Since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the Xiongnu have been the heart disease of successive emperors. They invaded the border, plundered grain, encroached on land many times, and each time they appeared, it caused a great headache for the emperor of the dynasty, so which ethnic group is this tough nomadic people now? Don't be startled by saying it,
After the Western Jin Dynasty, the Xiongnu went to the European continent to establish their political power, which is now Hungary.
A nomadic people who gave the emperor a headache
The original name of the Xiongnu was not xiongnu, "slave" was added, which is the meaning of the central plains to the demeaning of the border ethnic minorities. Their living environment is harsh, not suitable for food growth, most of them rely on herding horses and sheep for a living, physical fitness, good at riding and shooting.
In the third century BC, after Qin Shi Huang unified the Six Kingdoms, the Xiongnu from time to time looted and harassed the border, lying on the side of the bed, and allowing others to sleep soundly?
Qin Shi Huang ordered the construction of the original Great Wall of the Six Kingdoms to resist the attack, and sent Meng Tian to lead 300,000 troops to attack the Xiongnu and recover the lost land of Hetao.
During the more than ten years that Mengtian was stationed on the border, the Xiongnu ostensibly guarded themselves, secretly training horses and training troops, ready to make a comeback at any time.
In the early days of the Western Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu became a problem for those in power. In 200 BC, King Xin of Han plotted a rebellion and colluded with the Xiongnu to attempt to attack Taiyuan, and Liu Bang personally led 300,000 Han troops to quell the rebellion. Liu Bang pursued all the way to the area of Lou Fu, and the enemy was carelessly trapped in Pingcheng Baishan Mountain for seven days and seven nights, and finally bribed the Xiongnu leader Mao Dun Shan Yu's Fu clan, so that he could persuade Shan Yu to escape from danger.
The Western Han Dynasty, which was waiting for revival, could not resist the xiongnu, who were strong and strong, and Mao Dundan even wrote a letter to flirt with the empress dowager Lü Yan, claiming that he wanted Lü Lu to serve him. The emperor could only swallow his anger and send one princess after another and gold and silver jewelry in exchange for a moment of peace, and the dignity of the great power was gone.
During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, wei Qing and Huo Went ill, the "double wall of the empire", went to fight against the Xiongnu and successfully recovered the Hexi region, and the Han Dynasty finally gained the upper hand.
In 48 AD, in the early days of the Eastern Han Dynasty's Guangwu Emperor, serious natural disasters occurred in the Xiongnu and carried out a second great split. Some of the tribesmen followed King Rizhao to the Central Plains and migrated to the Hetao region, known as the Southern Xiongnu, and fought against the Northern Xiongnu clan whose leader was Pu NuDan Yu. The following year, Emperor Guangwu of Han and the Southern Xiongnu attacked the Northern Xiongnu on both sides of Jinwei Mountain, successfully defeating the Northern Xiongnu, completely removing their threat to the Han, and the remaining Northern Xiongnu fled westward.
The last time xiongnu appeared in Chinese history was in the Western Jin Dynasty. In the last year of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Rebellion of the Eight Kings broke out, the national strength was weakened, the Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples such as Xianbei and Qiang took the opportunity to invade the Central Plains, and the Xiongnu nobleman Liu Yuan declared himself emperor in Lishi and established "Former Zhao", and the founding of the Wuhu State began.
A few years later,
The "Former Zhao" general Hu Yanyan led his troops to attack Luoyang, burned and plundered in the city, and did no evil, Emperor Huai of Jin was captured, and more than 30,000 people, including princes, clansmen, officials, and people, were killed, known in history as the "Disaster of Yongjia".
The war continued to burn for 300 years. Until the Sui Emperor Yang Jian overthrew the Chen Dynasty and unified the Central Plains, the Xiongnu once again defeated the West,
Since then, there has never been a trace of the Xiongnu in Chinese history.
"The Whip of God"
Where did the Huns go? Turning to european history, we can find some clues about the Huns.
