As one of the important birthplaces of Chinese civilization, Chifeng City has a long history of nearly 10,000 years and a splendid ancient civilization of 8,000 years, and is the name of the famous Hongshan culture and the land of the jasper dragon, and the heavyweight cultural heritage such as "The First Dragon of China", "The First Village of China" and "The Former Capital of the Liao Dynasty" is well-known at home and abroad. There are many kinds of peaks, deserts, grasslands, forests, hot springs, ice and snow, lakes, ice mortars, granite rock forests, rare animals and plants, cultural relics and monuments, etc., and tourism resources are readily available. Chifeng is a city where history and modernity blend, perhaps you have long experienced the charm of here, perhaps you have never been here, this issue of "Dialogue with History" invites you to walk into Chifeng, dialogue with Tao Jianying, member of the party group of the Chifeng Municipal Bureau of Culture and Tourism, and president of the Academy of Culture and Culture.
Overview of the development of cultural relics protection in Chifeng City
Chifeng City is located in the southeast of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, at the confluence of the three provinces and districts of Mongolia, Hebei and Liaoning, and borders the Chengde and Liaoning Chaoyang regions of Hebei. The total area of the city is 90,000 square kilometers, with jurisdiction over 3 districts, 7 banners and 2 counties, with more than 30 ethnic groups such as Mongolian, Han, Hui and Manchu, with a total population of 4.6 million.
Chifeng City is an important birthplace of Chinese civilization and an important source of northern Chinese civilization, with a long history, rich cultural relics and monuments, and is a major cultural heritage city in the autonomous region and even the whole country. Historically, the emergence of the four cultural peaks of Hongshan culture, steppe bronze culture, Khitan Liao culture and Mongolian culture has left many precious cultural sites and relics for Chifeng Land.
The basic situation of the historical and cultural heritage of Chifeng City, the protection and utilization of the situation
1. Overview of cultural relics resources in Chifeng City, construction of museums and cultural relics management systems
(1) Chifeng is the prefecture-level city with the most archaeological cultures in the country, and has discovered and named eight archaeological cultures, including Xiaohexi culture, Xinglongwa culture, Zhao Baogou culture, Fuhe culture, Hongshan culture, Xiaoheyan culture, Xiajiadian upper culture and Xiajiadian lower culture, which have symbolic significance in the national archaeological community. The Xinglongwa site is known as "the first village in China" by historians, the C-type jasper dragon, a landmark artifact of Hongshan culture, is praised by historians as "the first dragon in China", and the lower cultural site of Erdaojingzi Xiajiadian is praised by historians as "the first city of the grassland". Chifeng is also known as the "Land of Jade Dragons" due to the discovery of the C-type jasper dragon of the Hongshan culture. These ancient, diverse and multi-characteristic historical sites and historical cultures are chifeng's unique precious historical and cultural heritage in the world, and are non-renewable precious treasures left to us by the ancestors of Chifeng.
(2) 7,340 historical and cultural sites and relics of various kinds have been found in Chifeng City, accounting for one-third of the cultural sites and relics of the autonomous region. Among them, among the 150 major sites under national key protection during the "13th Five-Year Plan" period, Chifeng City occupies 4 sites (Liaoshangjing Ruins, Liaozhongjing Ruins, Liaoling and Fenglingyi and Erdaojingzi Sites), 50 national key cultural relics protection units, 69 key cultural relics protection units in the autonomous region, 88 key cultural relics protection units in Chifeng City, and 204 flag (county, district) level cultural relics protection units.
(3) There are 24 museums of all kinds at all levels that have been registered in Chifeng City, including 13 chinese museums and 11 non-state-owned museums; according to the level, there are 1 first-level museum, 3 second-level museums, and 6 third-level museums. The city's state-owned museums have a collection of more than 360,000 pieces/sets of cultural relics, except for the Qaraqin Flag Museum, the remaining 22 museums have been opened to the public free of charge.
