What is history: it is the echo of the past to the future, the reflection of the future on the past. - Hugo
The capital of Shandong is a thousand years old
On the ground in Shandong, if the Qingzhou people pat their chests and say, "My ancestors were once rich," then other plots of land have to shut up.
Although today's Qingzhou City is only a county-level city under weifang city in Shandong Province, until the early years of the Ming Dynasty, Qingzhou was still the capital of Shandong Province. Since then, more than 1500 years, qingzhou has been the administrative capital and military center of Shandong for most of the time.
During the Dayu period, there were nine states in the world, and Qingzhou was listed as one of them, which is needless to say. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the country was divided into thirteen thorn history departments, including the Qingzhou Thorn History Department, which was stationed in present-day Qingzhou and was responsible for the inspection and supervision of the area around today's southern Hebei and northern Shandong.
Western Han Qingzhou Thorn History Department
By the time of the Western Jin Dynasty, specifically in 311 AD, the Qingzhou Thorn History Department, Qi County, and Linzi County, all three levels of government offices were concentrated in the "Guanggu City" of Qingzhou. At that time, there was no concept of "provincial capital", but Qingzhou was actually a "provincial capital" city in Shandong.
Later, the Southern Yan in the "Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms" took Qingzhou Guanggucheng as its capital. In the two thousand years of the Chinese Empire, there was a city that could become the capital of the country, and Among the cities in Shandong Province, Qingzhou was unique.
The Southern Yan of the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms had Qingzhou GuangguCheng as its capital
During the Sui and Tang dynasties, whether it was the Governor of Qingzhou, the Governor's Office of Qingzhou, or the residence of the Pinglu Ziqing Festival, in short, Qingzhou still held a stable position as a regional central city, and was essentially the status of "provincial capital".
During the Song and Jin dynasties, a new local administrative division was created, known as "road", which is actually the prototype of today's "province", whether it is the Jingdong East Road of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Shandong East Road of the Jin Dynasty, or the Shandong Dongxi Province Xuanwei Division of the Yuan Dynasty, its administrative office, without exception, is still located in Qingzhou.
Jingdong East Road Zoning in the Northern Song Dynasty
In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, it inherited the Yuan Dynasty's "Xingzhongshu Province" system, and the station of Shandong Province was Qingzhou.
In short, Qingzhou, as a "provincial city", has lasted for at least a thousand years.
With more than a thousand years of accumulation, so far in Qingzhou there are six ancient city ruins such as Guangxian City, Guanggu City, Nanyang City, Dongyang City, Dongguan Weizi City, Qicheng; Qingzhou Museum has 142 national first-class cultural relics, which is the only national first-class museum in all county-level comprehensive museums in the country; Qingzhou has produced more than 800 jinshi and 12 champions, this data is of course incomparable with Jiangnan Gongyuan, but in the entire northern region, absolutely ranked among the best, in Shandong, the hometown of Kong Meng, this achievement is also the level of "xueba", Especially worthy of boasting.
The question is, even so, how did the capital of Shandong Province move to Jinan?
Shandong's "Ukraine"
Because of the rule of the Mongol Golden Horde, many place names and words in Eastern Europe came from the Mongolian language, such as "Ukraine", which actually means "border plug" in Mongolian.
In 1986, Jinan pressed the canal ancient city of Liaocheng, the former capital of the Qi state Linzi and Qingdao, which is "red bricks and green tiles, blue sea and blue sky", as a representative of Shandong city, was selected as the second batch of national historical and cultural cities, but in Chinese history, Jinan has long been the "borderland" of Qilu region, it can be said that it is the "Ukraine" of Shandong.
What do you mean by that?
The oracle bone word for "泺"
There is a view that in the oracle bones of the late Shang Dynasty Emperor's conquest of Dongyi, the word "Luo" in bu ci refers to the Baotu Spring in Jinan, which is the earliest written record of Jinan.
This view is doubtful for the time being. But there is no doubt that Jiang Taigong, the founding hero of the Western Zhou Dynasty, was enfeoffed in the State of Qi, and the Jinan area was known as "Luoyi" and "Lixia", which has always been an important border defense town in the western part of the State of Qi.
Shi Zai, from the Spring and Autumn Period -
The princes are in contention, and most of them are under the calendar.
If there are many troubles, the situation will be in danger.
The Battle of Qi jin'an took place in the northern suburbs of Jinan, around huabu zhushan
Famous examples of battles recorded in history include:
Qin Bing was subordinate, and Wang Jian was a prisoner.
Tian Guang was on the defensive, and Han Xin was able to collect it.
In later generations, in the mouth of Liu Xiu, the Guangwu Emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Jinan area was a place of "four links between land and water" and "three Qi". If you take an analogy, Jinan to Qidi is probably equivalent to Hangu Guan to qin, and the absolute throat is not false, but is such a city suitable for being a "provincial capital"?
Therefore, from Liu Xiu onwards, the Wei and Jin dynasties, and until the Sui and Tang dynasties, the name and administrative level of Jinan city have been repeated, but it has never become a regional central city.