Just a few decades after the Defeat of the Xiongnu to the West, in the 3rd and 4th centuries AD, a cavalry army known as the Huns suddenly appeared in the northern part of the European continent, and they were brave and invincible.
The Huns who fled westward were recuperating at the junction of Eurasia and living with the local nomads for decades. Lu Jia unified the remnants of the Xiongnu and made a stop all the way to southwestern Siberia. There is a small country called the Aran Kingdom, also known as "Alan Qing", which, like all the countries founded by the nomadic people, is strong in soldiers and strong in people's style.
In 374, the Huns conquered the Alan state and occupied the territory and property of the Alan state, the king of Alan was killed, some of the Alan people followed attila's western conquest, the Xiongnu military strength was greatly increased, and the rest of the Alan people fled to the Ostrogoth territory.
In the same year, the Huns invaded the Ostrogothic kingdom with a large number of Alan soldiers, and the Ostrogoths fled to the Visigothic region. The Visigoths intended to guard the river, but the Huns designed a detour across the river, the Visigoths were defeated, and hundreds of thousands of Goths crossed the Danube into the territory of the Roman Empire, as if there were evil spirits chasing after them, and the defense line of the Roman Empire was completely breached.
The Huns were like a sharp sword, invading the European continent like a bamboo, and the name "Huns" became a nightmare for European countries.
In 436, Ruja's nephew Attila succeeded to the throne and officially began his career as a horseman.
Attila alias Liu Attila Orkan, known as the "Whip of God",
Catholic Europeans saw him as a messenger sent by God to punish the world for sin.
Soon after ascending the throne, Attila crossed the Danube River and invaded the Byzantine Empire, destroying the provincial capitals of Femiracon, the Illyrian region, and the Thracian region. After establishing the Hun Empire, he then captured Ravenna, the capital of the Western Roman Empire, and in 443 invaded Eastern Rome with the crime of "desecrating the Huns' mausoleum", besieging Constantinople and forcing Eastern Rome to increase the amount of reparations.
At the same time, the small states and tribes north of the Danube Became a vassal of the Hun Empire, paying tribute to Attilana every year, and the Territory of the Hun Empire was expanded to a maximum.
However, attila died suddenly in early 453, and the three heirs he appointed fought for power and brothers, and the empire was divided. King Adarik, the leader of the anti-Hun alliance, took the opportunity to attack the Hun Empire, killing one of its heirs, and the remaining Huns retreated to the mouth of the Don River, where they were divided into The Kutliger Huns and Utregel Huns, the two Huns continued to infest, while the foreign Vandal tribes also launched an attack on the Huns.
The Huns could only retreat again and again, retreating to the area of present-day Hungary, and Attila's son Irnak united with the remnants of the Huns to form a state, which is today's Hungary.
Huns and Hungary
In addition to past history, many scholars from the Middle Ages to modern times have confirmed that the Hungarians were the Xiongnu recorded in Chinese history.
During the Middle Ages, the hungarian historical writings of the foreign scholar Johann de Dozlo pointed out that hungarians were descendants of the Huns.
The Chinese scholar Zhang Taiyan explored the origin of the Hungarians at the end of the Qing Dynasty, and he wrote in the book "The Xiongnu First Moved to Europe" that the Xiongnu were partly for "Wusun" and the rest for "Great Qin".
"The so-called Hungarians of the Great Qin."
In the 1930s, He Zhenya carefully studied the similarities between the Huns and the Hungarians. In appearance, the Huns recorded as white-skinned, high-nosed, and bearded coincided with the typical Cynosic appearance of hungarians; linguistically, many of the daily titles were almost the same as those between the two, such as calling the father Abba and Apa, calling the son Song to Gok, and calling the daughter Wuxi and No, not to mention the similar customs of the Huns and Hungary.
Recently, archaeologists have found conclusive evidence of blood relations between the Huns and the Huns in Hungary.
The Xiongnu, a fierce nomadic people, have written a strong mark in the history of the world and are still influencing the whole world.