowardice and refused to do his best... Taste out the side, put the servants under the military tent, and almost to the military coup". Xia Chun's gains and losses in presiding over Shaanxi's military and political affairs have been analyzed earlier and will not be repeated. The criticism here is that "tasting the side, placing the servants under the military tent, and almost to the military coup" is a luxurious life, which is so on the military front, which is harmful to serious military discipline and is not advisable.
3. In June of the fourth year of the Qing calendar (1044), Fan Zhongyan, the governor of Shaanxi and Hedong Road, was appointed as an envoy to Shaanxi and Hedong Road, which led to a story: "First, Shi Jie played a record of Yu Bi, and was responsible for doing the things of Yi and Zhou, and Xia Zhu complained about it, and because he was a servant, he wanted to make the female slave Yin Learn to write the book, and after a long time, he changed Yi, Zhou Yueyi, and Huo, and pretended to be a bi to write and abolish the licao, and the flying language was rumored." Although the emperor did not believe it, zhongyun and Bishi were afraid and did not dare to settle for themselves in the dynasty, so they all asked to press the northwest side." Li Tao recorded this matter in the "Long Compilation" and explained the reason for Fan Zhongyan's departure from the imperial court, and the reader learned of the fierceness of Xia Chen's hurtful means this time. Replacing Zhou Gongdan, who assisted the young lord, with Huo Guang, who deposed the emperor, was indeed a shocking effect. In the popular "partisan" incident in those years, gentlemen and villains mixed up and instructed female slaves to commit crimes by imitating human handwriting, which was undoubtedly a "treacherous and evil" act. However, what is suspicious is the purpose of Xia Chen's move? Why didn't he see records of his fights with Shi Jie, Fan Zhongyan, Fu Bi and others? Why did he cooperate with Han Qi and Fan Zhongyan on the Shaanxi front, and there was no record of mutual attacks? From this point of view, whether Xia Zhenfei's slander of Fu Bi and others is true or not, there is still room for further deliberation.
4. The most violent impeachment of Xia Zhen's adultery and evil is Yushi He Tan. In May of the eighth year of the Qing calendar (1048), He Tan played the words: "Fushimi Shumi and HeizhangShi Xia, their sexual evil, their desires are extravagant, their learning is not knowledgeable, their deeds are false and firm, they have the quality of kindness and gentleness of people, and they have no desire for ministers to be straight." Regardless of his discipline, when he encounters infidelity and wanton deception, it is said that he can be concealed, that he can be flattered by himself, that he can be corrected, that he who violates discipline is not ashamed, and that he who pretends to be a religion is abandoned without doubt. Accumulate goods and breed goods, in order to be greedy, and not to be ashamed of their deeds. Than Zhou Quan is fortunate, in order to make progress, not to be loyal to the right side. ...... The guards of the near guard are in chaos, and they burst into the palace, and the change is so great that it can be chilled. Whoever is in office and fails to be on guard, and blames him for being a slow official, it is advisable to kill him. And Zhen only managed yang Huaiminsu, the minister of the Imperial City Division, and the traffic, and Qu hid it, hoping to settle down. The Lord is worried about the top and does not sympathize with it, and the people are at the bottom and do not know what is wrong, but they want to be selfish and benevolent, and they have not tried to discuss their sins, so the responsibilities for the lawsuit are uneven, the evil of the thief party is not exhausted, it is for its own interests, it is deeply worried, and if it is to go to the king's harm, it is shallow, and it is a responsibility to live in the heart of the humerus. ......” 。 A series of large black hats were buttoned up, and Xia Zhen was useless. However, he was in a high position, and it was not so much to impeach Xia Chun as to accuse Emperor Renzong of fainting. One example given is that with the eunuch Yang Huaimin," "Plain and Traffic," he did not exhaustively rule "the guards were in chaos." Saying that "I want to accept it" and "want to be selfish as a favor" is only He Tan's conjecture and has no factual basis.
