With the progress of science and technology, the city continues to expand, public transportation and highways are perfect, cars have become the main means of transportation for people to travel, and luxury private cars have become a symbol of a person's identity and income. In today's rapid development of science and technology, how many people still think of the ancestors of those primitive means of transportation - ox carts, horse-drawn carriages, wheelbarrows and other cars?
(Grand Canal Hanlin Folk Customs Museum, courtesy of the enterprise, issued by the Central Broadcasting Network)
A wagon is a wagon pulled by a domestic animal horse, or to carry people, or to carry goods. The history of the carriage is extremely old, and it is almost as long as human civilization. Until the 19th century, horse-drawn carriages remained an important means of transportation for the city. People like the poetry and convenience of horse-drawn carriages, and like to ride them calmly through the streets and alleys to feast or visit relatives and friends. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Confucius led his disciples to travel around the world by horse-drawn carriage; after the unification of the Six Kingdoms of Qin, the first emperor toured the country by carriage, and it was not until the advent of trains and automobiles at the end of the Qing Dynasty that the golden age of carriages came to an end. Today, let's walk into the Grand Canal Hanlin Folk Museum and re-understand the historically important means of transportation - horse-drawn carriages.
(Carriage collected by the Grand Canal Hanlin Folk Customs Museum, courtesy of the enterprise, issued by the Central Broadcasting Network)
carriage
【Era】:Late Qing Dynasty
【Material】:Wooden
【Usage】:Transportation
【Collection】:Beijing Grand Canal Hanlin Folk Customs Museum
The culture of carriages and even carriages reminds people of the guide car of the Yellow Emperor of Xuanyuan and the bronze carriages and horses of the First Emperor; think of the ancient Chidao, Yudao, and Qin Straight Roads; think of the stations that are well connected in all directions; think of the cars on the same track, the same text in the books; think of the carriages and horse pits of the Western Zhou Dynasty; think of the poets' poems and phrases such as the car ruts, ma Xiaoxiao, the ruts in front of the car, and the north and south. The horse-drawn carriage is the condensation of the wisdom of the ancestors, the most advanced war, transportation and transportation in ancient times, and the embodiment of ancient productivity and technical level, which has been used for more than two thousand years, and has become the mark of the times with the disappearance of agricultural civilization.
China was one of the first countries to use wheels and carts, and the invention of the horse-drawn carriage was a major innovation in the history of China's transportation development. It was a convenient and fast means of transportation that liberated the ancestors from heavy physical transportation. According to historical records, the inventor of the carriage was Xi Zhong in the early years of the Xia Dynasty more than 4,000 years ago. The invention of the horse-drawn carriage not only solved the backward traffic problem, but also promoted the development of road facilities and expanded commercial transportation and cultural exchange activities.
The making of horse-drawn carriages
Ancient man-made cars may not have drawings, only tips and experience, to this day, folk craftsmen still have many car-making proverbs: "The spokes of the next year, the spokes of the year, to grow on the knotted tree." This classic mantra means that the wheels of the car are different in the dry humidity of the materials used in different parts such as spokes, spokes, and front ends. The spokes should be dried thoroughly; the rims need to be used to use the plate that was solved in the current year; "knots" refers to the hub, also called the front of the car. The hub needs to be freshly mined, so that the spoke grooves and shaft cores are easy to drill. Wedges are not easy to crack when mounting spokes. Coupled with the hardness and thinness of the drier process of the wet hub, it has the function of drying and becoming stronger. Of course, if you use dry wood to cook three times, dry three times, so that the wood has a process of rejuvenation, adding flexibility.
