Text/Xu Yongqiang
Since ancient times, Chengdu has been the capital of sports. Chengdu people who love life have never lacked the enthusiasm for attention and participation in sports, and have provided a strong source for the creation of poetry. The poems of Li Bai, Du Fu, Lu You, Madame Hua Rui, etc., vividly describe scenes such as juvenile keju, citizen wrestling, literati dancing swords, emperors playing ball, and women riding horses and archery. From the court down to the people, the unprecedented development of sports in Chengdu is especially in line with the seasonal festivals and entertainment customs pursued by the citizens. This fully reflects the healthy lifestyle and mentality of Chengdu people who love life and enjoy life.
The swing is still luxurious
Keju originated from Linzicheng, the former capital of the State of Qi during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. In the Western Han Dynasty, Keju spread from the Central Plains to Bashu and became a favorite sport for all the princes and nobles down to the common people. Among them, the Eastern Han Dynasty writer and Guanghan Li You wrote the "Ming of Fengcheng" on the orders of the emperor, which was completed based on the Keju activities he saw in Chengdu, and became a precious document for studying ancient football competition systems and etiquette.
The "Fengcheng Ming" describes in detail the rules of the Keju movement: "The square wall of the circle is like yin and yang. The law and moon are hedged, and the two and six are comparable. Li You believes that the bow ball and the stadium are designed according to the concept of yin and yang in the round place, with 6 people on each side, representing 12 months of the year. In addition to describing the shape of the stadium, the number of people, and the way of competition, he also proposed that the national appointees should be as square as The city (the venue of Keju), "Building a long and standing flat, its example is often." There is no affinity, no selfishness. Be at peace with yourself and don't complain. The government is natural, and the situation is in charge. ”
From the rules of the game to the rule of law to govern and employ people, not to avoid relatives and alienation, public and private integrity, not to bend the law for personal gain, Li You can be described as the first "football commentator" in history, pioneering football to a political height.
In the Tang Dynasty, the Keju activity in Shudi flourished and developed into the most representative sports. Li Longji took refuge in Shu and wrote on the Shu Road that "the prince obstructs the bow on the way, and the beautiful person immediately abandons the swing", which reflects the happy scene of the Shu teenagers playing football in the spring.
Keju is not only a folk recreational sport, but also popular in the military and palace. Wei Yingwu's "North Building After Cold Food" Yun: "Hear the drumming from afar, and the music of the Keju army." Li Bai's "Ancient Wind" Cloud: "In the Golden Palace of cockfighting, at the edge of the Yaotai platform." ”
In the Song Dynasty, Keju was more popular in Chengdu. The Southern Song Dynasty poet Lu You wrote in the poem "Spring Festival Gala Sentiments": "100,000 homes in Liangzhou are cold food, and the swing is still luxurious." In the poem "Feeling the Last Chapter of the Four Last Chapters of the Old Four Pieces", there is "the road into Liangzhou is like a palm flat, and the swing is bowed to take advantage of the Qingming".
Keju has undergone a shift from confrontation to entertainment, attracting more women to participate. Yuanren Deng Yubin's "Lady Yuanshe Balloon Pun" song: "That Fengbiao, with a charming posture, mistakenly recognized Lang Jun, who mistakenly recognized Fan, he stepped forward and kicked, lightly passed Fan, and hit him with a slight smile." The sister saw the ball and rushed to put her feet on stilts. ”
The jade saddle first straddled the willow waist softly
Polo, also known as bowing, playing ball. Some people think that polo evolved from ancient football, about the rise of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, flourished in the Tang Dynasty, the Tang royal family especially liked this sport, Tang Xuanzong claimed to be the first master. Affected by this, the princes and nobles all followed suit.
