Northwest Beacon Smoke - The Northwest Competition at the end of the Han Dynasty

The ancients said, "Arrogant soldiers will be defeated." This sentence is most appropriately applied to Cao Cao, the Eastern Han Dynasty emperor in 208 AD (the thirteenth year of Jian'an). Sweeping Hebei, annihilating Wuhuan, and obtaining Jingzhou without bloodshed, Cao Cao's situation at that time was just as Su Shiwen said, "Fang Qi broke Jingzhou, went down the river to the east, sailed thousands of miles, the flag covered the air, drank wine along the river, crossed the river, and Gu I Zhixiong also", which can be described as full of spirit and vigor. But a fire in Chibi made him lose face, and the grand plan to unify the world also turned into fly ash. After that, Cao Cao trained the water army the following year, stationed in Hefei, and confronted Sun Quan, but to no avail. (1) Since it is difficult to succeed in going south to Jiangdong, this chaotic tyrant will naturally shift his gaze. A large piece of "fat meat" that he had coveted for a long time was about to be served on the table, and this piece of "fat meat" was the place where the QinChuan and the soldiers had to fight for a hundred and two qins and soldiers- the northwest.

(1) In the spring and March of the fourteenth year, the army went to the army, made a light boat, and ruled the water army. Autumn and July, from the vortex into Huaihuai, out of the fertilizer water, military Hefei.

First, the northwest smoke

The decline of the Eastern Han Dynasty, except for the Yellow Turban Rebellion, was the Liangzhou Qiang Rebellion. The scholar Lü Simian pointed out when talking about the Qiang rebellion in Liangzhou: "The yuan qi of the Later Han dynasty was greatly injured by the Qiang chaos. . . . The northeastern part of present-day Qinghai Province was originally the land of the Qiang people during the Han Dynasty. When Wang Mang was regent, the Qiang people sacrificed land and established a Xihai County. Without the strength to open up, the border plugs were withdrawn and abolished, and the Qiang invaded the interior. In the early years of the Later Han Dynasty, there were repeated rebellions, which conquered China and relocated them to the interior. As a result, there were more and more people who scattered in the land of present-day Gansu. During the reign of Emperor An, a large-scale rebellion ensued. At this time, political corruption and local officials had no intention of defending the land, and all the counties were relocated to the interior. When the people are not happy to migrate, they are forcibly expelled, and the number of people who are displaced and die is innumerable. Sending troops to suppress the office, the general commander and corruption, lasted more than 10 years, and the cost reached 24 billion, which was barely over. When Emperor Shun rebelled again, and the military expenditure reached more than 8 billion yuan, Emperor Huan appointed Duan Jiao and inflicted a lot of criticism before he could calm down. However, in the northwest, the withering has been very bad, and the general is gradually arrogant, hiding a big source of chaos. ——"[Lü] General History of China

The Liangzhou Qiang Rebellion, from the time of Emperor An of Han in the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty, had a large-scale rebellion, and even invaded Sanfu (now the Guanzhong region) at one point. From the introduction, it can be seen that the Qiang chaos caused the Eastern Han Court to spend a huge amount of money (2) to be pacified, which can be said to be a major injury to the vitality. By the last Liangzhou rebellion, the rebel leader Beigong Boyu robbed the northwestern people Bian Zhang and Han Sui rebelled against the central government in Liangzhou, and the Eastern Han regime was even more powerless to suppress it. The Eastern Han generals Huang Fusong and Zhang Wen went back and forth to negotiate, but in the end there was no result. A fire in the northwest burned like this, more and more vigorously, more and more vigorously.

Liangzhou gradually formed a large number of warlord forces headed by Han Sui and Ma Teng, and even took advantage of the infighting among a group of warlords led by Dong Zhuo in Guanzhong and Cao Cao's pursuit of deer in the central plains and the lack of time to look west. Later, Cao Cao's adviser Zhong Xuan sat in Guanzhong in the name of Tianzi, and Han Sui, Ma Teng, and others temporarily submitted to Cao Cao, who represented the imperial court, and helped before and after the Battle of Guandu. In exchange, Cao Cao also had to acknowledge the rights of these warlords to occupy the northwest. (3) However, later, When Han Sui and Ma Teng turned against each other and attacked each other, Ma Teng begged Cao Cao and even moved his family into Yecheng, leaving his son Ma Chao in Guanzhong. (4) In general, the northwestern warlords were "semi-independent warlords" who appeared to be subordinate to Cao Cao, but in fact had a considerable independent nature. After Cao Cao's defeat at Chibi, it was natural that his target turned to the northwest.

