Five years after the fall of the Qing Dynasty, there was a man who led 5,000 soldiers and horses to carry out the restoration in Beijing, causing an uproar at home and abroad, he was the famous late Qing Dynasty braided marshal - Zhang Xun. Mr. Sun Wen once commented on Zhang Xun: Although he is not right, he is also a manifestation of foolishness and loyalty, which makes people pitiful.
And what kind of person is Zhang Xun in history? What was his experience in life? Today, through the selection of articles together to interpret Zhang Xun.
Braided handsome Zhang Xun
Zhang Xun was loyal to the Qing Dynasty all his life, stubbornly loyal to the emperor, conservative in political apathy, and had no democratic smell In 1901, Yuan Shikai was appointed as the governor of Zhili, and Zhang Xun was stationed in Baoding with troops to meet Luan in Cizhou. It was the middle of November, the sky was full of snow and wind, Zhang Xun led the patrol in the snow late at night, and the garnets responded. Empress Dowager Xi did not sleep at night, went out to inspect, saw a short and fat officer who did not avoid the wind and snow to check the night, and inquired that zhang Xun was asked: "Why don't you sleep in the middle of the night?" ”
Zhang Xun replied: "The snow night patrol will be slack, the car is on the way, the vigilance should be strict, and when the night patrol is carried out, it will avoid accidents." Xihou was deeply praised. From November 14 to Linhuan Guan, Xihou was summoned to meet him, and thus began to be close to the two palaces. Zhang Xun is good at drilling camps, spending money, greeting the knot, qu Yi Chengyan, and riyu is close to the two palace attendants. After arriving in Beijing, feng was promoted to guard the noon gate. In 1902, he also sent ma bu various armies to stay in the Summer Palace, serving and obeying, and was deeply favored by the western queen. All the armies that "stomp" are under their control.
In 1906 (the thirty-second year of Guangxu), Yuan Shikai telegraphed from the Military Training Department: "After the old Russian war, it is necessary to select generals who can recruit habitual battles and take over the border areas. "The Qing court was Jian Zhang Xun who went to Fengtian, and under the command of the general Zhao Erxun, he was the president of Northern Liaoning of the Fengjun Army, and he also unified the battalions of Houlu and Right Road and Stationed in Changtu. It is the end of the year, and the head is worn with the merit of su wei.
In the spring of 1907 (the thirty-third year of Guangxu), The Liao Dynasty was determined, and Zhao Erxun was named as the Admiral of Zhang Xunshugong. In May, Xu Shichang was appointed as the governor of the three eastern provinces as the minister of military aircraft, promoted Zhang Xun to be the wing commander of the battalion, restrained the defense troops of the three provinces, searched for green forests in Kyrgyzstan and Heihe Provinces, went to the enrichment near the Eastern Qing Railway, suppressed and used them, arrived in Mudanjiang, rescued the people's men and women, Russian businessmen, and Many Japanese surveyors and surveyors. In 1908, he was appointed as the Viceroy of Yunnan, and left Zhifeng to lead the soldiers, wearing a yellow coat, and transferring to the Admiral of Gansu.
On November 14 of that year, the Guangxu Emperor died, and on the 15th, Empress Xi died. Zhang Xunru lost his examination. In 1909, Xu Shichang was summoned by Xu Shichang, and Xi Liang succeeded him as the governor of the three eastern provinces. Zhang Xun disagreed, but sent Xu Shichang to the customs, but did not return. In August, he was impeached for "leaving his post without authorization.". The old courtiers of the two palaces were given the purpose: "Stay in Beijing as an errand boy, and return the original fold." In November 1910, he was instructed by the President of jiangfang to handle the defense of the Yangtze River, stationed in Pukou, and played a special role. In September 1911 (the third year of Xuanun's reign), he was transferred to the Viceroy of Jiangnan.
In October, the revolutionary army revolted in Wuchang, and soon the provinces of Zhejiang, Anhui, and Jiangsu became independent, of which Jiangsu Province was more complicated. The first was Chen Qimei who revolted in Shanghai, built the Shanghai Military Governor's Palace, and sent people from Shanghai to Suzhou to move to Jiangsu Inspector Cheng Dequan to become independent. Zhang Xun, on the other hand, took Zhang Renjun, the governor of Liangjiang, hostage, and the general Tie Liang (Tie Liang), the governor of Liangjiang, to hold Nanjing. The whole city was intimidated by the revolutionary momentum and encouraged Zhang Xun to act righteously. Zhang Xun stubbornly said: "You are colleagues with me today, and if there are any people who drop the white flag tomorrow, I will treat them as enemies." "The crowd was horrified. The next day, xu Shaozhen, the commander of the ninth town, revolted, and was blocked by Zhang Xun, and many people were slaughtered.
