Cai Wenji (蔡文姬), courtesy name Yan (蔡文姬), also spelled Zhaoji (昭姬), also spelled Mingji (明姬), changed his name to Wen Ji during the Jin Dynasty to avoid Sima Zhao's secrets, and was known as the Four Talented Women of Ancient China along with Ban Zhao, Zhuo Wenjun, and Li Qingzhao. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty records that Cai Wenji was "a trace of end-of-the-road exercises, a leisurely person, erudite and talented, and a good at musical rhythms."
Cai Wenji was born in Shuxiangmendi, and his father Cai Yong was a famous Confucian in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Influenced by the family environment, Cai Wenji was erudite and capable, good at poetry, and proficient in musical rhythms, and wrote "Poems of Sorrow and Indignation", which is known as one of the narrative poems of the Jian'an period, and "Eighteen Beats of Hu Jia", which is listed among the top ten famous songs in ancient China, and its literary value has been affirmed by the world. However, this versatile woman with a red face has experienced various misfortunes and ups and downs in life.
When Cai Wenji was 6 years old, she showed a talent for musical rhythm. One night Cai Yong was drumming a piano in his room when he suddenly broke a string. "Second String". Next door came the childish voice of her daughter. Cai Yong sighed, "It's just a coincidence." "Say, deliberately pluck a string." Fourth string. The daughter was right again. At a young age, he can listen to the sound and distinguish the piano, which has also become the source of the allusion of "Cai Wenji, who can distinguish the piano" in the "Three Character Classic".
Cai Yong (蔡邕), also spelled BoZai, was a famous writer and calligrapher of the Eastern Han Dynasty, but he was born in a chaotic world, and his talents had nowhere to show, but he was repeatedly framed and had a bad fate. Later, because of Dong Zhuozhuo's connection, he died in prison, which made people sigh. Cai Yong is not only quite accomplished in the fields of literature and calligraphy, but also proficient in astronomical mathematics and magic interpretation of musical rhythms. Cai Yong was a leader in the literary world in Luoyang, with many protégés, yang ci, Yucan, Ma Ribei, and Cao Cao all often went to Cai Mansion to ask Cai Yong for advice.
Cai Yong
Cai Yonggong seal, Li, especially known as Lishu, has a strict structure. In the fourth year of Xiping (175 AD), the Ling Emperor ordered Cai Yong and others to write the "Six Classics", part of which was written by Cai Yong himself on the stone stele, and lied outside the Taixue Gate, known as the "Xiping Stone Classic", which has been passed down to this day. It is rumored that he also wrote the Cao'e Monument. He also has a good word, and his "Narrative And Practice Endowment" exposes the extravagance and corruption of the rulers and reflects the suffering of the people.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the government was corrupt, and the internal turmoil in the court was serious. During the reign of Emperor Huan, the Ten Permanent Attendants who controlled the government heard that Cai Yong was good at drumming and harp, so they ordered him to enter the capital. When Cai Yong went to Yanshi, he said that he had returned to his hometown and lived idly and played in the ancients, unwilling to become an official in the middle of the dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Ling, Cai Yong was worshipped as LangZhong and later promoted to Yilang. In 178 AD, Cai Yong was exiled to Shuofang for impeaching eunuchs, and Cai Wenji was exiled along with her father, becoming a criminal and charging army, and living a tragic childhood life. After encountering Cai Yong's pardon, he was afraid of being framed by eunuchs and wandered in the Jiangsu and Zhejiang areas for twelve years.
Cai Wenji experienced family changes in her childhood, but fate seems to deliberately trick her. She was married three times in her life and experienced all kinds of sorrows and joys in the world. At the age of sixteen, Cai Wenji married the Hedong Wei family. The Wei family is a hedong clan, her husband Wei Zhongdao is young and beautiful, talented, the couple is extremely loving, but unfortunately the good times are not long, less than a year, Wei Zhongdao died of illness. Cai Wenji did not give birth to a son and a half daughter, and was disliked and snubbed by the Wei family. Therefore, cai Wenji, who was arrogant and arrogant, ignored her father's objections and resolutely left the Wei family to return to her hometown.
Cao Cao
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Great Yellow Turban Army Revolt broke out, and the power of the powerful division continued to expand. After the general He Jin was killed by the eunuch Ten Constant Attendants, Dong Zhuo marched into Luoyang to take control of the imperial government. Although Dong Zhuo was cruel and mean and unkind, he respected Cai Yong, who was famous in Jinghua, and promoted him to three levels in a row, worshiping General Zhonglang. However, Dong Zhuo's brutality caused a joint opposition from various local forces, and Dong Zhuo burned Luoyang and moved the capital to Chang'an. In the third year of Chuping (192 AD), Dong Zhuo was killed by Wang Yun and Lü Bu, and Cai Yong was implicated and died tragically in prison. Some Confucians wept bitterly when they learned of Cai Yong's death. Confucians from Chenliu County also painted for him in commemoration. Later generations called him "Wen Tong San Lu, Xiao Qi Sam Qian." "Compare him to Qu Yuan in literature and zengsan and ziyuan in filial piety.