Shu lord Wang Jian also loved polo, and in Chengdu he called the emperor to rebuild the polo field, known for its luxury. The Shu Han Zhuo records that Wang Jian's polo field is exactly where the Chengdu Sports Center is located today. Wang Jian felt that only one polo field in the Shu Palace was not enough, and built a small stadium called XipuChang. This polo field is particularly elaborate, mixed with an appropriate amount of butter into the finely sieved dirt, and then repeatedly rammed and crushed, the course is as flat as a mirror, and the horse is not easy to dust after stepping. Lady Hua Rui's "Palace Words" Yun: "Xiao Shu Field is close to the head of the qu pond, and Xuan Xunchen tries to beat Gong." First row to the painting building, the orchestral sound of the oil slick. ”
Polo is popular in the Former Shu and Later Shu palaces. Lady Hua Rui's "Palace Words" Yun: "In the Western Courtyard, there is a beating back, and the royal banquet is newly opened in the garden." The missionary workshop is full of tricks, and the pond urges him to enter the painting boat. The Shu lord also replaced the earthen walls of the polo field with brocade, which was gorgeous and magnificent, and personally taught the concubines to play polo. Lady Hua Rui's "Palace Words" Yun: "Self-taught Gong'e to learn to play, and the jade saddle first crossed the willow waist softly." The upper shed knows that the official family recognizes it, and wins the first chip all over the place. ”
A sword dance moves in all directions
Fencing is one of the most traditional and popular instrumental exercises in ancient times. Fencing in the Han Dynasty was popular in Chengdu, and not only did the samurai like to learn swords, but the literati also loved swords. The famous Fujia Sima Xiangru is the representative. The "Chronicle of Sima Xiangru Lie" says: "Sima Xiangru, a person from Chengdu, Shu County, is also a character Changqing. When he was young, he was good at reading and learning fencing, so his personal name was Inuyasha. ”
In the Tang Dynasty, swordplay performances were very popular, and literary artists such as Li Bai, Du Fu, and Jia Dao all had poetry descriptions. There are 88 poems about swords in the Quan Tang Poems. The sword represents the majestic heroism, and the poet also uses the sword to express the feeling that the talent cannot be displayed, and the desire to be reused by the ruler.
Among them, After living in Shudi for 25 years, Li Bai, who "fought the sword to go to the country and resigned his relatives and traveled far away", had a special love for swords, and the figure of the sword appeared many times in his poems: "Otherwise the sword will rise, the desert will reap the Qixun" ("Seven Judges of He"), "Ten Thousand Miles Across the Tiger's Den, Three Cups of Sword Dance Dragon Spring" ("SendIng Yu LinTao General"), "Willing to Put the Sword under the Waist, Straight to Chop Lou Lan" ("Sai Xia Qu Six Songs, One"), "According to the Sword Qing Eight Poles, Return to the Wind" ("Dengguang Wu Ancient Battlefield Huaigu"), "Xi Xian Qiang Yan Guo, Bai Qi Zuo Junwei" The sword decisively floats in the clouds, and the bow bends bright moon and shines" ("Send Bai Li from General Jin Wudong on the Western Expedition"), "The electric sword in his hand is dragged by the heavenly sword, and the long whale is directly cut off by the sea" ("Song of General Sima ""General Sima Song") ... Li Bai gave the sword a more romantic and unrestrained deep meaning, revealing a strong desire to build merit and repay the country and a self-confident and heroic personality characteristics.
Swords are accompanied by dance, the most famous of which is that Du Fu highly praised the outstanding skills of Gongsun Da Niang and his disciples in sword dance after watching Gongsun Da Niang's disciples perform sword skills in Kuizhou: "There used to be a beautiful Gongsun clan, and a sword dance moved in all directions. The viewer is as depressed as the mountains, and the heavens and the earth are low for a long time. ("Guan Gongsun Da Niang Disciple Sword Dance Instrument Line") The poem uses metaphors and exaggerations to describe the superb swordplay, and the exquisite and fascinating sword dance scene is amazing and emotional, which shows the popularity of sword dance in Bashu.
In addition to swordsmanship, as a sword and gun that went into battle to kill the enemy and defend the country, it also became a often described object for poets in Shudi at that time. For example, Wang Jian wrote in the "Xianghe Song Lyrics and Military March": "The gun city surrounds the drum horn, and the felt tent depends on the valley." Immediately suspend the pot pulp, and the knife tip divides the meat. Cen Shan sighed in the "East Return Left Title Too Often Xu Qing Caotang (in Shu)": "I don't thank the ancient famous generals, I know Xu Taichang." Only more than thirty years old, he bravely crowned the southwest. He once rode a horse and held two guns alone. The thieves rode countless times, and they did not dare to be when they saw the king. The Han general Xiao Wei Huo, and the Shu general Ling Guan Zhang. "Xu Taichang in the poem is exactly the invincible double-gun general.