The rebellion of the guards broke out on the night of the twenty-second day of the leap month in the eighth year of the Qing calendar, "On the eve of the night, chongzheng hall personally plotted against the four people of Guan Yanxiu, Guo Kui, Wang Sheng, and Sun Li... The three of them were cursed by the guards, and Wang Sheng went to hide in the north tower of Miyagi Castle, and after the day was obtained, and the catchers were divided, and the pawn did not know his original plan." At that time, "the Privy Counsellor made Xia Zhen speak to the top, and asked yushi and the eunuchs to forbid zhongzhong to do anything, and the words could not be provoked, which made the opposite side uneasy." "Counselor ding du" fixed the foreign Taiwan poor governance party and, since the Dan contention to eat, the superior from the discussion. On the twenty-fourth day, the five officials who had been involved in the Imperial City Division were punished separately. He Tan repeatedly said that "Huai Min was just in the inner house, blamed him for absenteeism, and offended the first class", "The Upper Order Zhongshu summoned Tan and so on, and exhorted the reason for the false Huai Min alone". He Tan insisted on his own opinion, "His Majesty Fu Wang's law of the ancestors, in order to put the public consultation, the punishment of the right and left, to show selflessness, at the expense of a heart, to comfort the hopes of the Chinese and foreign courtiers" Handling this major case was originally in accordance with the emperor's will, He Tan failed to persuade Emperor Renzong, but after four months, he blamed Xia Chen.
He Tan is a royal historian, sticking to his duties, slandering things, and there is nothing wrong with that. However, to regard this matter as the treachery of Xia Chen, it is necessary to consider its true composition. Xia Chun suggested that "it is forbidden to do anything in the middle, and it is impossible to speak in a way that makes the opposite uneasy", what is wrong? "The guards are in chaos" have been turned into small by major events, and they are used as an example of Xia Zhen's adultery and evil, which is difficult to convince people.
Sixth, looking at Xia Chen, it can be described as a virtuous person
Looking at Xia Chen's life, placed in the Northern Song Dynasty political ecological environment investigation, among the bureaucratic eunuchs, his mainstream festival is good, and he is a virtuous person. The Court of the Northern Song Dynasty commented on the ministers of Zaizhi, and there was no Xia Zhen among the "treacherous evils". In March of the seventh year of Tiansheng (1029), Emperor Renzong "said that Wang Qinruojiu was in the government, and he was aware of what he had done, and he was really adulterous and evil. Wang Zengyue: Qin Ruo, together with Ding Shu, Lin Te, Chen Pengnian and Liu Chengjue, was called the 'Five Ghosts', and their traces of treachery and evil are like the Holy Word." Xia Chun was not juxtaposed with Wang Qinruo, Ding Shu, etc., which was a bad deed. The "Biography of Song Shi Xia" says that he was sexually greedy, and that among the merchants, there were many animals and tricks, but there was no real thing about embezzling the national treasury, framing colleagues, and stripping the people.
Evaluate the characters and look at their mainstream. In February of the first year of the emperor's reign (1049), Emperor Renzong asked his closest ministers for the ability, talent, and handsome leader of the elite, and the envoy of Quan Sansi replied: "The minister of the present Yiyi, the one who holds the depth of loyalty and righteousness, the one who is firm in the society is not like Fan Zhongyun, the one who knows the story of ancient and modern times is not like Xia Chen, and the one who is sensitive to discussion is like Zheng Jian,...... As for leading the bias... Wei Yu Suining, then Zhen and Jian are especially good at it" Tested by Xia Zhen's practice in politics, Ye's evaluation was not false. "Familiar with ancient and modern stories" can already be glimpsed in this article. "Wei Yu Suining" is more abstract, and the related statements are: "Zhen started with literature... The army is especially strict and dares to kill; that is, to die of disease, to follow even caresses. Taste the dragon riding the pawn side, the group plagiarism, the state and county can not stop, or the resignation to the end. When he was in Guanzhong, he summoned him, and he was killed, and the army was shaken. Its Willo is much like this. ”
Gossip, let alone credulous. Xia Chun fell ill in his later years, "seeking to return the Beijing Division with illness, or saying to the above: 'Seeking to return the Beijing Division, Tu Da Yi'er, called the disease deceitful also.' 'If the servant of the servant is to look at it, he will see that the color of the crept is withered, and he says: 'If the crept is so, it will be deceitful.' From this move, any words that come from their own speculation should not be gullible.