2. Characteristics of cultural relics resources and representative sites of Chifeng City
The emergence of the four cultural peaks of Hongshan culture, steppe bronze culture, Khitan Liao culture and Mongolian culture in the history of Chifeng area has left many precious cultural sites and relics for Chifeng.
--Neolithic archaeological cultures based on the Hongshan culture. Including Xiaohexi culture, Xinglongwa culture, Zhao Baogou culture, Fuhe culture, Hongshan culture, Xiaoheyan culture. The Hongshan culture is mainly based on farming, fishing and hunting, beautiful pottery, and exquisite stone tools. The emergence of hongshan culture into groups of jade and jade dragons has become the beginning of the Chinese nation's worship of dragons and jade customs, and in 1972, the large "C" type jasper carving dragon, a representative artifact of Hongshan culture excavated in Samsung Tara, Weng Niu Special Banner, is the earliest dragon-shaped jade in China, known as "the first dragon in China", and Chifeng has thus become the hometown of Chinese dragons and the birthplace of dragon culture. The early form of China's state, the Hongshan Ancient Kingdom, appeared in the Chifeng area of northern China, and the Chinese state sprouted. The discovery of Hongshan cultural altars, temples, tombs, idols and jade ceremonial vessels shows that the Xiliao River Basin is one of the earliest areas that gave birth to Chinese civilization, and has a very important significance and far-reaching influence on the origin and formation of Chinese civilization.
——The early bronze culture dominated by the lower culture of Xiajiadian and the bronze culture of the heyday represented by the upper culture of Xiajiadian. In the lower cultural period of Xiajiadian, there were many hierarchical city sites and chain castle belts, and its main mode of production was mainly engaged in agricultural production, the ceremonial system had been established, and it developed in parallel with the Xia Dynasty in the Central Plains, communicated with each other, and had entered the early stage of the state. The age of the upper culture of Xiajiadian is equivalent to the Western Zhou to Spring and Autumn Period of the Central Plains, and is at the peak of the Bronze Age. Xiajiadian upper-level cultural bronze ware integrates the central plains and northern bronze culture styles into one, and is most representative of ceremonial vessels, weapons, carriage and horse harnesses, and animal ornaments. These are of great significance for exploring and studying the emergence of early Chinese states and the relationship between the northern peoples and the culture of the Central Plains, as well as the establishment of the Qin and Han dynasties after that.
- Khitan Liao culture. The Khitan people were an ancient nomadic people in northern China, evolved from a humble yuwen tribe. The vast, profound, magnificent Liao culture created by the Khitan nation created the third cultural glory period in the history of Chifeng, and the active study and introduction of advanced culture in the Central Plains enabled the Liao to develop various handicraft industries, which not only effectively promoted the prosperity of the commodity economy, but also greatly enriched and beautified the lives of all classes in the Liao and Liangjing areas at that time. It was a powerful separatist regime in China following the decline of the "world empire", the Tang Dynasty, and became the main representative of China's foreign economic and cultural exchanges in the 10th and 12th centuries and the center of political, economic and cultural exchanges in East Asia, laying a solid foundation for the expansion of the territory of the Yuan Dynasty and the emergence of a unified multi-ethnic state in China.
——Mongolian Yuan culture. It has distinct nomadic cultural characteristics and is widely integrated into the farming culture of the Central Plains, becoming the fourth cultural glory period in the history of Chifeng. Since the Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, the Chifeng area has become an important military fortress in northern China, and eventually a homeland for the Mongolian nation to live in peace and stability. For thousands of years, the northern ethnic minorities in the Chifeng area have loved life, created wealth, accumulated culture, and yearned for the future, leaving a large number of rich and precious cultural heritage to the world, and the existing ruins of the border fort in the Jin Dynasty, the ruins of the ancient city of Yingchang Road in the Yuan Dynasty, and the princely palace of Qaraqin in the Qing Dynasty have become vivid historical witnesses.
There are four major sites listed in Chifeng City as one of the 150 major sites under national key protection during the "13th Five-Year Plan" period, namely the Liaoshangjing Ruins, the Liaozhongjing Ruins, the Liaoling Tombs, the Fengling-Yi, and the Erdaojing Ruins.