Floating wrestling competes
Historically, the Chengdu Plain was crisscrossed by rivers, and residents lived near the water and mastered the skill of swimming very early. Su Shi summed it up: "There are many people in the south, and the sun and the water live. Seven years old and can wade, ten years old can float, fifteen years old can not also. "No" means diving, and "floating" means swimming.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the Bashu region has applied swimming techniques to military fighting formations. The "Warring States Embedded Bronze Pot of Mistaken Rewards for Meritorious Service" unearthed in Chengdu reflects the cruelty of war by the warriors in the picture who either float, or dive, or fight in the water, and also show that the Bashu region has long used the advantages of more water to train superb swimming skills and apply them to military struggles.
Many of the sports of modern sports evolved from military training, and in addition to fencing and swimming, wrestling was the same. Wrestling, in the pre-Qin dynasty, was called wrestling, the Qin and Han dynasties were renamed Jiao, and the Wei jin to the Tang and Song dynasties were called sumo wrestling. Although the names are different, they are all direct contact between the two people, and then use a certain part of the body to destroy the support surface of the other party's body as a means to fall down the other party.
The Northern Song Dynasty's "Records of Wrestling" is the first book to describe wrestling, which specifically describes the scene of the crowded alleys of the Chengdu wrestling competition at the end of the Tang Dynasty: "The wind of Shu County, the young and thin□□ to be a society, the brave people in the bridge city, the money to prepare wine and food, about the Shangyuan, will be in front of the Xueshe Mountain, the plains ... A pair of duels go away, or the winner, the community out of the reward, the horse hugs away, the spectators are blocked, the alley has no one to live. ”
At that time, it was fashionable for teenagers to join the Wrestling Club, and the wrestling tournament lasted from the first day of the first month to May. In the late Tang Dynasty, the Wrestling Club set up points in the bustling city to recruit braves, and after reaching an agreement, drank wine and ate meat, paid a deposit, arranged training, and organized competitions. As a result, the wrestling club has the prototype of a modern sports club, marking the beginning of the commercial operation of sports in China.
Shu people do not know how to play
In ancient times, many sports and festivals were combined, and the cold food festival was full of swings, playing keju, spring walking, tug-of-war, and other festivals in the ascent, racing, playing ball, throwing pots, fishing, etc. Many of these folk activities began in the pre-Qin period and have been inherited to the present day, and have evolved into sports competitions.
Every year on the second day of the second month of the lunar calendar is the Shu people's treading festival, and poets' poems describing the public's travel to Qingqing abound. On this day, all the women, flocking to enjoy the tour, scattered in the four suburbs. Wu Yuanheng, the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty, served in Chengdu and wrote "Spring Day and the Boating of the Princes": "Thousands of miles of snowy mountains open, and the spring water of the Tuojiang River comes." Stationed in the sail clouds, blowing pipe crane Pei hui. The body is flowing for many years, and the scenery in front of the zun is urged. Should not return to the far side, the bright moon is on the high platform. "It reflects the popularity of spring viewing activities in Chengdu." So I moved to the Youth Association, boarded a boat and entertained... The color rudder is listed in the city, and the painted boats are full of river corners. The Northern Song Dynasty's famous minister Tian Quan's "February Two-Day Tour to Jianghui Baoli Temple" also records the grand situation of the Chengdu Plain.
