The struggle between the partisans and the tang dynasty will think of the Niu-Li party dispute of the Tang Dynasty and the swelling partisan dispute of the Ming Dynasty. In the Kangxi era, some people felt that Kangxi would not tolerate the existence of partisan disputes! In fact, partisan rivalries arose in the middle of the Kangxi administration. The "partisan" struggle in the imperial court during the Kangxi era was also closely related to Li Guangdi's political fate.
The first is the Soetu Party.
Suo Etu was the third son of Sonny, the head of the four auxiliary governments of the early Kangxi Dynasty, and the niece of Soetu was the biological mother of Kangxi's first empress and crown prince Yunrong. Of his three brothers, two were enfeoffed as first-class dukes and one was awarded the title of first-class uncle. Soetu himself was a close confidant of the Kangxi Emperor from an early age. In the process of planning the capture of Naao bai, he made great achievements, and soon promoted from a first-class bodyguard to a university scholar, praised the machine service, and became the largest powerful faction among the ministers of the dynasty. Gathered around Soetu, in addition to his brothers, there were Shang Shu Jieshan, Shilang Maltu, Chan Ta Hai, Yichang A, Eku Li, Wen Dai, Shao Gan, and so on.
In view of The great power of Soe-e-tu, the Kangxi Emperor on the one hand promoted Mingzhu to contain Soe-e-tu, and took advantage of the earthquake in July of 1679 to force Soe-e-tu to resign as a university scholar, and then in March of the twenty-third year (1684), he took away the titles of Minister of the Interior, Minister of Parliament, and Prince Taifu of Soetu. However, after all, Suo Etu had deep roots, and he was "diligent and sensitive", so the Kangxi Emperor granted him the post of Minister of Guards in the twenty-fifth year (1686).
Suo Etu was "the only relative of the imperial court Li Guangdi" because Li Guangdi was the teacher of the eldest son, Yun Rong, and the crown prince Yun Rong was born to Suo Etu's niece, and this special relationship made Suo Etu unable to disrespect Li Guangdi for three points. But Li Guangdi did not attach himself to the soe-frontal figure.
The second is the Pearl Party.
Mingzhu is also a Manchurian Yellow Banner man, born from a low family, but a very talented person. In the twelfth year of the Kangxi Dynasty, he served as the Shangshu of the Bingbu, and trained the army very well, and later transferred to the Hubu Shangshu. In July of the sixteenth year (1671), the Kangxi Emperor promoted Mingzhu from Hubu Shangshu to Wuyingdian University scholar to contain Suo'etu. Mingzhu is not as arrogant as Suo Etu, and he is recorded in the Complete Works of Fang Wangxi and the Anecdotes of Ji Xu Sikong
"Be humble and gentle, light money and good charity, in order to attract new entrants and well-known people in the sea",
This quickly earned him a political reputation. In order to strengthen his strength in the struggle against Soetu, he was compared with the cabinet ministers Le Dehong, Yu Guozhu, and Li Zhifang, and the various ministries included Ke Kun, Flun, Xiong Yixiao, Wang Rizao, Selen Er, Xue Zhudou and other confidants. The great increase in the power of the Pearl also aroused the vigilance of the Kangxi Emperor.
By February of the 27th year of the Kangxi Dynasty, the Kangxi Emperor, through Xu Qianxue, Gao Shiqi, and others who had entered the Zhinan Study, drafted a chapter for the impeachment of Mingzhu, which was revised by the Kangxi Emperor and then played in the names of relevant officials of the foreign dynasty, and soon After, Mingzhu was removed from his post as a university scholar, and the cabinet of Officials Shangshu Korkun, Hubu Shangshu Folun, Gongbu Shangshu Xiong Yixiao, as well as Shilang Selen and Sa Zhudou, were also dismissed from their posts.
Li Guangdi's relationship with Mingzhu is a little more complicated.
