Datong Ming Dynasty Gangu General Bing and his wife are buried together
World of Cultural Relics, No. 4, 2002, Li Baijun
On May 21, 1999, villagers in Xiaonantou, a southern suburb of Datong City, Shanxi Province, discovered ancient tombs while digging sand. After receiving the report from the masses, the Datong Archaeological Research Institute immediately went to the scene to investigate and protect, and carried out rescue excavations with the cooperation of the Cultural Committee of the Southern Suburbs.
The tomb is located in the southeast of Xiaonantou Village, west of the Royal River, south of Aizhuang, north of the city 10 kilometers, the terrain is high in the east and low in the west. According to local people, this place used to be known as the Sun Family Tomb, surrounded by stone piles and Shinto, and on both sides stood stone sheep, stone horses, etc., which were smashed during the Cultural Revolution, and tombstones and other cultural relics were destroyed. According to the epitaph, the identity of the tomb owner is "Ming Zhi Zhi Rong Lu Dafu, Tejin Guanglu Dafu, Pingqiang General, Zhen Shou Guyuan, Gansu General Zuo JunDuDu Du Du Tong Zhi Sun Baichuan" and two wives Yuan Shi and Zhu Shi joint burial tomb: The original sealing soil on the tomb has been leveled, and there is a tomb of about 40 square meters under the sealing soil. The tomb is rectangular in shape, facing east and west, 8.1 meters long from north to south, 5.2 meters wide from east to west, 5.1 meters deep from the surface, and 276 degrees in direction. The tomb is first surrounded by green bricks, and then the triad of glutinous rice, lime and yellow sand is watered from the bottom up, and the pulp layer is 0.2 meters thick. There are three coffins in the pouring layer, separated by brick walls. The epitaph stands above the middle of the brick wall on the west side of the tomb, and during the cleaning, a brick burial chamber was found on the south side of the pouring layer, and some of the tomb bricks extended into the pulp layer. The entire burial chamber is arranged from south to north in Numbers 1 to 4, and we excavated in turn.
Three of the four coffins were stolen, and only The No. 2 Chu coffin was tightly sealed and intact. The length of the rafter is 2.45, the width of the front and back is 1.05 to 0.9, the height of the front and back is 1 to 0.9, the thickness of the rafter is 0.1 meters, the inside is coated with purple paint, and the pine coffin is placed. The coffin is 2.2 long, 0.7 to 0.55 wide at the front and back, 1 to 0.9 in height at the front and back, and 0.1 meters thick in the rafters. The top of the coffin is covered with yellow satin and reads: "The coffin of the grandchild zhu of the grandmaid of Mrs. Zhu's wife" was written: "The coffin of the Governor of the Governor's Mansion of the Left Army of the Special Guanglu Grand Master". The inside and outside of the coffin are coated with raw lacquer, the outside of the coffin is painted with red paint, the entire side of the coffin is decorated with asphalt painted with gold, and the coffin is bound with two belt hoops with a width of 0.08 meters. Chu's limbs are upright, and the bones and burial items are well preserved and wrapped in multiple layers of quilts. She wears a gold crown on her head, gold rings on her ears, a yellow robe, a jade belt around her waist, more than 10 long and short underwear, jackets and other costumes, "three inches of golden lotus" satin shoes on her feet, gold bracelets on both wrists, a string of rosaries on her right arm (which has been broken), and a scroll of books (which have become gray) in her right hand. 1 porcelain jar in front of the coffin.
The burial chamber of the tomb owner Sun Baichuan has the same practice as the Zhu tomb. It is 2.45 meters long, 1 to 0.85 wide at the front and rear, 1 to 0.9 meters in height in the front and rear, and 0.07 meters thick in the rafters. The top of the coffin lid was covered with yellow satin dragged before and after the coffin, and it was mutilated, leaving only "... Special Guanglu Doctor Gangu Commandery ..." 12 words. There is a wooden board under the satin that is 1.22 long, 0.6 wide and 0.02 meters thick, and the front of the board is engraved with 4 large characters of "Qin Zhi Sacrifice Funeral", and the handwriting is just beautiful. The length of the coffin is 2.1, the width of the front and back is 0.75 to 0.7, the height of the front and back is 0.9 to 0.85, the thickness of the coffin plate is 0.1 meters, and the outer arc of the two sides of the coffin is curved. There is a robbery hole on the north side of the epitaph, the tail of the coffin is opened, and there are no bones of Sun Baichuan and burial items in the coffin. The front file of the coffin is painted with a spiritual seat, and the vertical inscription reads: "Ming Xuan Granted Rong Lu Dafu Special Entry Guanglu Dafu Pingqiang General Zhen Shou Gangu Commander Du Du Tong Zhi Bai Chuan Sun Weng Coffin" 33 characters. Place 1 porcelain jar in the middle of the front of the rafter.
Artifacts unearthed in the tomb include gold, jade, porcelain and epitaphs.
1. The golden crown is 7.3 pieces of diameter, 5 cm high, weighs 42 grams, the top is separated by double lines, the crown body is full of cirrus patterns, the lower end of the crown has a convex string pattern for two weeks, the string pattern belt is interspersed with eight treasures and the cloud pattern is spaced, and the crown is surrounded by 4 gold hairpins, and the same shape. The head of the hairpin is a lotus-shaped overlap, the center of the flower is set with gemstones, the handle is round, silver, 8.5 cm long, the tail is conical, and weighs 116 grams.
