Mongolia, a country with big ambitions.
As the world's second largest landlocked country, Mongolia's geographical conditions can be described as quite harsh. This harshness is not only reflected in the natural environment such as arid desertification, but also in the geopolitical embarrassment of having only two neighboring countries.
For historical reasons, today's Mongolia has only two neighbors, China and Russia. Despite the careful protection of the two nuclear powers, Mongolia's security has never been at ease. But once Mongolia is not willing to be lonely and wants red apricots out of the wall, then the strong shield to protect Mongolia will instantly become a sharp blade to cut into Mongolia. Coupled with the fact that China and Russia are huddled together for warmth and the same enemy, Mongolia's situation is bound to be even more bizarre.
Mongolia knows this, so for a long time, Mongolia has also been quite peaceful in its foreign policy.
However, as a descendant of Genghis Khan, the Mongols really do not have the gene of honesty in their blood. So at the first opportunity, Mongolia is like a flood of broken embankments, eager to rush to the outside world, and more countries are close to the end of the world.
India, on the other hand, is undoubtedly a distant relative of Mongolia.
As one of the four ancient civilizations, although India's combat effectiveness has been very touching since ancient times, a conqueror can expand its territory in the South Asian subcontinent as a blessing, but it is undeniable that India's experience in being conquered is quite rich, and the history of being a cow and a horse is also quite long, which provides a possibility for India to adapt to the rhythm of conquerors more quickly.
For a long time, because it has long been accustomed to being successfully enslaved, when there is a loser who has lost his front hoof, India is naturally willing to remember and repay the favor, and Mongolia undoubtedly belongs to this category.
It is said that in 1218, it was a spring, and the Mongol caravan of 450 people was brutally slaughtered in Khwarazm, which aroused the thunderous anger of Genghis Khan, and then the Mongols rushed westward and began the terrifying Mongol Western Expedition.
Hua Lazimo never dreamed that his momentary greed would make the empire ruined and bring more terrible disasters to other countries.
Because he was unable to defeat the Mongol Iron Horse, the last king of Khwarazm, Zalandin, traveled to many places and finally chose to flee to India. Due to the extreme heat of the South Asian subcontinent, the Mongol soldiers and war horses were difficult to adapt to, so Genghis Khan eventually chose to teach Afghanistan.
Although it failed to penetrate the South Asian subcontinent, this was the first face-to-face collision between Mongolia and India, but it was not the Indians who collided. After the fall of the Timurid Empire, its royal descendant Babur, as a Turkified Mongol, entered the South Asian subcontinent and established the Mughal Empire, which became the best witness to the harmonious coexistence of Mongolia and India.
Western colonists then flocked to the country, eventually defeating their counterparts in Portugal, the Netherlands, and France, becoming the gravedigger of the Mughal Empire and ruler of the South Asian subcontinent, while much of Mongolia became part of qing territory in the 18th century.
After the qing dynasty flourished and declined in the 19th century, Tsarist Russia, which was strongly suppressed by the Qing Dynasty, made a comeback, and finally took advantage of the Xinhai Revolution in 1911 to incite Mongolia to establish itself.
The fierce confrontation between Britain and Tsarist Russia also doomed Mongolia and India to part ways. Although the Anhui warlord Xu Shuzheng of the Beiyang government took advantage of the collapse of Tsarist Russia in 1919 after World War I to take back Mongolia, the situation was soon completely reversed in 1921 as the Russian Red Army "returned" to Mongolia. After the establishment of the Soviet Union in 1922, it tightened its control over Mongolia and carried out a comprehensive transformation of Mongolia from the economic, political, cultural, ideological and other aspects, and Slavic Mongolia became the de facto 16th member state of the Soviet Union.
On August 14, 1945, the Soviet Union forced the Nationalist Government in Nanjing to sign the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, mongolia was "maintained as it was", and then under the control of the Soviet Union, a referendum on independence was passed, and the Nationalist Government in Nanjing formally recognized the separation of Mongolia on January 5, 1946.
For the Soviet Union, Mongolia was the buffer between China and Russia to protect the main artery of Siberia, and it was also an important pawn in curbing our comeback, and since then, the haze in our vast areas of northeast, north And northwest has not dissipated, and the capital has been forced to "guard the gate of the country with the son of heaven."
After the end of World War II, the Soviet Union became a superpower, Mongolia became part of the socialist camp, and domestic and foreign affairs continued to be the only soviet leader.