In just a few years, Cai Wenji experienced the tragedy of her father's death and her husband's death. This is Cai Wenji's youth, experiencing pain and suffering that is unimaginable to ordinary people. Born in a chaotic world, Cai Wenji's talent did not bring her good luck and happiness, but repeatedly suffered disasters and misfortunes.
After Dong Zhuo's death, his generals captured Chang'an again, and the warlords were even more severe. Qiang hufan soldiers took the opportunity to plunder the Central Plains. As Cai Wenji wrote in the "Poem of Sorrow and Indignation", "The people of Pingtu are fragile, and the soldiers who come are huqiang." Hunting wild besieged the city, and all directions were destroyed. There was no remains, and the corpses refused. The horse hangs the man's head on the side, and the horse carries the woman behind. Long drive west into the customs, the road is dangerous and obstructed. Cai Wenji, along with many of the women who were taken captive, was taken to the Southern Xiongnu.
Cai Wenji was forced to marry the Xiongnu King Zuoxian, suffered from the exile of a foreign land, and lived there for twelve years. She gave birth to two sons for King Zuoxian, learned to play "Hu Di", and learned some foreign languages. At this time, Cao Cao swept away the northern crowd and became the prime minister. He remembered the teachings of his teacher Cai Yong when he was a teenager, and when he learned that Cai Yong's daughter had been taken captive to the Southern Xiongnu, he immediately sent emissaries to redeem her with a thousand and two gold and a pair of white walls.
Although Cai Wenji is willing to return to her homeland that she misses day and night, she wants to leave the children born and raised in the Xiongnu, and the mother and son are separated forever, and she feels infinite sadness. In this contradictory mood, she wrote the famous poem "Eighteen Beats of Hu Di".
After Cai Wenji's departure, the Southern Xiongnu people rolled up the reed leaves and blew the flute every night of the moon, making a mournful sound, imitating Cai Wenji's "Hu Fu Eighteen Beats", which became an enduring local tune. People in the Central Plains also played the "Eighteen Beats of Hu Di" with huqin and zither, which was very popular. Li Qi, a Tang Dynasty man, lamented in his poem "Listening to Dong Dabang Hu Di Lang and Sending Room to Things":
Cai Nu used to make a hu di sound,
One shot has eight beats.
Hu people shed tears and wept grass,
Han makes the intestines cut off to the returnees.
Ancient Shu Cang Cang Beacon Fire Cold,
The wilderness is heavy and snow-white.
In 208, Cai Wenji returned to her hometown of ChenLiu Commandery and, under Cao Cao's arrangement, married Dong Qi, the duke of Tuntian. At this time, Dong Qi was in his early 20s, in his youth, born with a table of talents, general history, familiar with the rhythm of music, and Cai Wenji was already middle-aged, full of chaos and sorrow, often thinking about HuDi's two sons, the relationship between the two was not very harmonious.
In the second year after Cai Wenji's marriage, Dong Qi committed a crime and died. Therefore, she came to Cao Cao's Chancellor's Mansion to intercede for her husband. Cao Cao was feasting on the guests, and the Gongqing Doctor and the envoys from all walks of life were sitting in a full hall, and Cao Cao heard that Cai Wenji had asked to see her, and said to the guests present: "Cai Bozhe's daughter is outside, and all the princes have heard of her talent, please meet for all the princes today!" Cai Wenji walked up to the hall, knelt down, explained the reason for the matter, and the guests present sighed with each other. Cao Cao said: "The matter is indeed worthy of sympathy, but the document has gone, why bother?" Cai Wenji pleaded, "Ming Gong stables ten thousand horses, tiger soldiers into the forest, why not hurry up and ride a horse, but not to die and die?" "To say it is to kowtow. Cao Cao remembered his friendship with Cai Yong in the past, and also thought of Cai Wenji's tragic life, if Dong Qi was executed, Wen Ji would not be able to survive on his own, so he immediately sent someone to quickly increase his whip, recover Wen Zhi, and forgive him.
Cao Cao saw Cai Wenji in the cold winter, but he was on his feet and couldn't bear it. So he ordered someone to take the turban, shoes and socks for her to change, so that she could stay in her own palace before Dong Qi returned. Cao Cao loved to read and to collect books. In a small talk, Cao Cao said that he was very envious of the original collection of books in Cai Wenji's home. However, Cai Wenji told him that the four thousand books hidden in her original home had all been lost after several wars, but she could still memorize more than four hundred. After Cao Cao heard this, he was very happy, so he said to her: "Since this is the case, how about ordering ten scribes to go to the Zun Mansion to copy?" Cai Wenji replied: "Concubines hear that there is a difference between men and women, do not give relatives etiquette, beg for a straw pen, and the real grass is only for life." Therefore, Cai Wenji silently wrote four hundred articles from memory, which shows Cai Wenji's erudition and diligence.