Mingzhu also respected Li Guangdi, and the Rongcun Quotations Continued Edition records that he once said:
"Li Mou is a real person, to the most respected." Although he is a bachelor, he is more respectful than a university fellow. ”
Li Guangdi once warned Mingzhu that he must be cautious in his contacts and not be used by villains. Mingzhu also once accepted this advice from Li Guangdi and closed the door to thank guests. Mingzhu also said that when others come to me to ask for a promotion, they want to be the governor and inspector, and only Li Guangdi came to ask me to fulfill his filial piety and let him return to his hometown to serve his elderly mother. When Mingzhu felt that his position was difficult to protect, it happened that Degele, who was recommended by Li Guangdi, said in front of the Kangxi Emperor that he wanted to "get rid of the villains", and Mingzhu was anxious to protect himself, so he was angry with Li Guangdi for a while, and said bad things about Li Guangdi in front of the Kangxi Emperor, but he quickly regretted it and said that he would choose another appropriate time to praise Li Guangdi's merits in front of the emperor as a remedy. After Mingzhu was deposed from the post of university scholar, he served as the minister of the leading guard, and Li Guangdi did not resent him because he had been angry with him, and the two still maintained a normal friendly relationship. The kangxi emperor asked Chen Menglei about Li Guangdi's situation, which Mingzhu told Li Guangdi when he was inspecting the Yongding River from the Kangxi Emperor.
The third is the "Southern Party" represented by Xu Qianxue and Gao Shiqi.
The Southern Party was basically composed of Jiangsu and Zhejiang literati.
Xu Qianxue, Ziyuan Yi, Donghai, Jiangnan Kunshan, Kangxi 9th Year One A Three Jinshi, taught editing. Kangxi entered the Zhinan Study Room in the 24th year, was promoted to a cabinet bachelor, and served as the vice president of the "Great Qing Huidian" and "Unification Zhi". In the twenty-sixth year of the Kangxi Dynasty, he moved the capital to Yushi and was promoted to Shangshu of the Punishment Department.
Gao Tuqi, Zi Tongren, Jin Jiang Qiantang people, to supervise the birth of Shun Tianxiang test. Recommended by the pearl to be enshrined in the inner court, "writing secret edicts and collecting sermons and poems", he was trusted by the Kangxi Emperor as a confidant, and "increasingly powerful and revered". Xu Qianxue and Gao Shiqi formed a party for personal gain and wantonly stolen money, so at that time there was a popular rumor in Beijing that "the treasures of the four directions return to the East China Sea, and the golden pearls of all countries are sent to the people".
After the Kangxi Emperor used Xu Qianxue and Gao Shiqi to depose Mingzhu and others, Xu Gao's power suddenly increased greatly, and inside and outside the imperial court, they even reached it
"Those who are afraid of the situation wait and watch and do not dare to speak, and those who seek profit are willing to speak again."
It was precisely at this time that Yu Chenlong and others were ordered to review the case of the former Inspector huguang who had paid bribes to courtiers, and the inspector of Huguang mentioned in his confession that Xu Qianxue and Gao Shiqi had also accepted bribes. The Kangxi Emperor told Yu Chenlong not to plant a link. However, as soon as this matter was revealed, Xu and Gao felt embarrassed and requested dismissal. The Kangxi Emperor relieved them of their official positions in the foreign dynasty, but still let them "repair books" in the Southern Study.
Before Xu Qianxue became shangshu of the Punishment Department, he had always coveted the position of "master of the academy", because according to the custom of the Qing Dynasty, he could be promoted from a bachelor of the academy to a position of a university scholar, so he kept staring at this position, and seeing that other Han literati were favored by the Kangxi Emperor, he would try to overthrow these people one by one. Seeing that Li Guangdi had risen from editor to bachelor's degree and then to cabinet bachelor's degree, he already felt that Li Guangdi was a threat to his plot, so he instigated Chen Menglei to slander Li Guangdi. For those who have already become masters of the academy, they are more eager to remove them in order to vacate their positions. First, Ye Fangxia was appointed as a scholar of the Academy, and was overthrown by Xu Qianxue; then Zhang Dunfu was made a bachelor of the Academy, and then he was demoted to five levels in a row by Xu Qianxue; Zhang Dunfu stepped down, xu Qianxue arranged arrangements everywhere, thinking that he could become a master of the Academy, but the Kangxi Emperor again hit Li Guangdi, which made Xu Qianxue very angry, and in the twenty-seventh year of Kangxi, he straightened out Li Guangdi so badly that he was able to turn over ten years later. Gao Lizhai, who succeeded Li Guangdi as a scholar in charge of the academy, had to rely on Xu Qianxue in order to protect himself, and every time he entered a manuscript to the Kangxi Emperor, he had to ask Xu Qianxue to read it first.
The fourth is the "Northern Party" that is opposed to the "Southern Party."