(The wheel of the carriage collected by the Grand Canal Hanlin Folk Museum, courtesy of the enterprise, issued by the Central Broadcasting Network)
To build a car, it is often necessary to use strong locust wood and elm wood, as the saying goes, locust wood pillars go in all directions. There is also a saying called "not open in the open, 24 do not show the head" means that there are 24 head parts of the entire vehicle to be wrapped in iron to prevent corrosion. "There are three empresses and five emperors first" refers to how to divide the outer circle of the hub first three equally, and then set the five positions, which means that the cycle begins again and again. The recipe also said: "2 feet 4 and a half inches, the rim does not have to be counted." There are also four general pillars facing the sky on the carriage, which means to stand on top of the sky. There are 27 mushroom nails on the wheels of nine rims, nine iron tiles, eighteen spokes, nine iron tiles, and 108 bubble nails on each wheel, and it is said that there are 366 iron nails in the whole car, which means that nine nine is one.
(The carved car fence side of the carriage collected by the Grand Canal Hanlin Folk Museum, courtesy of the enterprise, issued by the Central Broadcasting Network)
Classification of carriages of various dynasties
There are many types of carriages, and the identity of the people in the carriage can be identified according to the type.
Two-horse carriage – this is a comparison of cattle, two horse-drawn carriages. In ancient times, only "scholars" were eligible to ride, that is, small nobles in ancient times, courtiers of Qing Dafu, or very famous people.
Troika - the ancient doctor's car, the doctor refers to the middle-level officials of the imperial court, and the civil officials generally refer to officials with more than five pins. This carriage is not only powerful, but also a status symbol.
Horse carriage - the ancient Qing's car, the Qing was a high-ranking official in ancient times, and the number was very small. Carriages of this level are generally rare, and even in the city, they may not be able to run away.
In modern times, there are taxis, taxi software, etc., in fact, there are also "horse-drawn carriages" in ancient times. The Tang Dynasty had private carriages and rental carriages, and if you wanted to go out, you could rent a carriage. However, renting a car is expensive and not an economic option for travel.
(Grand Canal Hanlin Folk Customs Museum collection of carriage car fence carved four corners, enterprise photo, issued by the Central Broadcasting Network)
The Tang Dynasty also specially issued a traffic law, "racing" for no reason in the downtown area, crashing and injuring people, and needing to be whipped 50 times.
During the Song Dynasty, Lin'an, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, appeared as a "shared carriage" for the citizens to rent. The shape of these carriages is generally rectangular, known as "long cars". The roof is covered and surrounded by gauze curtains. Rental method: The carriage is provided by the private merchants, rented to the ordinary people, and the charging method is calculated on time or by day.
In the Ming Dynasty, "cars" specifically designed to carry people appeared. Because there are tents, fences, shaped like palanquins, it is also called "car". There is not much difference in the shape of the car used by nobles or commoners, and the important difference is in the production of the car fence. From the material, process and color of the fence, it can be distinguished from the status of the passenger.
(The rear side of the carved carriage fence of the carriage collected by the Grand Canal Hanlin Folk Museum, courtesy of the enterprise, issued by the Central Broadcasting Network)
Conclusion
In the Qing Dynasty, Western civilization gradually infiltrated, the status of horse-drawn carriages gradually declined, and later there were cars, trams, and trains, and horse-drawn carriages were almost eliminated.
People often use the phrase "the wheel of the times, rolling forward" to compare social progress and economic development. This may refer to the wheels of the train. In fact, the kind of wooden wheels of Mara can also be regarded as a symbol of the development of the times. The carriage is many times more advanced than the human back and horse riding in the past. The advent of horse-drawn carriages has improved the means of transport, from horse-drawn carriages to tractors and automobiles, and it is another step forward. The contribution of the carriage to mankind is indispensable. Although there are all kinds of cars and trams running on the highway today, and the ancient horse-drawn carriage has completely disappeared in our field of vision, the wooden rutted carriage that runs on the road with joy has left a deep mark of the times in people's minds, triggering us to think about the old past that was full of troubles in that vicissitudes of the times.
