To say that the representative of loyal people in history, Zhuge Liang can be said to be one of the well-deserved candidates, except for a poem "Out of the Master Table" that will remain in the world forever, one of the sentences "Bow down to exhaustion, after death has become a song for eternity, its image of strategizing and clever calculations is even more deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, but I believe that in fact, many people know Zhuge Liang from the Yuan Dynasty novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" or its remake of the film and television drama works, but have you ever thought that the description of Zhuge Liang in the novel must be true?
First, most of the contents of the novel-themed Romance of the Three Kingdoms are fabricated
1. The life of Zhuge Liang in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Mention Zhuge Liang everyone should be no stranger, from life to the textbook everywhere there is his figure, his life is also quite legendary, Zhuge Liang character Kong Ming Wolong, since the death of his father Zhuge Xuan, he has been living in seclusion in Longzhong, living a life of not asking about the world' affairs, idle clouds and wild cranes, but his name is still very popular in the folk, and there is more Kong Ming who has the world' head.
This also attracted Liu Bei's attention, under his three Gu Maolu, Zhuge Liang was also moved by Liu Bei's persistence, went out of the mountain to advise Liu Bei, helped him to capture Hanzhong, establish the Shu state, and himself was also crowned as the prime minister by Liu Bei, and later Liu Bei died, Zhuge Liang also took on the heavy responsibility of assisting Liu Chan, and played the "Table of Renunciation" before his death to show loyalty, and soon after Zhuge Liang died.
This story should be familiar to readers who have watched "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" or TV series, but what you may not know is that there are many fictional parts.
2. The image of Zhuge Liang recorded in the history of zhengyi
In fact, for what kind of person Zhuge Liang is, it is difficult for us to distinguish even from the main history, and the main reason is that the three regimes of the Three Kingdoms period were not all destroyed later, and the State of Wei gradually annexed the State of Shu and the State of Wu under the leadership of Sima Yi, and later was usurped by the Sima family to establish the Western Jin Dynasty, so there must be some partiality to the history of the Three Kingdoms compiled during the Western Jin Dynasty.
In the book "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" compiled during the Western Jin Dynasty, the Shu Kingdom and the Wu State were only two countries that split off from the Han Dynasty in the chaotic world, and the Wei State established by Cao Cao was the orthodox, so the evaluation of Zhuge Liang was relatively pertinent, and the book mentioned that Zhuge Liang was indeed superior in the internal affairs of the imperial court, but he was much inferior in military planning.
This is also very different from the image of Zhuge Liang, who is known as a clever and strategic person, so how did Zhuge Liang's image evolve into what we see now?
Second, the beautification of the novel coupled with the different understandings of history by various dynasties made Zhuge Liang gradually mythologize
1. Novels based on life but higher than life
"Romance of the Three Kingdoms" was produced at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, which is the main way for many people to understand the history of the Three Kingdoms, but do not forget that it is only a novel with historical themes in essence, and the novel is fundamentally based on life and higher than life, so in terms of plot, it can only be said that it is borrowed from history, but it is impossible to achieve strict prohibition.
Therefore, as far as the role of Zhuge Liang is concerned, the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is also a lot of polishing. In the case of the straw boat borrowing arrows, in fact, it has always been Zhou Yu who has been making suggestions, and in the main history, Zhuge Liang only played an executive role and did not make any contribution to the plan.
And the age of the two is also very different from history, according to the description in the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", Zhuge Liang at that time should be a young man, and Zhou Yu is also an uncle, the difference between the two is six years old, when they are 27 years old and 33 years old, and the beautification of Zhuge Liang in the book is actually a process of Zhuge Liang's going to mythology.
2. The difference in the historical cognition of successive dynasties and dynasties
In fact, the beautification of Zhuge Liang in the book also comes from the difference in the historical cognition of each dynasty. As mentioned above, the Western Jin Dynasty evolved from the State of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period, so it also had a certain bias towards the State of Wei, and its evaluation was relatively pertinent, but this situation changed during the Sui and Tang Dynasties.
The "Zizhi Tongjian" records that due to the rapid development of culture at that time, Zhuge Liangzhong's and yong personalities were constantly pursued and sublimated by the literati at that time, and began to appear in poetry on a large scale and became the object of people's praise.
However, the time of the complete transformation of Zhuge Liang's image appeared in the Song Dynasty, because the historical background of Zhao Kuangyin's yellow robe was roughly similar to the situation at that time of Cao Cao, so the attitude towards Shu and Wu in the history books was also biased, Zhuge Liang's image also changed at this time, the fact that he was not good at military affairs was gradually forgotten by people, and the image also began to go to mythology.
Third, the rendering of folk tales and the spiritual needs of all classes
1. Yuanqu, the image of Zhuge Liang's immortal wind dao bone in the novel
Therefore, under the paving of the previous dynasty, in the book "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", its image has undergone such a big change, and it is not difficult for us to see in the book that the appearance of the immortal wind Dao bone has appeared in the description of Zhuge Liang's clothing, coupled with the prevalence of yuanqu at that time, these novels were adapted into scripts and put on the stage People's impression of Zhuge Liang's immortal posture is even more profound.
So wait until some later folk novels and dramas, Zhuge Liang's image has become a god, and even the use of magic can do everything, that is, Zhuge Liang completely completed the myth in the minds of the people on the image, which mainly comes from the influence of culture and art on the people, the novel will be some stories about Zhuge Liang infinitely magnified, thus creating a perfect image of loyal subjects, in the category of not departing from the historical facts did not make Zhuge Liang close to perfection, It is the main reason why Zhuge Liang has constantly sublimated in the minds of the people.
2. The need for zhuge Liangyi's image at the spiritual level of each class
But the process of his myth is actually inseparable from the promotion of the government and society, which is also because Zhuge Liang fundamentally has all the character of a loyal subject. He served Liu Bei all his life, even after his death in the face of the weak and incompetent Liu Chan, he did not want to establish himself as king, but devoted himself to assisting, such a good minister can be said to be rare since ancient times, so that he also became a tool for the imperial court to educate the Chinese military officials of the dynasty, and the government naturally wanted to continuously raise his position in society.
And this kind of behavior is also indirectly affecting the people in society, after all, everyone wants to live a good life with abundant food and clothing, especially in the era of frequent wars, people also hope that there will be a capable minister like Zhuge Liang who will come out of nowhere to save them from water and fire.
In this regard, Zhuge Liang is not only the appearance of the ideal minister in the mind of the monarch and emperor, but also the spiritual sustenance in the hearts of the people, and in this case, the image of Zhuge Liang completes the myth step by step.
epilogue:
The three Gu frequently annoyed the world's plans, and the two dynasties opened the hearts of the old ministers. Through the above, we can see that Zhuge Liang's image is constantly being mythologized by the people in the evolution of history, and in the end it is gradually detached from the essence of history, but this is actually the spiritual need of various classes at that time, and he is also a pursuit and desire for perfect personality in people's hearts. But even so Zhuge Liang's contribution in history is still worthy of recognition, which is one of the reasons why he has been constantly beautified but still enduring.
bibliography:
"The Teacher's Table"
Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Zizhi Tongjian