(2) Galloping east and west, running to save the head and tail, shaking the realm of several states, and consuming thousands of dollars a day. As for the dummy's increase in endowment, he borrowed the prince of the marquis, drew money and colored treasures, and levied grain and corn salt and iron accumulation. Therefore, the bribes to buy the rewards, the transfer of labor fees, before and after hundreds of thousands. Or the chieftain Jian, destroy the annex, lower the captive road, and fill the mountains with cattle and sheep. The military letter did not play its stakes, and the state of rebellion was already said. Therefore, there is no reward for the loss, and the work is not half-work. Exposed master and apprentice, year after year and invincible. Officials were exhausted, and martyrs were indignant.

(3) The generals Ma Teng and Han Sui in Shi Guanzhong each supported strong armies and fought with each other. Taizu Fang had something to do with Shandong, and guan right was worried. He was a lieutenant of the Guards of the Guards, a lieutenant of the Guanzhong Army, entrusted with the affairs of the future, and the special envoys were not informal. When he went to Chang'an, he moved Shu Teng and Sui to serve Chen Fufu, and each of them sent his sons to serve. Taizu was at Guandu, holding yuan shao, and sent more than 2,000 horses to the army.

(4) Thirteen years, conscripted as a guard lieutenant, Teng zi saw old age, so he entered the guard......... His family members are all knowledgeable, but Chao is left alone.

2. The Decisive Battle of Weinan

Since Cao Cao was determined to take the northwest, how to better and faster deal with the warlords in the northwest was the biggest problem in front of him. Cao Cao's decision was to use a strategy, in detail, to take the advice of the courtier Zhong Xuan and ask him to lead his troops to fight against Zhang Lu in Hanzhong. Although nominally so, Cao Cao and Zhang Lu were separated by warlords of all sizes in Kansai and passed through their territory. This is the classic "false road cutting" strategy! Another of Cao Cao's advisers, Wei Qi, thought that doing so would force the Kansai warlords to rebel, but Cao Cao did not listen and still asked Zhong Xuan to do so. (5) The reason for this is that Cao Cao must have known that this direct violation of the "sovereignty" of the Kansai warlords was possible to force the Kansai warlords to rebel, and even make them form a temporary alliance; but in order to put the northwest region into his actual control, it was a crucial step to eliminate potential political opponents. Later, the Warlords of Kansai did unite to rebel, and whenever he heard that a warlord had joined, Cao Cao expressed his joy and thought that he could fight them in a war, which would be more convenient. (6) Some people even speculated that Cao Cao was deliberately trying to force them back by doing this?

(5) Lieutenant Colonel Chung Chung asked for 3,000 soldiers to enter the customs, verbally rebuked Zhang Lu externally, and took the position of hostage on the inside. Taizu made Xun Yu ask, thinking that "all the generals of the West are bent up, and they have no intention of the world, and they are only happy for now." Today's country has a knighthood, and it has its own aspirations, and it is not a big reason, and it is not worried about change. Preferably the following figure. If you enter the pass with soldiers, when you ask Zhang Lu, Lu is in the deep mountains, and the path is not clear, he will be suspicious; he will be alarmed, the land is dangerous and strong, and it is difficult to worry about! "Yu Yiyi submitted to Taizu. Taizu was initially good, and yi Yi self-appointed his duties, so he obeyed the consultation. The soldiers then went on to close the right rebellion, Taizu himself marched, only Nai Pingzhi, the dead tens of thousands. Taizu repented and did not follow the covetousness, but was coveted by Yi Zhong.

(6) In the beginning, every time the thief arrives, the public has joy. After the thief is broken, the generals will ask why. The public replied: "In the long run of Guanzhong, if the thieves rely on dangers and obstacles, they will not be able to determine it for one or two years." Now that they have all come to gather, although there are many of them, they are not obedient, the army has no suitable lord, it can be destroyed in one fell swoop, and it is easy to do good, and I am happy. "

However, regardless of whether Cao Cao deliberately forced them to rebel or not, the Guanzhong generals really rebelled anyway. Ma Teng's son, Ma Chao, who remained in Huaili, directly provoked Han to rebel and even recognized him as his father (7); other Guanzhong warlords also responded in groups, with a total of ten troops and an army of 100,000. (8) How could Zhong Xuan and others who remained in Guanzhong resist such a force? They were defeated one after another, and only Cao Ren led his army to hold on to the orders of Cao Cao's generals. (9) After that, Cao Cao's army arrived, so he confronted Han Sui, Ma Chao, and others at Tongguan. Guanzhong is known as the "Hundred and Two Qin Passes", which can be described as a natural danger that cannot be opened by one husband and one man; how can Cao Cao bypass the natural danger and take the key point directly?