The Northern Party is a party attached to the Pearl, represented by Korkun, Folun and others, all of whom are flags, and after Mingzhu stepped down, although Korkun, Folun, etc. were also deposed, the Southern Party was momentarily prosperous, but the Northern Party was also waiting for an opportunity to fight back. In September of the twenty-eighth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1689), Zuo Du Yushi Guo Xiao Shangshu impeached Gao Shiqi, Wang Hongxu, Chen Yuanlong, He Kai, Wang Yanling and others, saying that they were "jackals and wolves, snakes and scorpions in their hearts, and ghosts and worms in their shapes", and demanded that they be "canonically punished". As a result, Gao Tuqi and five others were sent back home.
In October, the left deputy capital, Yushi Xu Sanli, went to the court to impeach Xu Qianxue, listing Xu Qianxue's various crimes of embezzlement, and Xu Qianxue had no choice but to return to his hometown. However, Xu Qianxue's older brother Xu Yuanwen was still holding the position of university scholar in the dynasty. Therefore, in the twenty-ninth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1690), the Northern Party launched a full-scale attack on the Southern Party. First, Mingzhu's nephew and governor of Liangjiang, Fu Lata, came forward to attack, and the Xu brothers and nephews made fifteen accusations of friendship with the localities, accepting bribes, and bullying, and demanded that the imperial court strictly deal with them. Although the Kangxi Emperor issued an edict, Xu Yuanwen was also deposed because of this. Then, at the beginning of the thirtieth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1691), The Inspector of Shandong, Fu Lun, took the opportunity of Ju Kan's predecessor Zhu Dunhou's bribery case in Weixian Zhixian to implicate Xu Qianxue again. At the same time, the Jiangnan side also cooperated closely, and Zheng Duan, the inspector of Jiangning, came forward to impeach Wang Hongxu, who was still alive, and Xu Shumin, the son of Xu Qianxue.
The All-round counterattack of the Northern Party almost brought about the total annihilation of the Southern Party's army, which obviously did not conform to the Kangxi Emperor's policy of enveloping intellectuals and gentry in Jiangnan, and also violated his ruling technique of playing with political balance and power restraint, so the edict strictly prohibited "cutting down different parties" and "implicating revenge," which curbed the arrogance of the Northern Party; at the same time, the Southern Party, which had lost its power, was comforted, and a few years later, except for Xu Qianxue and Xu Wenyuan's brothers who had died of illness, the rest, such as Wang Hongxu, Gao Tuqi, and Xu Gan's younger brother Xu Bingyi, were gradually reinstated as officials. However, after the counterattack of the Northern Party, the Southern Party has been seriously injured and it is difficult to make a comeback.
Li Guangdi had no special relationship with the "North Party," and when the North Party launched a counterattack against the Southern Party, it was precisely when Li Guangdi was most unhappy when he was deposed from the Academy, and he did not take revenge on Xu Qianxue, who tried to put him to death. As for the Northern Party, Li Guangdi did not bend over backwards. He oversaw Shuntian's study of politics and was ordered to take the school flag examination, but refused all requests from Northern Party officials. It shows the arrogance of independent and straight.
Conclusion
In the "partisan" struggle in the Kangxi era, although Li Guangdi did not attach himself to any of the ruling factions, and won the respect of the leaders of the two opposing factions of Suoetu and Mingzhu with his talent and character, Li Guangdi was basically unharmed in the struggle between the two opposing factions of Soetu and Mingzhu (although Mingzhu was angry with him for the degler affair, he immediately regretted it). This shows that although the Manchu dignitaries who have recently entered the customs have been affected by the corrupt factors accumulated by the Han scholars and masters for a long time, they have not yet exhausted their simple style as a border Cypriot nation. However, those who spared no effort to frame Li Guangdi were those who had evolved from cleverness to cunning, extremely scheming, and keen on striving for fame and profit; their narrow geographical concepts had already made them adopt an attitude of rejection toward Li Guangdi from southern Fujian; what is more, Li Guangdi was also a meritorious minister who had quelled the chaos in Fujian and reunified Taiwan, and his knowledge was not under these Jiangnan talents, and his future was immeasurable, which also constituted a serious threat to Xu Qianxue, who was bent on seeking a high position, and it is not surprising that he slandered and framed Li Guangdi.
Of course, the Southern Party's slander and framing of Li Guangdi was achieved through the Kangxi Emperor after all, and although the Kangxi Emperor was very shrewd, after all, there were some mistakes in it, and the Southern Party's behavior in a certain sense also met the needs of the Kangxi Emperor's power to control outstanding talents. It was only after a long-term investigation of Li Guangdi that the Kangxi Emperor elevated him from the trough of his ten-year life and entrusted him with a heavy responsibility.