Soon, the reinforcements of Gansu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, and Anhui, as well as the combined forces of Deng Wenju, Jiang Qun, Ren Yurui, Yao Yuping of Guangdong, Lin Hu of Gui, and Wang Zhixiang of Gan, marched to Nanjing. Zhang Xun retreated to Jiangbei in defeat and retreated to Xuzhou. In November, the Qing court awarded Zhang Xun the post of Governor of Jiangsu in order to restore Nanjing, and in December he was appointed governor of Liangjiang, minister of Nanyang, and second-class light vehicle lieutenant. In fact, on December 2, the combined forces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Shanghai conquered Nanjing, and Zhang Xun crossed north, but neither Su Fu nor Governor Jiang arrived.
Yuan Shikai called the Emperor's Temple of Heaven to worship the heavens
In August 1915, Yuan Shikai was proclaimed emperor and changed his name to Yuan Hongxian. Beforehand, Yuan Shikai asked Zhang Xun for advice, and Zhang Xunli said that he could not. Therefore, the person who obstructed his proposal was not Zhang Xun's support for the republic, but Zhang Xun's ulterior motives; only he still took "preferential treatment of the imperial family and defense of the palace" as a request, and specially envoyed to Yuan Tiaochen's interests. Yuan also sensed its intentions and did not listen.
Zhang Xun was neither loyal to the Republic of China nor to Yuan Shikai's imperial faction, but to the restoration leader of the Qing Dynasty. He could not see the general trend of the world clearly, and only knew that it was beneficial to his "royalist", so he dreamed of it. In January 1917, when the War of Europe was urgent, Germany declared a submarine policy that threatened the shipping safety of neutral countries. This provoked unanimous indignation in neutral countries, including China. In March, the National Assembly voted to sever diplomatic relations with Germany, and in August, Duan Qirui's cabinet vigorously participated in the war, while President Li Yuanhong insisted on neutrality. The president and the cabinet clashed, and the Duan cabinet was dismissed by President Lai, and the political tide rose for a while. Due to the background of the Beiyang warlords in various provinces, Duan Qirui was a pro-Japanese faction and followed Japan in a resolute main battle.
The German Marshal of Hindenburg sent a special envoy to Xuzhou with Hindenburg's letter and its large photograph to make personal contact with Zhang Xun, hoping that Zhang Xun would be the "Hindenburg of the East" and ask the Beiyang government to adhere to neutrality to the end. Zhang Xun accepted Hindenburg's request and opposed the Duan cabinet's proposal to participate in the war with the Beiyang government. On the one hand, Zhang Xun colluded with Germany as foreign aid, and on the other hand, provided sufficient favorable conditions for the restoration of the internal control of the provincial overseers, and held four Xuzhou conferences in succession.
Zhang Xun's braid army
First, the day after Yuan Shikai's death, on June 7, 1916, Zhang Xun sent a Telegram to "defend the border and defend the people". He invited the representatives of the seven provinces gathered in Nanjing to Xuzhou for a meeting and talked about the "deep benevolence and thick ze" of the Qing Dynasty. At the beginning of the Xuzhou Conference on June 9, Zhang Xun monopolized the venue, put forward 10 meeting outlines in advance, and announced 10 resolutions afterwards, roughly as follows: respect the conditions of preferential treatment of the Qing imperial family, preserve the life and property of Yuan Shikai's family and their posthumous honors, elect a national assembly, implement constitutional government, force the eight provinces to cancel independence, otherwise treat them by force, and strictly prohibit so-called "rioters" from participating in the political power.
At the end of the meeting, Zhang Xun also sent a telegram (June 20) to openly shield and beautify the scourge of the imperial system. In July of that year, Feng Guozhang was in charge of the Jiangsu Overseer, because Zhang Xun was the envoy of the Yangtze River Patrol and the Overseer of Anhui, and the base camp was located in Xuzhou, which belonged to the jiangsu region, and Zhang Xun relied on the position of the Yangtze River patrol envoy to arbitrarily encroach on the territory of Jiangsu Province and occupy the territory of Anhui Province. Feng Guozhangdi complained to the Beiyang government, all of which were written with the word "Zhang Xun", and everyone was afraid.