(7) He will ask Zhang Meng to stay in the old camp, while Ma Chao and others will rebel and make him the governor of the capital. And the covenant also, chao said: "The former Chung Si was subordinate to the chao envoy to take the general, and the Kwantung people could not be trusted." Now Chao abandons his father, taking the general as his father, and the general should also abandon his son, and take Chao as his son. "

(8) In the sixteenth year of Jian'an, Chao and the Guanzhong generals Hou Xuan, Cheng Yin, Li Kan, Zhang Heng, Liang Xing, Cheng Yi, Ma Qiao, Yang Qiu, Han Sui, etc., all ten parts, all reversed, and their hundred thousand people, the same according to He, Tong, Jianlie Ying Chen.

(9) Super Rank Tun Tong Guan, Public Edict generals: "The Kansai soldiers are fierce, and the strong walls do not fight with them." "

First, Xu Huang offered a plan, led 4,000 people to cross Pusakajin, occupied the ferry, and received the large army (10); then Cao Cao led a large army to cross the river in Hou. During this period, Ma Chao led his army to attack halfway, and the arrows rained down, and the Cao army lost (11). However, lieutenant Ding Fei herded cattle, Ma Chao's military discipline was not strict, and the army competed for cattle and horses, giving Cao Cao a chance to breathe, and Cao Junfang crossed the river. （12）

(10) Taizu went to Tongguan, afraid that he would not be able to cross, and summoned Huang. Akira said, "The Gongsheng soldiers are here, and the thief no longer guards Kasaka, knowing that he has no plot." Now the elite soldiers of the false ministers crossed the Pusakazu and placed them first for the army, so as to intercept them, and the thieves could capture them. Taizu said, "Goodness." "Let Akira ride four thousand men across the river." Before the barrier was completed, the thief Liang Xingye attacked more than 5,000 people on foot and horseback, and the sword swept away, and taizu's army was able to cross.

(11) The public will cross the river, the front team is suitable for crossing, the super wait is dying, and the public is sitting on the bed. Zhang Gao and others saw that things were urgent, and jointly led the public into the ship. The river is fast, than the crossing, the flow is four or five miles, the super horse chases and shoots, and the arrow is like rain. When the generals saw the defeat of the army, they did not know the place of the common good, and they were afraid, and when they saw it, they were sad and happy, or they wept. Gong Da laughed and said, "Today I am trapped by thieves!" "

(12) Gong Zi Tong Guan bei ferry, did not help, chao to the ship to fight urgently. Lieutenant Ding Fei was a thief for herding cattle and horses, and the thieves took cattle and horses indiscriminately, and gong Nai had to cross

After crossing the river, Cao Cao set up suspicious troops, attacked the west, deceived Ma Chao and others, and was able to cross the Weishui River. Next, build a good camp, hold out without a fight, and confront the Warlords of Kansai. Ma Chao and the others asked for peace, but Cao Cao did not allow it; after listening to Jia Xu's plan, he pretended to agree to their request for peace, and secretly used a divisive plan, causing the Warlords of Kansai to distrust each other. In the end, the two sides agreed on a date and launched a decisive battle. Cao Cao sent tigers to attack, broke the combined forces of the Warlords of Kansai, and captured Guanzhong in a battle. Taking advantage of the victory, he pursued, surrounded and settled, and forced the warlord Yang Qiu to surrender. From then on, the northwestern warlord was seriously injured and could no longer compete with Cao Cao. However, when the leaders of the peasant revolt, Su Bo and Tian Yin, rebelled in Hebei, Cao Cao had to withdraw his troops in order to prevent the backyard from catching fire. The courtier Yang Fu persuaded Cao Cao to watch out for Ma Chao, but Cao Cao was not prepared. After Cao Cao returned to his army, Ma Chao quickly organized an army to attack, repelling the general Xiahou Yuan, and later killing Shi Weikang, the liangzhou assassin who had already surrendered. Although Guanzhong was already under cao cao's ownership, the counterattack of the Kansai warlords in Liangzhou, led by Ma Chao, was not simple.

(13) Fu Shi was sent to the envoy, saying to Taizu: "There is super faith, the courage of cloth, and even Qiang and Hu Xin, and Xizhou is afraid of it." If the army is still there, it is not strictly prepared, and the counties of Longshang are not the existence of the state. "Taizu is good, and the army is still in a hurry, and it is not well prepared." The commander of the Zhurong Canal commandery attacked Longshang County, and longshang County should be treated, but the Jicheng Fengzhou County was firmly defended.

