Miley and Living in the Middle of the Chinese Chapter 10 "Architecture, Land Occupation, etc." A caption print
In the 1870s, the Le Qun Building, on the left, is the British Consulate.
Southeast Network, January 4 (Fujian Daily reporter Xie Haichao text / courtesy photo) With the improvement of the historical landscape area of Yantai Mountain in Fuzhou, a dusty past has regained attention, of which the "US Consulate" is quite popular. It is known that the museum was originally established in the fourth year of Qing Xianfeng (1854), and it is believed that "the first confirmable site is located at No. 5 Xinxin Road, which was originally a gongyu foreign firm building, and was successively used as the residence of the U.S. Consulate in Fuzhou (before 1891) and the deputy taxation department of Fujian Customs, and was built no later than 1868." "But as far as the literature that journalists can now access is concerned, the relatively clear traceability of the old site can be pushed forward at least to 1861 and extended to 1876, and there are two places to examine."
"Bulletin of all Nations" a momentary news
The Bulletin of Nations, formerly known as the Church New Paper, was founded in Shanghai on September 5, 1868, and was sponsored by Lin Lezhi, a missionary of the American Council of Supervisors. On February 26, 1876 (the second day of the first month of February in the second year of the Qing Dynasty), the newspaper published a notice entitled "Fuzhou Koumei Consul Goes to Japan", Neiyun: "Fuzhou Koumei Consul Dai Junlan moved to Japan on the 19th. It used to take six or seven weeks. Its consular seal is temporarily signed by the owner of the museum, Pastor Pauline. ”
The "Dai Lannuo" in the report is translated as "M. M． Dalana (also translated 'Lano')". A look at the Chronology of Chinese and Foreign Embassies and Consulates in the Qing Dynasty shows that from July of the eighth year of qing tongzhi (August 1869) to May of the sixth year of Guangxu (July 1880), he was the consul of the United States in Fuzhou. As for Pastor Pauling (Rev. Stephen Livingstone Baldwin), william of the List of Protestant Missionaries in China, introduced him as a missionary to China appointed by the Missionary Society of the Southern Governorate of the United States, and arrived with his wife at the missionary station in Fuzhou in 1859. Due to Madame's health, she returned to the United States in early 1861, but Madame died on the way. He married again and returned to Fuzhou with his new wife in 1862.
The biography of Pauling in the Hundred Weeks commemorative book of the Chinese Christian Methodist Church differs greatly from the account of Wei Lieali, but the intersection of Pauling and Dailana in Rong should mainly be between 1872 and 1880. An examination of the documents such as "Fujian General Bureau of Commerce and Commerce Sent Tongzhi Nine Years (1870) Fuxia Taiwan's Various Mouths to Engage in Cases with Foreigners" found that Baoling had fought several lawsuits, but all of them were sent by Dai Lanna's predecessors to supervise the case, and Dai Lanna's official seal had led to a case of being stolen by qiu Tianshen, a British Singaporean, and forged letters to interfere with local justice.
Although the report of the Bulletin of the Nations was a short message, it directly and clearly stated the fact that the consulate had sent a residence in Baoling, and that the consular seal could only be entrusted to the owner after a long time. This is not isolated evidence, but more powerful ironclad evidence from Millie and (R. S． Maclay' book Living in the Middle of Chinese.
Miley and the "China Record"
Mai Lihe's status is revered and his fame is even greater, which is deeply related to the establishment of the Chating True God Hall, Cangshan Tian'an Hall, and Yinghua College. It is said that he arrived in Fuzhou in April 1848, returned to the United States at the end of 1859, and published "Living in the Middle of the Chinese" in New York in 1861, and returned to Fuzhou in the same year. The 5th series of the "China Studies" Foreign Languages Collection and Records of China (published by Guangxi Normal University Press) shows that the title of the book is listed, but this series of books is a photocopy of the original text, fortunately, the relevant papers included in the "CNKI" have appendices and translations, which can be seen in one or two.