2. Gold bracelet 1 pair of the same shape, the bracelet body is striped, along the surface of the outward warp, width of 1.5 cm, at each end of the opening there is a section of hexahedron and sphere connected to the bracelet body, weighing 146 grams.
3. 1 golden hairpin is 7 cm long, pure gold, the head section is diamond-shaped, the end is cone-shaped, plain surface, weighs 16 grams.
4. Gold earrings 1 pair of the same shape, the falling surface is a hemisphere, the upper part of the ring is bent into a semicircle in a hook shape, weighing 8 grams.
5. Jade belt Green jade, composed of 13 rectangular pieces and 6 peach-shaped jade pieces, knotted on the belt. The jade pieces are thin and drilled through the holes, and the front is carved into unicorns and banana leaves with bas-reliefs and shaded lines. They are 3 to 8.5 cm long and 1.5 to 2.8 cm wide.
6. Porcelain jar 2 pieces similar in shape, height 23.6 cm. Round lips, open mouth, slanted shoulders, folded abdomen, circled feet. Caliber 10.4, abdominal diameter 22, bottom diameter 6.4 cm.
7. The epitaph is found on the west side of the tomb, embedded above the middle of the brick wall, 2.4 meters from the bottom of the tomb. The zhi cover is matched, and it is tied with two long strips of iron with a thickness of 0.002 and a width of 0.04 meters. Zhi gai is 0.74 long, 0.73 wide and 0.07 meters thick, and the zhishi is the same as the zhi gai. Zhi Gai Seal Book "Ming Zhi Zhi Rong Lu Dafu Special Jin Guanglu Dafu Pingqiang General Zhen Shou Gansu Guyuan Commander-in-Chief Zuo Jundu Inspector Tong Zhibai Chuan Sun Gong and Yi pin Wife Yuan Clan Zhu Clan Joint Burial Epitaph", 8 lines and 54 characters. The zhishi is engraved with 32 lines of calligraphy, full of 42 characters, a total of 1087 words. The epitaph was written by Lu Shusheng, a native of Songjiang Huating (present-day Songjiang County, Shanghai), and the Jinshi was born as a senior political doctor to patrol the Shaanxi local Zanli Military Affairs and Military Department Shangshu and the right deputy capital of the Duchayuan Yushi Wu'an Ren Jia To ask for the book, and the Jinshi was born as the Tonghui Dafu Inspector of Gansu and other places. It is learned from the epitaph that the owner of the tomb, Sun Baichuan, was born on the third day of the first month of December in Jiajing (1538) and died on July 18, 1600, at the age of 63. The original wife of the original family died early, and gave a pin of mrs. He succeeded Lady Zhu and then crowned Lady Yipin. Zhu was born on May 14, 1542, and died on February 15, 1611, at the age of 70. His son Sun Ren initially served as the garrison of Hu Fort, and later served as a guerrilla at Xuanfu Prefecture, and was promoted to the rank of general of Datong (Records of emperor Ming Shenzong, vol. 231, vol. 247), and later served as the chief military officer of Lingong in Shaanxi Province, and made many military achievements. Sun Renchu married Li Shichen, the eldest daughter of Li Shichen, deputy commander-in-chief of Shanxi Limin, and lady Feng Yipin, and then married Lady Yipin of the Zhang clan.
According to the "History of Ming", the Ming Dynasty set up military towns between the Yalu River in the east and Jiayuguan in the west, and sent troops to defend, Guyuan and Gansu were the nine major towns, and the commanders were the governor or chief military officer. "Ming Shi Zhi Guan V": "All the general soldiers and deputy general soldiers, lead the gong, Hou, Bo, and all the governors, and their general soldiers are called generals, Datong is known as the general of Zhengxi, and the general of Gansu is called Pingqiang." In the Ming Dynasty, the Governor's Mansion of the Five Armies was changed to the highest military organ, and the Five Governors' Mansions of the Central Army, the Left Army, the Right Army, the Former Army, and the Rear Army, as well as the Governor Tongzhi, were divided into national health centers. The second part of the "Interpretation of the Official System, The Military System, and the Imperial Examination System" states that the "Imperial Honored Lu Dafu" is the Ming Dynasty military attaché rank from Yipin, and the word "special jin" is added to the Guanglu Dafu as Zhengyipin, which is the highest position in the Wenwu Scattered Rank. And the epitaph contains: "Zhu Shi ..., and born from the nobility and finally dare not be proud of the nobles ...", in the excavated utensils, The Zhu clan is tied with a jade belt, and the jade belt is used by the upper rulers of the late feudal society, and the texture, number, and ornamentation of the jade plate are the signs that distinguish between the high ranks and ranks, and the person who wears the jade belt plate has the highest status. Although Zhu did not have an official position, her ornaments fully reflected the nobility of her family and status, and should be a descendant of the Zhu surname in the Ming Dynasty. Therefore, the discovery of Sun Baichuan's tomb will provide valuable information for the study of the History of Ming and the local history of the Ming Dynasty in Datong.
Author: Li Baijun Gao Song Gu Shunfang
Column Host/ Liang Yujun