1. Located in the southern suburbs of Lindong Town, Zuoqi, Bali, the ruins of Liaoshangjing are the first capital of Liao, which was built in the third year of the Liao Taizu Divine Book (918). Liaoshangjing is divided into two cities, north and south, and the two cities are connected in the shape of a "day", "the northern imperial city, the south is hancheng". The circumference of the two cities is about 25 miles, and the walls are built of rammed earth. In 1962, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Cultural Relics Task Force conducted a comprehensive exploration and test excavation, and initially explored the layout and establishment of Liaoshangjing.
The architecture of Liaoshangjing is grand in scale and majestic, surrounded by peaks and rivers. The Imperial City is in the north, slightly square in shape, and its architecture has a strong military significance. The imperial city is 1600 meters long from north to south and 1720 meters wide from east to west. The rammed earth walls are built in a rammed earth version, with a residual height of 6-10 meters. Horse faces are built on the walls of the city, and there is an urn outside the gates. Each of the four walls of the Imperial City has a city gate: The East is the Andong Gate, the west is the Qiande Gate, the south is the Dashun Gate, and the north is the Gongchen Gate. There is a high platform in the middle of the imperial city, which is the ruins of The Great Inner, 600 meters from north to south, 300 meters from east to west, in the shape of a north-south rectangle, according to the history of Liao, there are 3 gates in the Great Interior, the south is known as the Chengtian Gate, the east is known as the Donghua Gate, and the west is known as the Xihua Gate. There are three major hall sites in Ouchi, namely Kaihuang, Ender, and Wuluan. Official offices, Buddhist temples, workshops and other architectural sites are distributed in the area east and southeast of Ouchi.
Seoul is in the south and is inhabited by Han, Bohai, Uighur and other ethnic groups and craftsmen in the Central Plains. Present-day Seoul and the Imperial City are separated by the Shari River. The city is rectangular in shape, the walls are made of earth, and 3 sections remain, with a height of 4 meters. The circumference of the city is more than 5700 meters. The walls are low and narrow, without horse faces and urns. There is still a gate site at the west gate, the width of the open door is 10 meters, and the remaining pillars are still there. In the south of the city, there are pavilions facing each other, and shops and restaurants are worn in between. There are also post offices where messengers from various countries live, including Uighur camps, Tongwen stations and Linhuang stations. Its north wall is the southern wall of the Imperial City. There are four existing gates, the walls are low, and most of the ruins in the city have been washed away by the river. Over the years, cultural relics and archaeology departments at all levels have carried out many archaeological excavations at the Liaoshangjing site and achieved a large number of archaeological research results. On March 4, 1961, the Liaoshangjing site was announced by the State Council as the first batch of key cultural relics protection units in China.
2. The liaozhongjing ruins are located in the central and eastern part of Ningcheng County, on the north bank of the open alluvial plain of the Laoha River. The Liao Dynasty and the Twenty-fifth Year (1007) were built as the capital of the Liao Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Xingzong of Liao, after nearly 20 years of addition and expansion, Zhongjing became the political, economic, cultural and military center of the middle and late Liao, and became the capital of the middle and late Liao. After the fall of the Liao, the Jin, Yuan, and Ming dynasties continued to use the contours, and it has always been the ancient capital of Northern Sai. Zhongjing City is grand in scale and imposing, with a circumference of 15 kilometers, and consists of three parts: the outer city, the inner city and the imperial city. The remains of the city walls are largely well preserved. The outer city, the largest in scale, is slightly rectangular, 3500 meters wide from north to south, and 4200 meters long from east to west. In the middle of the south wall is the Zhuxia Gate, there is an urn outside the door, and the gate has a pavilion. There are 3 north-south streets and 5 east-west streets in the city. From Zhuxiamen to the north, a 400-meter-long and 60-meter-wide street is a central trunk road, with drainage ditches dug on both sides of the road, 5 east-west streets are about 10 meters wide each, and there are markets, galleries, official offices, temples, post offices and other buildings next to the road, arranged in an orderly manner.