Three. Liangzhou Yilie

As the old saying goes, Kanto is out of phase, Kansai is out of the way. Since ancient times, the northwest has been a generous and heroic tough guy. They are tough and resolute, but they can fight and are not afraid of sacrifice. Perhaps it is precisely this kind of folk custom that has forged the tiger and wolf master of Qin Shi Huang's unification of the world. Ma Chao may not have thought that at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were no fewer "tough guys" in Liangzhou than at the time of Qin Shi Huang. And I myself will also be planted in the hands of this group of "tough guys".

The first tough guy who appeared during Ma Chao's attack on Liangzhou was called Yan Wen.

He was a Native of Tianshui and a fellow of Jiang Wei, a famous general of the Later Shu Han Dynasty. During Ma Chao's siege of Zhouzhi Jicheng, he tried to break through and ask Xiahou Yuan for help, but was caught by Ma Chao. After Ma Chao caught it, he threatened him: "You quickly say to the city: 'Cao Cao will not send someone here.'" 'Otherwise, I'll kill you.' Yan Wen listened and immediately agreed.

Therefore, Ma Chao immediately summoned Yan Wen to the city and asked him to shout like this to shake the hearts of the troops in the city. Ke Yan Wen immediately shouted:

"The army will come in three days, and you will continue to refuel!"

When Ma Chao heard this, he was naturally very angry. Then the consequences, of course, are very serious.

But Yan Wen was not afraid. He said: "There is sacrifice in the service of the monarch, and there is no reason for rebellion." If you let me, the elder, utter unrighteous words, am I a stubborn and stealing man? ”

So, Ma Chao killed him. Soon after, Shi Weikang, the assassin who was holding the city of Jicheng, surrendered, and Ma Chao killed WeiKang and occupied Liangzhou. The killing was unknown, if Ma Chao knew what happened later, he would never kill people so quickly.

Because, the "tough guys" in Liangzhou, there are many more.

A conspiracy has only just begun.

When Yang Fu's wife, who had been mentioned earlier, died, he took a leave of absence to go home and meet Jiang Xu, a relative of Tunbing Licheng. Yang Fu tried to persuade Jiang Xu to raise an army to attack Ma Chao and avenge the death of Shi Weikang.

At this time, Jiang Xu was actually very hesitant. My own life is small, but I have an old mother! If things don't work out and the old mother is killed, what should I do? After all, loyalty and filial piety can't have both!

But Jiang Xu's old mother heard this and immediately said, "Dying for the country is the greatest loyalty." Leave me alone, hurry up! ”

Since the old mother said so, what else was there to hesitate about? Therefore, after Yang Fu, Jiang Xu and others conspired, they raised an army against Ma Chao. Ma Chao personally led his army out to fight, but unexpectedly, the general Liang Kuan and others who remained in the city changed from the inside, occupied Jicheng, and killed Ma Chao's entire family. Ma Chao was naturally unwilling and raided Licheng and captured Jiang Xu's mother. At this time, Ma Chao thought to himself: This is good, there are hostages in his hands. But what he didn't expect was that he was greeted with a scolding from Jiang Xu's old mother:

"How can the heavens and the earth tolerate you, you rebellious son who betrayed your father and killed the king' chief?" If you don't die quickly, what face do you have to meet people?"

Ma Chao was furious, and Jiang Xumu's ending was doomed. However, Ma Chao was also quickly defeated by Yang Fu and others, and fled to Hanzhong and defected to Zhang Lu.

Yan Wen was killed, Jiang Xumu was sacrificed, and even Yang Fu's clan relatives and friends died seven times in the battle, which was not a good ending.

Just from another point of view, such a sacrifice for righteousness, for them, is the achievement of great righteousness, perhaps a better destination?

Why they are so "dead or alive", Ma Chao will not understand. Of course, there will be many people who do not understand.

To be honest, I don't understand either. But this may be the root of the Northwestern people! From the pre-Qin dynasty against the Six Kingdoms, to the Western Han Dynasty against the Xiongnu, and then to the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Qiang people moving blades for many years..... The northwestern land has always been a place of many disasters and difficulties. Therefore, the soul of the northwestern people is not soaked in water, but roasted with fire.

Time travels back to the present nearly two thousand years later, when the epidemic in Shaanxi was at its worst, what kind of people in the northwest in the face of this crisis were?

Unity of purpose and unity in the fight against the epidemic. The medical staff and volunteers who are rushing to the front line, and the tough guys who emerge from it, are even more unknown. Perhaps, regardless of the region, this is where the soul of the nation lies.

May my beloved hometown of Northwest be at peace as soon as possible!

May the nation prosper!