The May 5th Dragon Boat Festival is a good time to race, and we can see the fierce racing scene in the poem. In the nine-eye bridge downstream of Chengdu Hejiang Pavilion, every year during the Dragon Boat Festival, the Jinjiang water surface dragon boat race is the most lively time for the nine-eye bridge water wharf. The late Qing Dynasty poet Yang Xie has a poetic cloud: "Dragon boat Jinshui said Duanyang, Ai Ye calamus shochu aroma." Miscellaneous bushes of children, all teach the nose and ears to smear male yellow. "Jianglou Bamboo Branch Words" is cloudy: "The green waves are like mirrors that want to float in the sky, and the Dragon Boat People swim to the edge of the Jinshui River." Draw the oars of the red radial together to shoot the water, and ten thousand heads compete to see the dragon boat. ”
Modern outdoor mountaineering may be traced back to ascent in traditional Chinese culture. Ancient literati had the plot of "ascending to the heights and being endowed", and mostly used poetry to express emotions, such as Xue Tao mentioned in "Two Songs of Nine Days in the Rain" that "who has pity cannot climb the mountain, but it is a pity that the cold is like gold"; Du Fu's "Ascending to the Heights" in "Thousands of Miles of Sorrow and Autumn Often As a Guest, More Than a Hundred Years of Illness Alone on stage" and so on.
"On September 9, looking at the township platform, he sat in the other country to send a cup. Human feelings have become tired of suffering in the south, and Hongyan has come from the north. This is the early Tang Dynasty poet Wang Bo's "Nine Days in Shuzhong". In the first year of Xianheng (670), on the Chongyang Festival, Wang Bo, who was living in Western Shu, climbed Xuanwu Mountain with his friends to look at his hometown, evoking a strong sense of nostalgia, so he wrote this poem. The verses use daily colloquial language in language, which is simple and understandable, and expresses the feelings of affection in the heart and missing through the description of Chongyang ascending to the heights.
In the Southern Song Dynasty Fan Chengda's "Ding Youzhongjiu Medicine City Presents a Guest", there is also a record of the custom of ascending chongyang in Shudi: "Mo Xiangdeng is complaining about falling and falling, and he is bound by the eunuch to obstruct the return period." Tired of putting three sides of wine for many years, this goes to Hugh Oh Wanli poem. The black hat does not quit short hair, and the yellow flower is finally indebted to the east hedge. If there is no sitting together and swinging, who will solve the sorrow of the west wind Chu Ke? ”
Today, fishing is recognized as a recreational sport. This activity makes people stay in the landscape, the unity of things and me, in ancient times, especially loved by the literati, the women in the palace especially liked fishing activities, Mrs. Huarui "Palace Words" Cloud: "Slowly rub the red sleeve finger fiber, learn to fish in the pond fish by the water." I can't help but go back to myself, and the fishing rod is often led by others. "Tender lotus incense flutters at the fishing pavilion, and the surface of the fish is lined up." The palace ladies came to the poolside to watch, and the curtain called not to be loud. These verses vividly describe the interesting scene of the palace maid "not daring to speak loudly, afraid of the fish in the water".
Chengdu Phoenix Mountain Sports Park is the core venue of the 31st World University Games in 2022, in ancient times, Phoenix Mountain was an archery range, also known as xue shooting mountain, legend has it that Liu Chan, the lord of the Shu Kingdom, learned archery here.
Archery has a long history in Chengdu, and the Warring States copper pot archery map unearthed in Baihuatan depicts the scene of Chengdu nobles shooting and playing during the Warring States period. According to the "Li Genealogy of the Years of Hua Ji" written by The Chengdu people of the Yuan Dynasty, during the Tang and Song dynasties, every March, the chief executive of Chengdu would lead his subordinates to climb the Phoenix Mountain to shoot arrows, and after the game, he would return to Banzai Pond to hold a dinner party and have fun with the people.
In the Tang Dynasty, Chengdu women were also happy to learn archery competitions in archery fields. Lady Huarui's "Palace Words" Yun: "Yuan Dong Tianzi loves to cruise, and the royal shore flower bank pillow is blue." In Protestantism, the duck is shot artificially, and the long bow and arrow are wrapped around the head of the pool. "It depicts the scene of the Shu Palace women's duck shooting competition. Du Fu also has a poetry cloud: "The man in front of him carries a bow and arrow, and the white horse chews on the golden le." Shooting up into the sky, he smiled and fell into his wings. "The shooting technique of "killing two arrows with one stone" can be described as not letting the eyebrows be shaved.
(The picture of this article is an information picture)