Is the tenth chapter of the book, "Architecture, Land Occupation, etc.", which reads: "From the attached drawings we can see the buildings of the church on the south side of the riverbank and on the hillside. There are 6 houses in total in the picture, however we can only see 4 complete houses. Looking from left to right, the first thing that appears is a corner of the house, which belongs to a foreign businessman. Further to the right you will see a low bungalow, the parish mayor R. S． M. McRae S． Maclay) lived there; a two-storey house with a flagpole erected next to it, which originally belonged to the U.S. Consulate, but now belonged to our church, The Diocese S. Maclay. L． Baldwin (S. L． Baldwin) lived here; a two-storey house, now the branch of Wo Women's College in China, with the British Consulate on the right rear of the house, also with a flagpole; on the right was the residence of the Parish Mayor, Dr. Wentworth; on the far right, the house with one corner exposed was the residence of another foreign merchant, and this magnificent building was subsequently demolished, and now there is a beautiful-looking and well-structured Anglican Church. ”
“R． S． McRae "i.e. Miley and himself," S. McRae said. L． Baldwin" means Pauling, and "Baldwin" is the synth of "Baldwin". Here is a special reminder to avoid confusion, almost at the same time in the Rong missionary there is another "Baldwin", the old translation of the name "Mo Pi (C. C． Baldwin, also translated as 'Mo Jiali')", "History of the Fuzhou Mei-Yimei Annual Meeting" also see the translation of "Mo Ling". Mo Pi lived in Fuzhou for nearly half a century, was proficient in the Fuzhou dialect, compiled the "Outline of the Beginners of the Rong Cavity", the "Rong Cavity Zhuyin Dictionary" (co-signed with Mai Lihe), and the "Shandong Powder" was also included, which shows that this is really the "great love" of fuzhou people a hundred years ago.
The emphasis on "This place originally belonged to the American consulate, but now belongs to our church" further indicates that the American consulate was already here before the book was written in 1861, echoing the current news of the Bulletin of nations.
"Rich minerals" to be dug deep
"Living in the Middle of the Chinese" is "rich", taking only chapter XIII , "The School", as an example, Neiyun: "The mission's energy in the field of education was concentrated on a boarding school established on November 26, 1856. "The mission decided to entrust Pastor Ki soon to open a boys' school in the house of Qichang Foreign Firm, which was purchased for girls' schools and seminaries, as the basis for future schools."
The Rev. Kishun, the headmaster, reported on September 30, 1857: "I was commissioned to build a boarding school on November 26, 1856, which initially enrolled 4 students and has been operating normally ever since. ”
On the issue of girls' education, "under the management of Wa Biaoli and Miss Wa Xili, a girls' boarding school was established for Chinese girls, and the girls' day school was suspended. The church provided temporary accommodation for the school, which was once home to a boys' boarding school run by Pastor Kishun."
The Sisters reported on 30 August 1860: "The boarding school was established on 28 November of the previous year (1859). However, the prospects for enrolling students at that time were not optimistic. For Locals in Fuzhou, girls' boarding schools are a new thing, and no one wants to take the lead. As soon as the school opened, a little Chinese girl was enrolled. After 8 days alone, 6 other girls joined in. In a short period of time, 4 students were sent home again. ”
Who was the first little girl to eat "crab"? Li Shuren's "Introduction to the Private Yuying Girls' Junior High School" says that her aunt Huang Huiqin was "the first and only student of Yuying when she was founded in 1859", "In the article "Yuying Girls" there is also a photo of her, indicating 'our first student'".
Millie and his "girls' boarding school", that is, the Wo Church Girls' School China Branch mentioned in Chapter 10, is undoubtedly what Li Shuren calls "Yuying Girls' School", and people, events, and times are all right, at least answering some historical questions about the founding place of Yuying Girls' School and the change of the address of the US consulate.
The "Commemorative Album of the Hundred Weeks of the Chinese Methodist Church", published in 1948, is also a relatively primitive historical document in the eyes of today, with an article saying: "As soon as Pastor Colin arrived in China a hundred years ago, "(1848) a school with only four students was established in Qianshan, Cangcang, Fuzhou. Legend has it that this school was the predecessor of Yuying Girls' School." Its wording has become unconfident, and it is now even more absurd in Milley-Ho's account.
Comparison of the two figures
In fact, Millie and in Chapter X provide a sample of the title deeds of the property (signed in April 1855) and have been informed of the specific location of his residence. Translations such as "located in the Tienang ward," "near Mirror Hill," and "the wall that stretches into the Tienang temple" are completely untouchable. However, the twelfth chapter of the original book, "Preaching and Church", is accompanied by engravings of Cheonando and English descriptions, and the translation team of this chapter also accurately translates "the Tienang Church" as "Cheonan Hall", which is transliterated by The Wittoma pinyin method, and it can be confirmed that the reference is "Tian'an-ri" and "Tian'an Temple", but "Mirror Mountain" is still unknown.
However, from the caption prints in chapter 10, we can still get more intuitive information. The "British Consulate" mentioned in the article is undoubtedly an excellent reference, and its location information is clear and stable, and no one has any objections. Referring to Yan Maohui and Zhu Yongchun's "Examination of the Remains of the Modern Consulate in Cangshan, Fuzhou", the following can be sorted out: In May 1844, the British Governor in Hong Kong sent Li Taiguo as the consul of Fuzhou, and was the first to rent a house in Nantai Yamuzhou outside the city. In February 1845, it was moved to Wushi Mountain in the city, and the rented Jicui Temple was the earliest British consulate established in Rong. It was not possible for the British to build a consulate building until the land was acquired without permission. The site is located in the Cangshan District, now known as "10 Lequn Road" of the British Consulate, in the fifth year of Xianfeng (1855), completed and put into use in 1859. According to the "Qing Shilu" Xianfeng Fifth Year of the first day of February, this section is called "the empty foundation behind the Shuangjiang Terrace of the Nantai Tian'an Temple".