Until the Song Dynasty, things finally changed qualitatively...
Later, it came to the top by policy: the big dividend of big infrastructure
Between the Tang and Song dynasties, there was a chaotic era of five dynasties and ten kingdoms. Because of the convenience of the Grand Canal, four of the five generations used Bieliang (Kaifeng, Henan) as the capital. During the reign of Zhou Shizong Chai Rong, also because of the needs of caoyun, the river channel was dredged, and from Beijing to the northeast to the liangshan po, and then connected to the Beiqing River (later known as the Daqing River) into the sea, from then on Kaifeng through Shandong to the Bohai Sea, the whole line was opened. The river that leads to this direction in Bieliang City is the so-called "Wuzhang River" in the Tokyo Dream Hualu, that is, the Guangji River.
"If you want to be rich, build roads first", Caoyun is the high-speed rail and highway of that era, and Jinan at the port of the Daqing River has become an important transportation hub connecting Tokyo to the Shandong region and even sailing to the sea, and the economy has prospered rapidly.
More advantageously, from the Song Dynasty onwards, northern China had a large-scale coal-making and iron-making industry. There are many coal mines in Tai'an, Zichuan, Laiwu and other places near Jinan, while Linzi, Laiwu and other places are also rich in iron ore, and these places are conveniently connected to Jinan by official roads. For a time, Jinan had both the geographical convenience of land and water transportation, and the rich resources of coal, iron and minerals, large-scale steel smelting, and fire was a mess. Since then, Jinan and Jinan have also maintained a long tradition of heavy industry.
Ancient iron smelting craftsmanship
By the time of Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty, Qi Prefecture (the old name of Jinan) was upgraded to Jinan Prefecture, with jurisdiction over 5 counties of Licheng, Yucheng, Zhangqiu, Changqing, and Linyi, and the seat of government was in Licheng, an area even larger than the jurisdiction of today's Jinan City. Although according to the Song system, the state capital is at the same level, but the status of the "house" is actually much higher, the Northern Song Dynasty has more than 200 states, but there are only a dozen "prefectures", which is about equivalent to today's sub-provincial cities or planned cities.
The above is the historical origin of the so-called "family living in Jinan Province" in the mouths of the old and young masters of Jinan in the future.
Jinan's real comeback should be during the Jin Yuan period.
The Grand Canal of Beijing-Hangzhou, which was cut straight by the Yuan Dynasty
The Jin Dynasty straightened out the Luohe River in Jinan and dug the Xiaoqing River into the sea in the east, and since then Jinan Luokou has become a bustling water and land wharf and salt industry center, and the benefits of Jinan's water transport have been even more prosperous; the Yuan Dynasty has cut the Sui and Tang Grand Canal and straightened it, of which the Jining-Liaocheng-Linqing-Dezhou section is in Shandong, becoming a new economic artery, and can also form a water network transportation system through the Daqing River, XiaoqingHe and Jinan -- Jinan has eaten the dividends of the government's large infrastructure.
According to the records of the "Yuan Shi And Food Goods Chronicle", the annual income of the salt industry in Jinan Province alone is 12,752 ingots, which is equivalent to about 600,000 taels of silver in taxes. Let's put it this way, the salt tax in just one city is more than double what the Northern Song Dynasty promised to the Liao Dynasty. According to scholars, at least in the middle of the Yuan Dynasty, the population and economic development of Jinan have surpassed That of Qingzhou.
At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the Red Turban Army, the Yuan Army, Xu Da's Northern Expeditionary Army... Forces from all sides competed several times in the provincial capital of Qingzhou. Qingzhou was greatly damaged by the war, while the Yuan army in Jinan was moving the city out and landing, and the city was basically not damaged. In between, a historic transformation is coming...
Tianxia Quancheng and Mingfu City
In 1376 AD, that is, in the ninth year of Daming Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang changed the local province to the Department of Political Envoys, ranking among the 13 departments of political envoys in the country, the Shandong Provincial Department of Political Affairs moved from Qingzhou to Jinan, Jinan Province, Licheng County, Shandong Yanyun Division, Governor's Gate and other military and political organs at all levels also moved in, and the provincial capital of Shandong Province was moved from Qingzhou to Jinan, until today.
In the Ming Dynasty, Jinan Prefecture ruled over 4 prefectures and 26 counties, 4 prefectures: Tai'an Prefecture, Dezhou, Wuding Prefecture, binzhou, this scale is the largest in the history of Jinan's division, much larger than today's Jinan City.
Remnants of the Ming City Wall hidden in the city
As early as the fourth year of Hongwu (1371), the government began a major urban reconstruction of Jinan, replacing all the rammed earth walls of Jinyuan with masonry structures. If you count from then on, Jinan's "Mingfu City" has lasted for more than 640 years, which is even older than the Forbidden City in Beijing. The Ming Dynasty also adopted policies such as tax exemption and immigration, and vigorously restored the local economy. Many of today's Jinan people immigrated from the "Shanxi Hongdong Locust Tree" in that era.