In his later years, Zhang Xun
In September, the Second Xuzhou Conference implemented the situation of separating the provinces. The Third Xuzhou Conference was held in 1917, in order to realize the restoration conspiracy, it was decided to overthrow Li Yongduan, and in May, the Fourth Xuzhou Conference discussed the restoration strategy, planning to overthrow Li first and then restore the Qing. Shi Li Jingxi succeeded Duan Qirui as premier and urged Li Yuanhong to summon Zhang Xun to Jinjing and mediate state affairs. Zhang Xun was in the middle of the heart, so on the day of the end of the Xuzhou Conference, he forced the representatives of the provincial overseers to sign the preset yellow aya and unanimously participate in the restoration. Zhang Xun's chief of staff, Wan Shengyu, narrated the origin of the meeting at the head of Huang Aya, noting that "the overthrow of The Li Dynasty" was exchanged for each other. (The signature of the Huang Aya Gong pushed the Wan Rope Rafter for safekeeping, and when in July 1917 Duan Qirui was bribed back by The Jiangsu Overseer Feng Guozhang, two days before he swore an oath at the Horse Factory, he was bribed back by Hu Siyi, the general counselor of the Jiangsu Overseer Feng Guozhang," at a price of 200,000 yuan.) ）
Huang Aya's signature was exchanged for "overthrowing the Dawn and Restoring the Qing Dynasty," and Zhang Xunxin believed that it was true, so he took advantage of the storms and rains in Europe and the situation to seek the realization of the restoration. The commander-in-chief of the Dingwu Army in Xuzhou and the successor to the Anhui Overseer was Zhang Wensheng, a general of Zhang Xun's army. He detected the conspiracy of the Duan cabinet to take advantage of Zhang Xun, and advised Zhang Xun through Cao Qin, pointing out: "It is true that Duan has overthrown Li Yongfeng and restored his cabinet power, and it is false to agree to Zhang Xun's restoration, and if he does so, he will definitely suffer hardships and be deceived." Helplessly, Zhang Xun was too stubborn, loyal to his ears, and used to persuade Cao Qinbaibai to be obedient, and this time the lady's words were not listened. He resolutely raised his troops to the north, and in the name of mediating state affairs, he overthrew the reality of the republic, and before leaving, he also sent a telegram to the governors of the provinces: "Adhere to the original purpose, proceed in unison, and after arriving in Beijing, make preparations for the power of electricity." After making an appointment with Zhang Wensheng to beijing, according to the ripe time, that is, with the memory of "sending fifty pots of orchids", Zhang Wensheng sent an army of 50 battalions to the north to meet him (Li Yuanhong heard that Zhang Xun led the brigade into Beijing, and he knew that it was not good, and urged Jian to never do it).
Zhang Wensheng could not stop Zhang Xun's ambitions for restoration, so he judged the hour and sized up the situation, and suddenly changed his plans; in fact, the Dingwu army in Xuzhou had fallen into a state of encirclement by the combined forces of the three provinces of Jin, Anhui, and Henan, and as long as they were moved, the vehicles were detained everywhere, and there was a danger of being scattered and destroyed. Therefore, after Zhang Wensheng received the electricity, he pretended to be stupid and stunned, and really obeyed the electrolysis to send 50 pots of orchids to Beijing, without a soldier. Zhang Xun was isolated, and the 10 battalions of infantry artillery that accompanied him north, about 5,000 people. Among them, the commander Li Futing defected to 6 battalions, leaving 2,000 people in the 4 battalions under the command of Su Xilin (Yushu), who brazenly supported Puyi at 3 o'clock on July 1, 1917, and changed his mind to nine years of reunification.
Zhang Xun's former residence
Puyi conferred on Zhang Xun the title of Minister of Parliament and Minister of Beiyang, directly subordinate to the Viceroy. At the same time, Cao Kun thought about the addiction of the governor of zhili and could not get it, and was only directly subordinate to the governor. Duan Qirui also pointed fingers at Zhang because his seniority in the Qing court was still shallow and he did not have enough responsibilities, and he was unanimously indignant. Until Zhang Xun's dream of restoration was just in full swing, on July 3, Duan Qirui Horse Factory swore an oath to rebel, and Duan Zhigui and Cao Kun went out of the division and surrounded the braided soldiers at the Temple of Heaven. By July 12, after two days of bloody battle at Qipan Street, shells flew along the South River to the roof of the Dingwu Army's office in Beijing, and finally they were outnumbered, while Ni Sichong, commander-in-chief of the Jin, Anhui, and Yu armies, besieged Xuzhou and was embattled, crushing the dream of the restoration of the "Braided Marshal".
After the young wives Wang Keqin and Fu Xiaocui fled to the Dutch Embassy with their children (Zhang Xun's restoration was in collusion with the Dutch minister in China and the Germans, a set of restoration plan programs and rosters were placed in the Dutch embassy. Not long ago, the German Marshal Hindenburg sent a letter to give a large photo in front of him, and Zhang Xunzhi entered the Dutch embassy, and before that, the Queen of the Netherlands sent a telegram to the embassy in China to do so, and there were Germans coordinating to go), and there were only two people left in the Beijing office of the Dingwu Army along the South River in Beijing(Cao Qin stayed in Tianjin).
When Wu Bingxiang, the chief police officer in Beijing, sent Qian Xilin to lure two Dutchmen and a German to pick up Zhang Xun to the Dutch embassy in a car flying the Dutch flag, Zhang Xun would not leave. After everyone forced the car, the rabbit was taken off. Since then, Zhang Xun has lived in the Dutch Embassy for a year and a half. The Restoration case was resolved in November 1918. Xu Shichang of the Beiyang government once took Lin Mou as the supervisor, but it was not. In July 1920, Zhang Xun moved to the Residence of the German Concession in Tianjin, and soon the Residence of the German Concession was sold, and the residence opposite Songshouli in the British Concession was finally old.