There are spectacular monastic buildings on the hill southwest of the outer city. The inner city, located in the middle of the outer city, forms a glyph with the outer city, with a circumference of 7 kilometers, 2000 meters from east to west, and 1500 meters from north to south. There are towers on the wall, and the Yangde Gate is located in the middle of the south wall opposite the North and South Zhuxia Gate. The main garrison in the city is the army of the vault. The Imperial City, within the inner city, is square and 1,000 meters long and wide. There is a gate in the middle of the south wall, opposite the Yangde Gate, and there are corner towers at the east and west ends. There is a gate in the east and west of the gate, known as the east gate and the west gate. The Hall of Martial Arts and the Hall of Culture of Xiyemen in the East Gate of the Imperial City were the residences of Shengzong and his mother Empress Chengtian, respectively. From the Hall of Martial Arts to the Hall of Culture, there is a road connecting it. The construction of Dadingfu in Zhongjing, from design to construction, in addition to the ingenuity of the imperial court version of the envoy, is from the hands of Yanji Lianggong, the project is magnificent and costly. Zhongjing City is rich in surface relics, and the building materials of various generations of Liaojin Yuanming are overlooked. It also preserves the ruins of Jin DadingFu, Yuan Daning Road, Ming Daning Wei and Ningwangfu. Other cultural relics and buildings such as stone lions, stone people, large towers, small towers, and half-cut pagodas still stand in the city and attract the attention of the world. In 1122, Jin soldiers captured Zhongjing. During the reign of King Hailing, it was renamed Beijing.
In the Yuan Dynasty, it was the Governor of Beijing Road, and in the fifth year of the Yuan Dynasty, It was changed to Daning Road, and later changed to Wuping Road. In the Ming Dynasty, there was a commanding envoy division in Daningdu and a commanding envoy division in the north. Hongwu built the Daning Acropolis for twenty years, and it was not until the time of Ming Chengzu that the northern capital of Saibei lost its former glory, gradually became depressed and abandoned, and successively became the nomadic land of Wuliangha Sanwei and Karaqin Mongols, and was set aside as farmland by the time of Qing Yongzheng. The establishment of Dadingfu in Zhongjing strengthened the exchanges between the Liao and the Central Plains, communicated the cultural exchanges between the north and south of the Great Wall, and played an important role in the history of the development of the Khitan nation. It not only provides rich information for the study of khitan ethnic history and ancient urban architectural history, but also an important basis for the study of Jurchen and Mongolian history. In 1961, the Liaozhongjing site was announced by the State Council as one of the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units.
3. Liaoling and Fenglingyi (including Zuling and Fenglingyi, Huailing and Fenglingyi, Qingling and Fenglingyi): Zuzhou, Zuling and Fenglingyi are located in the northwest of Shizhu Village, Hada Yingge Township, Bahrain Left Banner, 25 kilometers away from Lindong Town. It is located in a deep valley with peaks and mountains. Zuzhou is the birthplace of the four generations of ancestors of The Liao Taizu Yelü Abaoji. The ancestral tomb is the mausoleum of Taizu of Liao and the Shu law. Located in Zuzhou City, the stone house (locally known as the "stone house") is made of seven huge granite stones, and although it has endured thousands of years of wind and rain, it still stands safely.