Emperor Renzong said to Xia Chun, "There are many slanderers and injuries at the time, and The Emperor Knows Qing also", and there is a friendship in the Eastern Palace. However, throughout history, from the Northern Song Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty, and then to the Qing Dynasty, people have affirmed Xia Chun, emphasizing his political achievements and commending his contributions to cultural scholarship. Song Minqiu, the historian of the Divine Sect, praised Xia Zhen, "From the article to the sage, the position is zaizhi, the wind is strong, and the glory is resting." ...... With the wisdom of the scriptures and the martial arts, Mu Yu Tianxuan, are all great people in the world, the cousin of Yu Hougong... Later scholars praise it, Fan Mozhi, Jingshan Xuehai, can get zhiyi! ”。 In the tenth year of shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (1140), Ezhou Tongju Jiang Miao praised Xia Zhen as "a praise for words and discussions, popular among the population, and still endless." Although Lin, Yu, Chang, and Yang Fusheng were born, it was not easy to get out of their right. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, the compilation of the "Four Libraries of the Whole Book" mentioned Xia's "Wenzhuang Collection": "The words of The People of Zhenzhi are not enough, and the words in his articles are still "Yan Xu Lufan", "Guitian Record", "Qingxiang Miscellaneous Records", "Records of Dongxuan", "Zhongshan Poetry", "Yuhai", and "Chronicles of Sleepy Studies"; the deeds contained in the collection are "enough to fix the history of the Song Dynasty" and "make up for the lack of Song history"; "The poems in Hongzhou can cut off witches and destroy the temple of adultery." During the reign of Emperor Renzong, he added six disciplines, including Xianliang, and the hundred officials were transferred to the right, and the inspectors were also sent by Zhen; the matter of good water and rivers, the deliberators blamed Han Qi, and in renfu's belt, they obtained Qi Qi, played it, and made it clear that it was not a crime. Although Ze Zhen was clever, compared with Ding Zhi and Wang Qinruo, there was still a slight ,...... The books of the Hundred Houses and the Second Family can be thoroughly understood, so its literature cites Obo. ”
After thousands of years of testing, it has been proved that Xia Chen is a sage in the history of Chinese civilization. He has profound and extensive knowledge, a firm ambition to share worries for the country and seek benefits for the people, and a pragmatic and realistic political achievement; he has long held a high position of authority, but he has no crime of bending the law for personal gain. Xia Chen's spiritual legacy has the effect of enlightenment; the flaws in people's handling of things have the significance of warning and warning.
Review history and get to know your ancestors. During the great economic and cultural development of Jiangxi in the Song Dynasty, the mainstream image of the characters who flourished was "high in literature and festivals" and "people who stole articles from the state and the dynasty, and were particularly prosperous in Jiangxi", such as Ouyang Xiu, Wang Anshi, Liu Shu, Liu Chang, Zeng Gong, Zeng Bu, Li Qi, Liu Shu, Huang Tingjian, etc. "This eight or nine dukes are so bright and handsome, and they are sometimes written in the latter, not in their texts, but in their festivals." If Gavin is not high, it will not be passed on, and if the text is high and the festival cannot be high, it will be passed on for a long time. It is therefore the gentleman whose festival is noble. This is the opinion expounded by Li Daochuan of the Shu people and recognized by the government and the public. The characteristics of Jiangxi's ancestors' "high literature and festivals" are extremely precious spiritual heritage, which deserves to be carefully summarized, inherited and carried forward.
