In June of the fourteenth year of orthodoxy (1449), the Ming court, through the JinyiWei, received in advance the exact news that the Wala Taishi was about to attack the south with a large-scale invasion of Datong and Xuanfu as the main direction of the Wala army.
According to this news, Ming Yingzong quickly made a pre-war deployment:
1. Order the ban troops in Shanxi, Henan, and other places to take turns (referring to the inland guards who went to the nine-sided town to garrison) to return to Datong and Xuanfu as soon as possible;
2. Order the Viceroy of Datong, Song Ying, the Marquis of Xining, to command all the troops stationed in Datong;
3. Ordered Pingxiang Bo Chen Huai, Tuoma Du Wei Jingyuan and others to lead 43,000 battalions of elite soldiers to reinforce Datong and Xuanfu.
In June, the People of Henan and Shanxi went to Datong and Xuanfu. Yi Ugly, Marquis song ying of Xining, governor of Datong. Peng Yin, Pingxiang Bo Chen Huai, Tuoma Du Wei Jingyuan, DuDu Wang Gui and Wu Keqin, eunuch Lin Shou, divided the Beijing army in Datong, Xuanfu, and Beiwa la. - "Ming Shi Yingzong Pre-Chronicle"
In July of the orthodox fourteenth century, the first army was divided into four roads (Detachment Buhua led the army to attack Liaodong, Zhiyuan Ah La led the army to attack Xuanfu, also led the main force to attack Datong, and Yi Xian's brother led the army to attack Ganzhou) and invaded the south in a large scale, although Daming received the news of the invasion of the south in advance and made pre-war deployment in time, but the defeat reports such as the death of the general Wu Hao and the fall of Liaoyang still flew like snowflakes to the front of Ming Yingzong's palace.
In the face of the ensuing defeats, Ming Yingzong, who feared that Qiu Fu's 100,000 predecessors would repeat the lessons of the 100,000-stronger division, and who had also broken through the nine-sided defense line first, then encircled the Beijing Division, decided decisively to march on the imperial conquest.
On July 16, 14th year of the reign, Emperor Ming Yingzong led the British gong Zhang Fu, The Duke of Chengguo Zhu Yong, Bingbu Shangshu Kuang, Hubu Shangshu Wang Zuo and other civilian and military generals and 200,000 troops (a total of 250,000 after combining the three battalions of soldiers sent to Datong Xuanfu in advance).
On August 15, 14th year of the orthodox dynasty, the tumu fort was changed, the large army led by Ming Yingzong was defeated by the Wala cavalry at tumu fort, Ming Yingzong was captured, Wang Zhen was killed in battle (this article uses the saying that Wang Zhen was killed in battle in the inscription written by Ming Yingzong for Wang Zhen), all the accompanying military generals were killed, most of the accompanying civilian officials were killed, and the casualties of soldiers and soldiers were nearly 100,000.
The division collapsed, and hundreds of thousands of people died. Gong Zhangfu of england, Chen Ying of Fengning Marquis, Du Ma Du Wei Jiyuan, Pingxiang Bo Chen Huai, Xiangcheng Bo Li Zhen, Sui'an Bo Chen, Xiu Wu Bo Shen Rong, Du Du Liang Cheng, Wang Gui, Shang Shu Wang Zuo, Kuang Ye, Scholars Cao Nai and Zhang Yi, Waiter Ding Xuan, Wang Yonghe, and Vice Governor Yushi Deng Tang, all died. - "Ming Shi Yingzong Pre-Chronicle"
As to who was responsible for the change of Tumu Fort, historians have always been inconsistent, and Ming Yingzong, the eunuch Wang Zhen, the military general Xun Gui clique, and the civilian official clique were all suspected objects. So, according to the principle of who profits the most and who is the most suspicious, who is the culprit of the change of the civil fort?