Liaoqing Tomb and Fenglingyi are located in sobozhiga Town, Right Banner, Bahrain, which is the imperial tomb and Fenglingyi of the three generations of Liao shengzong, xingzong and Daozong, and is the royal mausoleum of the most prosperous period of Liao. Gyeongyeongyeong and Fengling-eup are located in Gyeongju City, Gyeongju was built in the first year of Liaojingfu (1031), the city is in a zigzag shape, there are two walls inside and outside, the remains of the outer city are not too obvious, the inner city is well preserved, the outer city plan is rectangular, 1880 meters from east to west, 1440 meters from north to south, the circumference is 6640 meters, the city wall is all rammed earth, the existing height is 3-5 meters, the width is 10-12 meters, and only a section of the northwest corner is still preserved. The inner city is rectangular in plan, with a length of 1140 meters from north to south and 960 meters from east to west. On all four walls, there are gates, an urn castle, a horse face on the outside, and a corner platform at the four corners. The city is lined with temples and temples, and the street workshops are arranged in an orderly manner, with a grand scale and a prosperous city. In the middle and late Liaoning Dynasty, the imperial family was in the four-hour bowl, and most of the summer and autumn hunting was in the mountains around Gyeongju, and naturally, the emperor's palace was also located in Gyeongju City. Therefore, Liaoqingzhou City is a special case in Liaozhou City, and its scale and grade are second only to the capital. In the northwest of the city, a brick Sakya Buddha Stupa was built in the northwest of the city, and Sobozhiga means "pagoda" in Mongolian, so it is used as a place name.
Liaohuai Tomb and Fengling-eup are located in the Right Banner of Bahrain's Happiness Road Sumuhot El Gacha, which is the imperial tomb and Fengling-eup of Emperor Taizong and Muzong of Liao. Huailing and Fenglingyi are located in the city site of Huaizhou City, Huaizhou City site plan square, due north and south direction, the city has two gates in the north and south, four corners built with corner towers, the city building sites are mostly located in the west, mainly for two groups of large palace building sites. The eastern city wall is 524 meters long, the southern city wall is 496 meters, and most of the western city wall has been washed away by the Bed Jin River, and only a section of 24 meters remains in the southwest corner. The western section of the northern city wall has been washed away by the river, and the rest is well preserved. The width of the wall base is 8-10 meters, the residual height is 2-3 meters, the top residue width is 1-2 meters, and the rammed layer is 8-12 meters thick.
On January 13, 1988, Liaoling and Fenglingyi (including Zuling and Fenglingyi, Huailing and Fenglingyi, Qingling and Fenglingyi) were announced by the State Council as the third batch of key cultural relics protection units in China.
4. The Erdaojingzi Site is located in the northeast of Erdaojingzi Village, Wenzhong Town, Hongshan District, about 8 kilometers away from the central urban area. It belongs to the lower cultural site of Xiajiadian, dating back about 4,000 years. It has been proven that the site covers an area of about 50,000 square meters. In 2009 and 2010, a total excavation area of 13,000 square meters was excavated, and a total of 710 relics units such as houses, cellars, ash pits, tombs, and city walls were excavated, and 1,521 pieces of various precious cultural relics were excavated. The site is composed of residential areas, workshop areas and tomb areas, rich in cultural accumulation, with an average of more than 4 meters, some houses are stacked up to 7 floors, the entire site is complete, the ring moat surrounds the city wall, the city wall rings the courtyard, and the castle layout is orderly.
Erdaojingzi site is the most important archaeological discovery in Northeast Asia since the new century, is the largest and most complete bronze age site found in China so far, marking the formation of another prehistoric cultural and social development peak in the Xiliao River Basin after the Hongshan culture, which has positive and important academic value for improving archaeological theory, studying the origin of Chinese civilization, the emergence of early states, the establishment of urban prototypes, class differentiation and other issues, which have aroused widespread concern in the academic community. It has produced strong repercussions at home and abroad.
The site was rated as one of the "2009 National Top Six New Archaeological Discoveries" by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, and one of the "Top Ten New Archaeological Discoveries in China in 2009" by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage. In 2013, it was included in the national "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" major site protection plan; in 2013, it was announced by the State Council as the seventh batch of national key cultural relics protection units.
Final Judge: Ji Yanmin
Review: Wang Zuozheng
Preliminary: Wang Meng
Editor: Chen Qiao Xinyue
Audio/Text/Image source: Inner Mongolia Radio and Television Station [Beautiful Inner Mongolia] Program Chifeng Municipal Bureau of Culture and Tourism
Released by the Department of Culture and Tourism of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
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