The lithograph shows the residence of the American Methodist Mission priest and its surrounding buildings, the houses look very close together, and in front of it is a cemetery, mixed with a local traditional tomb in the Western-style "Chaotian Stele", "shaped like a half moon, leaning forward and backward", looking like a Taishi chair. An old photo was also found on the Internet, marked as "Lequn Building in the 1870s, the British Consulate on the left", also in the "Chaotian Monument" bush, and also saw a "chair grave". The plotter and the photographer are separated by 10 years, and they seem to be standing in the same observation area, but the perspective is biased.
The mansion garden was in turmoil
So, from the time of the transfer around 1861 until 1876, did the U.S. consul live in the Residence of the Reverend Pauling? Does it contradict Miley and the tone of "origin" and "present"? Xie Changlin's advice to Dai Lanna that "public anger is difficult to commit, things must be at peace" and its reasons confirmed that the museum had indeed moved out and looked elsewhere.
"Historical Materials on Sino-US Relations: Tongzhi Dynasty" (edited by Guo Tingyi and Tao Zhenyu) contains an article entitled "The General Administration Received Wen Yu and Other Articles from the Governor of Fujian and Zhejiang (September 22, 111th of Tongzhi)", Neiyun: "On June 27 of this year (1872), in the Meiwu area of Nantai, the American Mansion began to build a garden, because it occupied more than one inch of private commons, and the land was the public property of the Eighteen Realms of Fujian Mountain, and the gentlemen and others gathered a crowd (more than 100 people) to move forward. ”
Lin Qingyi, the prefect of Fuzhou Prefecture, and others used the excuse that "the US consular residence is masonry to build a wall, and if the boundary site is not clear, it is possible to send a note to the consular officer to clean up and return it, and there is no room for private debate." On the one hand, "Flying to Zhu Yinghao, the master of Nantai, together with Zhongzhou Flood, will lead the general secretary of the court and rush to the same military service to press the bullet"; on the other hand, "inform the US consul, quickly clean up and dismantle the foundation", Dai Lanna argued: "With the foundation of this place, first through the invitation to buy, because no one has discussed for a long time, it is suspected that it is a masterless business, and it is to build the foundation wall first." ”
After several twists and turns, in the end, "there is no foreign word in the face of the consul, and its many wall bases are first dismantled and returned" and "the villagers have been convinced.". The reason why the government was able to quickly calm the situation was mainly because it was legally credible, and its facts were clear: "The villagers were in the eighteen realms of Fujiyama, and during the five years of Xianfeng (1855), they were stolen and sold to (British businessmen) for righteousness and deeds, and the contract was returned." In the second year of Tongzhi (1863), after the former Fuzhou government decreed that the township gentry should never rent and sell, le shi forbade it, and sent a note to the British consular officer, informing the consuls of various countries, and thereafter they were not allowed to privately discuss rent and sell cases. ”
Look at the "Wheat Garden" in the "Fujiyama Chronicle": "Commonly known as the top of the wheat garden, in the south of Meiwu." Its ground end is as flat as a hat, so it is called Big Hat Mountain. In the past, the pine trees were lined up on all sides until they reached the bottom of the mountain, and it was countable as a level, which was a place for the townspeople to cool off in the summer. During the Qianlong Dynasty of the Qing Dynasty, the landlord Zheng surnamed Zheng opened a dung cellar in it, and the townspeople were uneven, and purchased it at a heavy price as a commons, called the great king's land; the renter planted wheat, the name of which was called the top of the wheat garden, and the stele Jizhi (between the right wall of the Ten Realms Shrine of the Monument). In the last year of Xianfeng, he was stolen and sold by the scoundrels to the British, and after being knocked on by the countryside, he was sentenced back. Today, it is rebuilt as Duqing Elementary School Cloud. "Duqing Primary School is now Maiding Primary School, and the school site is "No. 1 Lixin Road, Cangshan District (formerly 'No. 9 Meiwu Road, Cangqian Mountain')".
The quotations of various texts are consistent, and it can be seen that the US consul once set up a museum at the top of the wheat garden. As for moving in and out, why is it so tossed? At present, there is no way to know, after all, it is only a hasty change of the Tongzhi Dynasty. In the first month of the seventh year of Tongzhi (1868), consul Lun Yin (幹翡阿沽) "asked to rent a panboat Pu Huamin Zhou Zhenji and other fire lands, build a consular office" and "due to excessive land prices, the discussion of consular establishment was suspended", or had a certain relationship with the pre-rise power of the United States. Its office space and residence seem to have been set up in two separate places, and the scale will not be too large.