However, Mongolia is a sovereign country after all, so it also has some freedom to develop diplomatic relations, and at this time, the Soviet Union has become a pawn against the United States in order to win over India, which sings "non-alignment", so the relationship with India is non-nong, so Mongolia, as a vassal of the Soviet Union, also established diplomatic relations with India on December 24, 1955, which was the first non-socialist country to establish diplomatic relations with Mongolia.
After the Sino-Soviet confrontation in the late 1950s, Mongolia became the forefront of Sino-Soviet confrontation, and the Soviet Union re-stationed heavy troops in Mongolia in 1963, seriously threatening our north.
At that time, India, because of the sword-rattling factors with its northern neighbors, "the enemy of the enemy is the friend", and the Soviet-Indian relationship was stable for a long time. Under the general framework of the Soviet Union, Mongolian-Indian relations have also shown a trend of continuous heating, and high-level exchanges between the two sides have continued.
For example, in 1961, India supported Mongolia's entry into the United Nations; in 1971, Mongolia and India jointly promoted the adoption of a Resolution recognizing the independence of Bangladesh; and in the 1990s, India supported Mongolia's membership in the Non-Aligned Movement.
In the late 1980s, as Gorbachev's political reforms "grew better" and his grip on other socialist countries diminished, Mongolia finally had a respite. Subsequently, because of its extremely special location, Mongolia attracted the attention of the United States, Japan and other countries outside the region. As an "old friend" of Mongolia, India's bilateral relations have also ushered in an unprecedented turnaround.
In 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed, the socialist camp completely dissipated, and then the Withdrawal of Russian Troops from Mongolia in 1992, Mongolia finally breathed the air of freedom.
But the problem is that the imprint left by the Soviet Union on Mongolia is so bad that even if the bone is scraped, it is difficult to remove, and Mongolia has long become a non-conformist nation, a caucasian alien in yellow skin.
Under such circumstances, the Mongols naturally continued to hate the original suzerainty to the bone. Today, in addition to the Most Powerful U.S. Navy, which is difficult to get close to 1,000 kilometers, Mongolia has deployed more than 10,000 armed forces with even dogs on the southern border, and everyone on the earth knows it.
Although it is still deeply dependent on Russia from the heart, even export earnings do not hesitate to seek far and near, and Russia does have a good wish to return to Mongolia. But the long-term economic stagnation since the collapse of the Soviet Union doomed Russia to be overwhelmed on the Mongolian issue.
Therefore, for the sake of so-called security, especially in response to the threat from the south, Mongolia has accelerated the pace of eyebrow-to-eye with non-neighboring countries such as the United States and Japan, which is the famous "third neighbor" strategy.
In fact, as early as 1989, before the collapse of the Soviet Union, Mongolia proposed the concept of a "third neighbor" and continued to refine it in the following years.
According to Mongolia, two stones cannot support a pot, and there must be a third stone, so Mongolia must have a third neighbor to meet Mongolia's so-called "non-alignment", "equidistance", "all-round and "multi-node" strategic needs.
Mongolia's original third neighbor, specifically the United States. In view of Mongolia's threat to the special location of China and Russia at the same time, the United States is particularly interested in Mongolia, financial assistance and military cooperation are emerging, and the two countries also formally recognized each other as third neighbors in 2005.
In contrast, in order to circumvent China and Russia, Japan also followed the United States to throw money at Mongolia, and Mongolia became the country that liked Japan the most, and even supported Japan in the United Nations to attack the permanent members of the Security Council on many occasions.
Seeing that there are more and more "third neighbors", the previous theory has long been out of date, so Mongolia has constantly revised the concept of "third neighbor", for example, from referring to the United States alone to refer to "Western countries" in general, and later expanding to "aidIng Mongolia countries", Mongolia also has more opportunities to collude, especially in response to the call of the United States to send troops to Afghanistan to show the door to multinational forces, which has become a fragrant feast for the Western world.
In contrast, India does not have the strong strength of the United States, and does not have the spirit of Japan's money-throwing, so it is bound to be dwarfed by countries such as the United States and Japan.
But as a superpower with sound and color, India's most distinctive feature is that it is very distinctive. Compared with the United States and Japan, India not only made a quick start in Mongolia, but also held Russian licenses and certifications for a long time. After all, Russia-India relations have been close for a long time, and the exchanges between India and Mongolia are of course unimpeded.
More importantly, India is willing to pay a more sincere price than the United States and Japan in order to get Mongolia.
Although we have all been beaten to the teeth, especially the United States, which has so far described the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea as a "forgotten war" that it does not want to mention, India's shadow of defeat is undoubtedly even heavier.