Since then, Dong Qi has been grateful for his wife's life-saving grace and has deep feelings for Cai Wenji. After experiencing the life and death tempering of life, Cai Wenji and Dong Qi also looked down on the world's fame and fortune and life and death, far away from the world, tracing the water to the water, and living in the foothills of the beautiful scenery. A few years later, Cao Cao hunted the mountain dwelling where they lived in seclusion, and once visited it.
Cai Wenji's life has many fates, and she has experienced all kinds of right and wrong, sorrow and joy in the world, but she has left behind the ancient singing "Hu Di Eighteen Beats" and "Sad and Indignant Poems" for future generations. Moreover, "Poems of Sorrow and Indignation" is known as the first autobiographical five-word long narrative poem created by literati in the history of Chinese poetry, which is sincere, touching, and sour, and self-contained in Jian'an poetry.
Not only that, Cai Wenji's story has also spread abroad. In 1979, the International Astronomical Union officially promulgated the proper names of 310 Mercury craters, and the names of 15 outstanding Literary Artists in China climbed the crater of Mercury, and Cai Yan (Cai Wenji) Crater was one of them!
Attached is the full text of the Poem of Sorrow and Indignation:
【Part 1】
Han Ji lost his authority, and Dong Zhuo was in chaos. If you want to usurp the land, you will first harm the virtuous. Forced to move to the old state, support the Lord to strengthen themselves.
Hai Nei Xingyi, want to discuss the ominous. Zhuo Zhong came to the east, and the golden armor shone brightly. The Pingtu people are fragile, and the soldiers are all Hu Qiang.
Hunting wild besieged the city, and all directions were destroyed. There was no remains, and the corpses refused. The horse hangs the man's head on the side, and the horse carries the woman behind.
Long drive west into the customs, the road is dangerous and obstructed. Also Gu Miao meditated, and the liver and spleen were rotten. Ten thousand of them shall not be allowed to gather.
Or there are flesh and bones, and they dare not speak. Frustrated machine slightly, words and words to kill the prisoner. To be a pavilion blade, I Cao will not live.
He will not be able to bear his life, and he will not be able to bear his scolding. Or add a cane to the stool, and the poisonous pain ginseng is combined. Dan wept, and the night sat in sorrow.
If you want to die, you can't get it, and you can't live if you want to live. He who is a man of heaven suffers from this misfortune. The border is different from The Chinese, and the people are less righteous.
There is a lot of frost and snow in the place, and the wind is from spring and summer. He blew my clothes and swept them into my ears. I miss my parents and lament endlessly.
There are guests from outside, and they are often happy to hear. Greeting his news, he was not in the township. When you meet, you will meet yourself.
He has been freed from self-forgiveness, and shall forsake his son. Heaven is filled with hearts, and there is no other meeting date. Survival is eternally separated, and it is not easy to reconcile with it.
He hugged me by the neck and asked my mother what she wanted. When the mother is gone, will there be a time for return. Amu is always merciful, and now he is even more unkind.
I'm not an adult yet, so I don't care. Seeing this collapse within five, trance is crazy. The trumpet sobbed and caressed, when the question was repeated.
There are both contemporaries, sending each other goodbye. I am alone, and the cries are broken. The horse is standing, the car is not turning.
The spectators sighed and whimpered as they walked. Go and cut love, march day by day. Three thousand miles, when to resume the meeting.
Thinking of me out of my belly, Hun is destroyed. To the end of the family, but also to the end of the chinese and foreign countries. The city is mountainous, and the court is full of thorns.
White bones do not know who, vertical and horizontal can not be covered. There was no sound outside, and the jackals barked and barked. Cocoon to the lonely scene, the liver and lungs.
Ascending to the far horizon, the soul suddenly flew away. If life is exhausted, others will be lenient. For the sake of rejuvenation, although the birth is not good.
Entrust yourself to the new people, and do your best to encourage yourself. Exile becomes contemptuous, and often fears that it will be re-donated. When life is geometric, I have sorrow all the years.
【Part 2】
The clan was in trouble with the world, and the clan was killed. The body is slightly into the West Pass, and the adventure hinders the Qiang barbarians.
The valley is a long road, and the east is gusset but lamented. Sleep when you can't sleep, and you can't eat when you're hungry.
Often drooling and not drying, Bo Zhijie thought of death. Although the living is invisible, the other side is far away from the Yang Essence.
Yin Qi condenses snow and summer zero, and the desert is dusty and dark. There are grasses and trees that are not proud of spring, and people are like beasts eating stinky.
Words and words stop, and the years are twilight. The night is long and forbidden, and you can't sleep in the screen camp.
Denghu Hall is near the Guangting, and Xuanyun is close to the Moon Star. The north wind is fierce and solemn, and the beard is moving and the horses are singing.
Lonely geese return to the sound of hissing, and musicians play the piano kite. The sound and appearance are sad and clear, and the heart is full of thoughts and chests.
Want to soothe the breath and be frightened, with mourning and sobbing on the neck. The family is not only welcoming angelica guining, but also the long road is donated to the birth.
My mother cried out, and I hid my ears and couldn't bear to listen. Chasing me away, I suddenly revived my face.
He also took care of the broken human feelings, and his heart was desperate to come back to life.