After Hu Weiyong was killed, in order to prevent the emergence of power and local divisions, Zhu Yuanzhang abolished Zhongshu Province and Xingzhongshu Province, and divided the Metropolitan Governor's Palace into five. In this way, a situation of mutual checks and balances between the Governor's Office of the Five Armed Forces and the Six Ministries was formed at the imperial court, and a situation of mutual checks and balances was formed in all localities in which all the commanders and envoys, the envoys of the undertaking and announcing, and the departments of the envoys who raised the punishment were balanced against each other, but because Daming used martial arts to determine the world, the status of the governors of the five armed forces was higher than that of the six Shangshu and the commanders and envoys of the five armies.
When it was, they all commanded the envoys and the cloth and pressed together as the three divisions, and they were feudal officials. And the special minister, Wen Wu also has no fixed position, and the world still attaches importance to wu. - "Ming Shi Bing Zhi"
After Akihito succeeded to the throne, in order to improve the combat effectiveness of the guards, he began to send the governors of the Five Armies governor's mansion to various places as the chief military officer of the town guard. In this way, the status of the six Shangshu, the envoys who undertook the proclamation, and the envoys who were punished was lower than that of the Hongwu period.
He ordered Marquis Zheng Heng of Wu'an and four others to serve as commanders-in-chief, with Heng Zhen shou Datong; Xiangcheng Bo Lilong Town Shanhai; and Wujin Bo Zhu Rong Town Liaodong. Tan Guang, the governor of the Chinese military governor's mansion, was appointed as the left governor of the province and ordered the town to guard Xuanfu. He ordered the military governor's mansion to guard Ningxia with Liang Mingzhen. - "Records of Akihito"
After Emperor Xuanzong of Ming succeeded to the throne, marked by the establishment of the Neishu Hall, eunuchs ascended to the political wrestling platform of the Ming Dynasty, and due to the increase in the power of the twelve supervisors of the inner palace, such as the Si Li Supervisor and the Imperial Horse Supervisor, the six ministries were greatly weakened due to the checks and balances of the Five Armies Governor's Palace, the Si Li Supervisor, and the Imperial Horse Supervisor.
After Emperor Ming Yingzong succeeded to the throne, due to the rise of Wang Zhen, the power of the Governor's Office of the Five Armies and the Six Ministries was greatly weakened, and a situation was also formed in various places where the town guard eunuchs restrained the town guard chief soldier officer and the town guard civilian official. In this way, the power hierarchy of the orthodox dynasty became emperors, eunuchs, military generals, and civil officials.
After the change of Tumu Fort, the power hierarchy of the Ming Dynasty was forced to reshuffle the cards, the eunuchs became synonymous with the disaster of the country and the people because Wang Zhen was described by the civilian officials as the culprit of the change of Tumu Fort, the military generals were forced to accept the power of the civil officials to transfer the power of the governor's office of the five armies to the military department because of the merits of the civilian officials in the defense of the Beijing Division, and the emperor was forced to withdraw the town guard eunuchs according to the requirements of the civilian officials and allow the inspectors to control the town guard chief military officers, all command envoys, according to the inspection envoys, and administrative envoys. In this way, the power hierarchy of the Jingtai Dynasty became emperors, civil officials, military generals, and eunuchs.
From the Tianshun Dynasty onwards, the power of civilian officials gradually increased as the cabinet obtained the right to vote and established the first auxiliary system, and by the Zhengde period, Emperor Mingwuzong tried to curb the increase in the power of civilian officials by favoring the eunuch Liu Jin and the military general Jiang Bin, but with the successive murders of Liu Jin and Jiang Bin, the last efforts of the Ming emperor to curb the increase in the power of civilian officials failed.
In the Wanli period, the civil official Zhang Juzheng actually overshadowed the emperor through the establishment of the Examination Law, so that Zhang Juzheng once proudly said to people, "I am not a phase, but a regent". At this point, a situation in which the civil officials were the only one in the power struggle of the Ming Dynasty really formed.
If we trace the roots of the civil official family, it is not difficult to find that its source is after the change of the civil fort, so that the most profitable in the change of the civil fort is the civilian official group. Therefore, according to the principle of who profits the most and who is the most suspicious, the civilian bureaucracy is most likely to be the culprit of the change in the civil fort.