2021, 4, 25 in Niu Zhai
Notes (separately typeset):
The inscription can be found in Wang Jue's Huayang Collection, volume 47, "Xia Wenzhuang Gongchen Shinto Inscription". All subsequent quotations without provenance can be found in the Shinto Tablets.
The inscription has no time to write, but it has the titles of "Renzong" and "Xiandi", which can be identified as a matter of Yingzong or Shenzong. In December of the third year of Xi Ning, Wang Jue was promoted from Hanlin scholar to governor, and in the inscription he called himself "Shi Chen". Three days after Emperor Yingzong succeeded to the throne, he fell ill and died about three years later, so it was presumed that Emperor Shenzong had ordered Wang Jue to write in the early years.
The History of the Song Dynasty, vol. 283, "The Biography of Xia Zhen".
More than 460,000 mouths are alive, which seems to be too much. Looking into the History of song, volume 83 geography I, Xiangyang Province "Chongning household 87,377, mouth 192,655", far less than 460,000. However, during the famine period, the population was severely displaced and could not be measured by the registered household. In August of the third year of the reign of Emperor Yu (1051), Han Qi was in Dingzhou, "Sorry for the years, for the sake of relief, millions of hungry people." "Such a large group of people must not be confined to the population of a state.
Zeng Minxing's "Alone Awakening Magazine" Volume II.
This is recorded in the "Shinto Tablets", and Xia Chen's "Hongzhou Please Break the Demon Witch Song" has more facts about witches harming the people.
Volume 111 of the Continuation of the Zhizhi Tongjian Long Edition, November of the first year of the Heavenly Saints.
Xia Chun's "Wenzhuang Collection" Volume 15 "Hongzhou Please Break the Demon Witch Song".
Appendix to the Zeng Gong Collection, Zeng Zhao's (Zeng Gong) Xingzhi, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1984 edition.
Zeng Gong Ji, vol. 19, "Disaster Relief Of Zhao Gong in Yuezhou", Zhonghua Bookstore, 1984 edition.
Volume 14 of the Continuation of the Zhizhi TongjianChang, Tiansheng 4th Month Jiazi.
Volume 15 of the Continuation of the Zhizhi TongjianChang, the fifth year of the Tiansheng Dynasty records that this incident is slightly different from this: "Hanlin Bachelor, Concurrently Attendant Bachelor, Longtuge Zhi Bachelor Xia Zhen are the Right Counselor doctor and the deputy envoy of the Privy Council. In the beginning, the reward and punishment of the warriors could not be done, and the officials who were high and low were adulterers, and the rules were compared to the pre-set, and everything was done according to the comparison. ”
The six disciplines are: the Virtuous and Virtuous, The Discipline of Being Able to Speak Bluntly; the Department of Botong Tomb And the Department of Enlightenment; the Department of Talent and Knowledge, and the Department of Physical Use; the Section of Detailed Officials and The Department of Politics; The Section of Knowing The Cave And The Strategy, Strategizing and Winning the Battle; and The Section of Military Strategy, and the Department of Military Strategy, and the Discipline of Talent.
Volume 17 of the Continuation of the Zizhi TongjianChang, The Seventh Year of Heavenly Saint Leap February Deconstruction.
"Thorn Temple", another name for Dali Temple, is in charge of judicial prisons; "Qinggong", another name for the Crown Prince's Official Office.
Volume 123 of the Continuation of the Zizhi TongjianChang, Baoyuan 2nd Year June 2nd Century. Xia Chen's Wenzhuang Collection, volume 14, "Ten Strategies for Chen Bianshi", has some textual differences from this.
Volume 126 of the Continuation of the Zizhi TongjianChang, Kangding First Year March Gengshen.
Volume 127 of the Continuation of the Zizhi TongjianChang, Kangding First Year June.