As the only land transportation vehicle in ancient society, the development history of horse-drawn carriages can be described as long.com. As one of the four ancient civilizations, the development of carriage technology in China also confirms the strength and advancement of Chinese civilization from one side. China's ancient carriage manufacturing technology has been in an independent development of the historical trajectory, until the modern era of Chinese carriage manufacturing technology and foreign technology integration, so the development of China's carriage technology is the crystallization of the wisdom of the ancient Chinese.
Introduction to the founder of the museum
(Mr. Gu Jianhua, founder of the Grand Canal Hanlin Folk Customs Museum, courtesy of the enterprise, issued by the Central Broadcasting Network)
Gu Jianhua is a member of the 10th, 11th and 12th CPPCC Beijing Municipal Committee, and a member of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th CPPCC Beijing Tongzhou District CPPCC Committee. Chairman of Beijing Grand Canal Hanlin Cultural Development Center, Director of Grand Canal Hanlin Folk Customs Museum, Director of Oriental Cambridge Hanlin Huaxin Education Group, Former Editor-in-Chief of China Net Grand Canal Channel.
Located on the banks of the Liangshui River in Tongzhou District, the Grand Canal Hanlin Folk Museum was founded in 2010 by private entrepreneur Gu Jianhua, which is the first private museum in Tongzhou District and the only cultural venue for the comprehensive display, research, protection, development and utilization of the Folk Culture of the Grand Canal in Beijing. Mr. Lu Jimin, a well-known cultural expert who served as the director of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage and the president of the Palace Museum in Beijing, inscribed the name of the museum.
The Grand Canal Hanlin Folk Customs Museum covers an area of nearly 10 acres, with a construction area of 10,000 square meters and tens of thousands of collections, all of which are the personal collections of Mr. Gu Jianhua. There are 26 jade exhibition halls, porcelain exhibition halls, stoneware exhibition halls, modern handicraft exhibition halls, ancient measuring instrument exhibition halls, pottery iron exhibition halls, cloisonné handicraft exhibition halls, bronze handicraft exhibition halls, calligraphy and painting exhibition halls, etc., and the collections in each exhibition hall have high historical value and academic value.
The purpose of the museum is: "inherit and protect precious heritage, highlight artistic characteristics, give full play to regional advantages, exhibit and collect scientific research at the same time, carry forward the long history, everbright canal culture, serve the construction of Tongzhou New Town, and strive for the scientific development of the capital.".
Grand Canal Hanlin Folk Museum collection display
Imitation of fine casting copper tire gilded seawater exotic animal pattern four-square smoker (enterprise photo, issued by the Central Broadcasting Network)
【Specifications】Height 37.5cm, caliber 22.5×29cm, ear pitch 38.5cm, weight 21.65 kg
【Knowledge】Daming Xuande year system
【Detailed description】The furnace is square, the top of the furnace, the curved abdomen, the circle foot, the furnace lid is carved with a cloud dragon pattern, the lower abdomen of the furnace is engraved with a seawater beast pattern, and the side of the furnace is molded with animal ears. The smoke oven is huge, the furnace is cloudy, flexible, galloping fast, sideburns and scales are regular, and the air is exquisite, vivid. The sea is turbulent and reflects the aura of the beast. The furnace body is precise and delicate, the grinding disc is round and smooth, and the edges and corners of the blade are not exposed.
Imitation of fine casting copper tire dragon head ear furnace (enterprise photo, issued by the Central Broadcasting Network)
【Specifications】Height 12.6cm, caliber 20.8cm, abdominal diameter 25.5cm, ear spacing 30cm, weight 7.5 kg
【Paragraph knowledge】Daming Chongzhen year system
【Details】The mouth of the furnace lip is extravagant, the neck is closed, the bulging abdomen is sagging, and the dwarf circle foot is skimmed. The left and right dragon-headed beasts swallow both ears, up from the neck and down to the abdominal drum. The whole instrument is deeply cast, with ancient and clumsy ears, so that this instrument is full of ancient meaning, full of grace and luxury, and is a few cases of play for the literati and scholars, with high artistry and collection value.