The reconstructed masonry wall, the lower part is made of square strip stone, the upper part is made of green brick, 9 to 10 meters high, and the width under the cross-section is narrow, about 10-12 meters. The biggest feature of Mingfu City is that "the north gate is not open, and the four doors are not right."
In the plains of northern China, in general, cities are straight and straight, the most typical of which is the Tang Dynasty Chang'an City. According to the hierarchical regulations, the capital of the provincial capital should be nine miles in circumference. However, Jinan is known as the "Spring City of the World", a large number of springs and spring pools are irregularly distributed, and the streets and alleys cannot be as straight as the outer port, especially daming lake, where the springs gather in the north of the city, which covers a vast area. Therefore, the length of the city wall of Jinan Province is beyond the regulation of twelve miles, and the roads in the city are also very irregular.
The four-sided city gate is set up due to the water potential:
The North Gate (Huibo Gate) is actually the north side of Daming Lake, a sluice gate used to regulate the amount of water, according to the topography of the lake shore, located in the east of the north city wall, which is not often opened on weekdays;
The West Gate (Luoyuan Gate) is in the southern section of the Western City Wall, only because of this place is the shipping dock of the ancient Luoshui Water after baotu Spring gushes out;
The South Gate (Shuntian Gate) is slightly easterly in the center of the southern city wall in order to avoid the location of the ancient Jianquan Spring.
In order to avoid the Maoling Mountain and Yanyi Mountain facing east, the East Gate (Qichuan Gate) undertakes the official road leading to the East Three Provinces (the general name of Dengzhou, Laizhou, and Qingzhou), and opens to the north of the East Wall.
This is what the ancient Licheng County Chronicle calls:
Centered south, north-east, south-west, east-east.
West to south, east to north.
According to the saying, the four doors are not right.
The Jiefang Pavilion in Jinan was originally the southeast corner of Mingfu City
Such a design is an image of gathering wealth and gas in folk feng shui, but it also brings a side effect: inconvenient transportation. In a provincial capital, there is no road that runs through the east, west or north and south, and ximen avenue is eastward, and there is no road to the root of the east city wall; east gate avenue is to the west, it rushes straight into Daming Lake; the north-south road is not clear to Daming Lake.
In order to improve traffic, the Qing Dynasty finally couldn't help it and began a new round of demolition and construction...
Demolition and construction of polder walls
Demolition of the city wall, this is the simplest solution, at the end of the Qing Dynasty, in order to facilitate transportation, on the wall of the MingFu City, northeast, southeast, northwest, southwest, four directions each opened a new city gate, in line with the direction of bagua, respectively known as Gengji Gate, Xunli Gate, Qianjian Gate, Kunshun Gate.
However, due to financial constraints, the four gates did not build the city tower.
Jinan City was built from the Hongwu years until 1860, in order to defend against the Twister Army, a new round of major expansion began, and a circle of rammed earth walls was added in addition to the Ming City Wall, which was later commonly known as the "Weizi Wall", also known as the Waizi Wall.
The main gates of the Qing Dynasty polder wall
Everyone on the earth knows that the earth wall is not as good as the stone wall insurance, but it is also because of the lack of money, so it had to be modified in stages, and later most of the earth fences were also changed to stone fences. However, the Qing Dynasty was already in the western mountains, and the polder wall of the Qing Outer City was shorter and lighter than the wall of the Ming Dynasty.
In Jinan City, there are still street names such as "Nanweimen Outer Street" and "East Weigen Street", which are derived from this circle of polder walls.
Street signs outside the Nanwei (Yinwei) gate in Jinan
The city gate of the Qing outer wall, still in the place name of Jinan, there are still some traces, like Ji'an Street, which is named after the northwest gate of the outer wall "Ji'an Gate", and Haiyan Gate Street is named after the northeast gate "Haiyan Gate".
In 1904, Jinan became the first city in China to open a commercial port, and in order to connect the newly built commercial port area from the old city, the "Puli Gate" and "Lin XiangMen" were newly opened on the West Polder Wall.
Jinan landmark: Greenland Puli Center
The tallest building in Jinan, known as the "Root of Spring City", the Greenland Puli Center, is named after the "Puli Gate". The People's Shopping Mall, which used to be "Lin Xiang South Street" and the "Lin Xiang Building" not far to the west, are named after "Lin Xiang Men".
After the liberation of Jinan, the ancient city walls were demolished one after another, leaving only a few remnants and some related place names. In addition, in addition to the polder wall built by the Qing Dynasty, there is also a circle of moats, commonly known as polder ditch, polder trench, and now the western and southern sections are preserved more, such as the Shunhe Viaduct and Shunhe Street in Jinan City, where the "river" is the West Polder Ditch. There is also a small number of traditional houses preserved between Quancheng Road and Daming Lake, which is the famous "Mingfu City" historical and cultural block.