Although the Sino-Indian war of 1962 was short-lived and small-scale, it had an unprecedented impact on India.
After all, no one could turn the war of aggression into a defense of the capital in less than a month, and at the first meeting, four elite brigades were wiped out, and the people of the world saw the magnificent spectacle of the african wildebeest migration on the South Asian subcontinent.
And this war, which the Western media called "hot knife cutting butter", in addition to ending Nehru's prestige, made India completely fall off the altar of third world leaders, and also caused India to suffer from "1962 syndrome", which was specifically manifested as a nervousness when he saw China, full of "We are no longer the India of 62 years", and my father's desire to beat me again is quite strong.
Therefore, colluding with our neighbors and finding ways to avenge the one-shot revenge of that year is India's most urgent desire all along. Coupled with russia's inability to stop it, India is even more full of strength in Mongolia.
In 1994, India and Mongolia signed the Treaty of Friendly Relations and Cooperation between Mongolia and India; in 2001, the two countries signed the Mongolia-India Joint Declaration, further deepening exchanges and cooperation; in 2004, Mongolia supported India's establishment as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council; and in 2006, India became an important partner and "third neighbor" of Mongolia.
After Modi came to power in 2014, he determined the "eastward" policy on the "look east" policy, and although the strength was pulled, the performance was still aggressive.
In India's view, Mongolia is part of India's policy of moving eastward, and the fate of the two countries is closely related to the future development of the Asia-Pacific region, and they can work together for peace, stability and prosperity in the region.
In 2015, Modi visited Mongolia to elevate the comprehensive partnership to a strategic partnership, and India was fortunate to become the second country after Japan to build a strategic partnership with Mongolia.
In the context of the continuous improvement of relations, the exchanges between the two sides in the fields of military, economy, resources, science and technology, and culture are heating up day by day.
Although the Mongolian armed dogs add up to more than 10,000, the military operations, especially exercises, participated in are very frequent, in addition to the annual "Khan Search" of the United States, the "nomadic elephant" joint anti-terrorism military exercise between India and Mongolia since 2011 has gradually become normalized;
Although India has long since lost its place for Buddhism, Mongolia is still tirelessly learning from India's Western Heavens, and buddhist cultural exchanges between the two countries are heating up;
Because Mongolia is rich in resources, especially the huge reserves of uranium ore, India has been actively promoting the development of nuclear energy and civilian nuclear technology with Mongolia;
In view of the relatively developed software outsourcing field in India, the development of the IT industry in the two countries has gradually deepened, and Mongolia's electronics industry will surely reach a new level in the future.
In addition, the two countries also have exchanges in the field of spaceflight, and have found scientific and technological support for Mongolia's conquest of the sea of stars.
However, due to India's huge economic development, not only is the assistance to Mongolia inadequate, but the economic and trade exchanges with Mongolia are also quite weak.
For example, in 2015, India ranked 15th among Mongolia's export destinations and 18th among import source countries, and India's total direct investment in Mongolia from 2001 to 2012 was only $8 million, which is really not eye-catching for Mongolia, which is accustomed to seeing the big scenes of the United States and Japan spending money.
It can be said that the continuous development of relations between the two countries basically depends on the factors of common neighbors. The problem is that Mongolia cannot sustain India's ambitions to move east. Behind India's high-profile eastward expansion, there are too many inadequacies and confusion, and in the case that the affairs of South Asia and the Indian Ocean have not yet been completed, any expansion of India will inevitably be a dream.
Although Russia has long opened its arms to India, it will never allow India and Mongolia to form gangs to hinder its Far East strategy; not to mention its northern neighbor, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor alone will be enough to exhaust India's life.
More importantly, Mongolia itself, though ambitious, is even more ambitious than India. A mere population of more than 3 million people simply cannot protect the interests of any third neighbor in the country, and once the international situation suddenly changes, Mongolia's third neighbor strategy is forced to collapse into the sand, and the country that was once sought after by all countries will immediately become a sandwich cake that cannot breathe.
At present, in order to cope with the encirclement and blockade of Western countries, China and Russia have chosen the way of hugging and warming, which sets an upper limit for Mongolia's diplomacy, that is, the so-called "third neighbor" policy, if Mongolia's left and right sources threaten the fundamental interests of China and Russia, then what awaits Mongolia is bound to be an embarrassing outcome that is not worth the loss.
India, on the other hand, has no ability to change this awkward ending.
There are many omissions, please axe correction.
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