"Rong Zhai Essays , Four Strokes" Volume XII "Xia Ying Gong Benefits".
Volume 15 of the Continuation of the Zizhi TongjianChang, The Fifth Year of The Heavenly Saint (1027) October.
Ming Zhu wrote "Pu Ji Fang" volume 49, "Copper Man Moxibustion Sutra Sequence".
History of the Song, vol. 298, Biography of Yan Su.
Wenzhuang Collection, vol. 25, Yingzhou Lotus Leaking Inscription. Li Lan, referring to the Northern Wei Daoist, invented the "scale leak", which uses the scale to weigh the weight of the water flowing into the kettle to time it, which is a special type of leakage engraving instrument.
Siku Quanshu "Ancient Texts and Four Rhymes" is prefaced. Era, in ancient times, called the twelve years as a period.
Volume 13 of the Continuation of the Zizhi TongjianChang, The Third Year of Heavenly Saints (1025) in July.
Oh yes.
Volume 140 of the Continuation of the Zizhi TongjianChang, Celebrating the Third Year of the Fourth Month of the Calendar.
Volume 150 of the Continuation of the Zizhi TongjianChang, Celebrating the Fourth Year of the Sixth Month of the Calendar.
Volume 164 of the Continuation of the Zizhi TongjianChang, celebrating the eighth year of the Eighth Year of the Qing Calendar.
The plot recorded in the second volume of Ouyang Xiu's Guitian Record is slightly different from the plot recorded in the "Long Compilation": "The night of the eighteenth day of the first month of the eighth year of the Qing calendar,...... Su Zhi knew about the change, led the guards into the search, and had returned to escape. Three days later, he was captured in the northwest corner tower of the inner city and killed. When the minister Yang Huaimin was instructed to 'do not kill the thief', and the pawn killed him, he could not investigate the matter. ”
Volume 162 of the Continuation of the Zizhi TongjianChang, celebrating the eighth year of the qing calendar, the leap month of Xin You, Jiazi.
Volume 17 of the Continuing Zizhi Tongjian Long Edition, Tiansheng 7th Year March Peng Yin.
Volume 166 of the Continuation of the Zizhi TongjianChang, Emperor Xin Wei in February of the first year of the Emperor's reign.
Volume 171 of the Continuation of the Zhizhi TongjianChang, September of the third year of the Emperor's reign, see the day of the first day of the rule of the army, and the day of the illness.
Song Minqiu preface to the Wenzhuang Collection.
Preface to Jiang Miao's Wenzhuang Collection. The words "Lin, Yu, Chang, Yang" refer to Chen Lin, Ruan Yu, Chang Gun and Yang Yan of the Tang Dynasty at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Yang Wanli's "Chengzhai Collection" volume 133, Li Daochuan "Discussion".
Xu Huailin, born in 1937, is a professor at Jiangxi Normal University and a librarian of the Jiangxi Provincial Research Museum of Literature and History, mainly engaged in the teaching and research of Song history, Jiangxi local history, and Hakka studies. He presided over the completion of the National Social Science Foundation project, as well as the provincial ancient book collation, social science research project 4 projects, and published monographs such as "Jiangxi Historical Manuscript", "Jiangxi Provincial Chronicle and Regional History", "Jiangxi General History, Northern Song Dynasty Volume, Southern Song Dynasty Volume", "Hakka Social History Research" and so on. He is the chief editor and co-author of "History of Jiangxi (Local Textbook for Secondary Schools)", "Historical Investigation of the Ecological Environment in the Poyang Lake Basin", "Department of Chinese Regional Culture , Jiangxi Culture", "Overview of Chinese Regional Culture , Jiangxi Volume", "Jiajing • Jiangxi Province Chronicle", etc. He has published more than 100 research papers, such as "On the Great Development of Jiangxi's Economy and Culture in the Song Dynasty" and "A Brief Discussion on the Transit System in the Northern Song Dynasty".