Tip: Pu Songling's novel is very interesting, the merchant surnamed Xu meets the female night fork, and before the 18th century, the Chukchi people still retained many remnants of matriarchal clan organizations, and life was decided by women, with labor tools, deer, animal kayaks, houses and dogs all privately owned. The institution of marriage is also from the female system, from the male to the female family. In addition, there are also some remnants of group marriages, such as "wife and sister marriage". This is the Night Fork Country that appears in the history books of the Tang Dynasty, and from here across the Bailing Strait is alaska in the United States.
Pu Songling wrote a ghost article in the night fork country in "Liaozhai Zhiyi", saying that there was a businessman surnamed Xu who traveled across the sea to do business all year round. Once, when his ship was traveling in the sea, he was suddenly blown by a fierce wind to the night fork country in the deep mountains and dense forests, and not only met the mother night fork, but also married the mother night fork and had several children.
Pu Songling said that the people of this night fork country live in caves, teeth like knives, eyes like lanterns, talk like birds and beasts, and do not know that the meat is cooked and eaten, eating the raw meat of wolves, roe deer, deer and other animals. The merchant surnamed Xu was not killed or eaten by them because this person brought some cooked food when he was blown by the wind, which made the Yecha people feel very delicious, and he was also welcomed by the Yecha people because of his craft of making cooked food.
Night fork is the name of the legendary ghost, divided into male night fork and female night fork, male night fork is very ugly, female night fork looks very beautiful. On some basis, they are also divided into night forks and empty night forks, and the empty lines are no different from the faces of the earth rows, except that they can fly with two large wings, and they are the heads of cattle and horses and beasts, and the bodies are human. But no matter what kind of appearance, beautiful or not, they like to run out and cause some trouble for people, often scaring people out of their bodies.
Obviously, the night fork country written by Pu Songling is not as terrible as the legendary night fork, and people say that most novels are not imagined by novelists, and the same is true of Pu Songling's night fork country, which comes from the history books of the Tang Dynasty, and is recorded in the most detail in the "General Classic".
The wandering ghost is in the north of the North Sea, north to the Night Fork Country, the remaining three sides are to the sea, and the south is mo set up a jing boat for fifteen days. There is no city, scattered by the island, digging the ground several feet deep, and the two sides are obliquely erected, which is a house. Everyone wears leather clothes, and the dog hair and hemp are clothed for cloth, and the woman wears deer skin in winter and fish skin in summer clothes, and makes the same as the beast. More depressed, there is the benefit of salt fish. The earth is cold, the weather is cold, the snow is early, and after each solid ice, the wood is six inches wide and seven feet long, and it is tied to it, and the layer of ice is broken, and the beast is chased. More dogs. More than 10,000 victorious soldiers. There is no respect for each other, no bureaucratic law. I don't know the four seasons. If he steals in, he is called. The bow is more than four feet long, and the arrow is the same as China, with bone stones as a hammer. There is music and song and dance. Dead unsealed trees, crying for three years, no remaining clothes.
The Tang Dynasty never had direct contact with this night fork country, but in hearsay, it painted a custom painting for the night fork country, and said: Night fork people, "all the teeth are cocked out, and the people are". There may be a clerical error here, but it does not mean that the night fork man with long fangs will eat people, it may mean that there is a local animal with long fangs, and the night fork man eats them, and this animal may be a walrus. The name of the night fork country may also come from the strange-looking animal of the walrus - the ivory is like a fork, and the walrus often uses it as a support to assist in "walking" on land.
So, where is this Night Fork Country? It is the Chukotka Peninsula, the northeasternmost point of Eurasia. The Chukotka Peninsula is bordered by the East Siberian Sea and the Chukotka Sea to the north, the Bering Sea to the south, and the Djenov Point to the east, across the Bering Strait from Alaska. It is under the jurisdiction of the Chukotka Autonomous Region of Russia. The main inhabitants of the area today are the Chukchi people, the oldest inhabitants of the mainland region of the Chukotka Peninsula.
The Chukchi are one of the ethnic minorities of the Russian Federation, with a total of 15,200 according to 1989 statistics. They called themselves "Laura Wittrans", meaning "their own people", and belonged to the Arctic type of the yellow race in terms of ethnicity, speaking chukochi-Kamchatka Chukochi. Modern archaeology proves that the Chukotka people first lived in the Sea of Okhotsk, somewhat south of the Chukotka Peninsula, in the edge of the Pacific Northwest, in the Kuril Islands and between them. The ancestors of the Chukchi people lived on the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk for 6,000 years. Later, when they migrated north, they assimilated a part of the Yukagils and Eskimos, thus forming the Chukotka people.
As we mentioned in a previous article, the Yakuts of Russia are also yellow, and their ancestors came from one of the Tribes of the Shule people, the Bone Ligan. In 647 AD, an envoy was sent to Tang to annex China, and Tang used its territory as Xuanque Prefecture to make China's territory reach the North Pole. Although the Tang Dynasty did not have direct contact with the Night Fork State, during the Ming Dynasty, the ancestors of the Chukchi people submitted to the Ming Dynasty, so that the territory of the Ming Dynasty reached the Arctic Ocean.
Nuer Gandusi was a local military and political institution set up in the Basin of Heilongjiang, Asok River (present-day Ussuri River), Songhua River, and Naowen River (present-day NenJiang) in the Ming Dynasty. During the Hongwu period, most of the Yuan Dynasty vassals in the Nuergan area of the lower reaches of the Heilongjiang River were surrendered to the Ming government. In the ninth year of Yongle (1411), the Nuer Gandu Division was officially established, which was the highest local administrative body under the jurisdiction of the Ming government over the Heilongjiang estuary and the Ussuri River basin. The Mongols, Jurchens, Jilimi, Kuyi (Bitter Wu), Daur and other ethnic groups in its jurisdiction mostly make a living from fishing and hunting.
Nuer Gandusi divided the guardhouses, and the imperial court also appointed the leaders of each ethnic group to be in charge of the various guardhouses, gave seals, still maintained their customs, and unified their belongings, so as to pay tribute to the time. Tributes include native products such as Haidongqing, mink skins, and horses, which are equivalent to the taxes of the mainland. On the basis of the Yuan Dynasty caravanserai, the imperial court restored the transmission of Nuergan to the interior, close the political ties, economic exchanges and friendly relations between Nuergan and the Ming Dynasty, and promoted the development of local social economy.
From 1368 to 1644, the Chukchi people were under the jurisdiction of the Ming Dynasty's Nuer Gandusi, who were the Jurchens of the Northern Mountains in the History of the Ming Dynasty.
The term "wild man" was used in the early Ming Dynasty to refer to jurchens, which is somewhat ambiguous, a bit like the meaning of "barbarians" in a more distant era, this is because at that time, in addition to the Jianzhou Jurchens and Haixi Jurchens, most of the Jurchens were relatively backward in social economy and culture, and they were far from the Ming Dynasty, and "tribute was not common."
The Ming Dynasty people also called the savage Jurchens "Beggars", and they all lived far away from Nuer Gandusi, divided into 3 types: the first type of exclusive mountain hunting, similar to the Qing Dynasty Orunchun people; the second type of people called Beishan (referring to the mountains north of Nuergan, that is, the northern branch of the Waixing'anling Mountains and the mountains on the north bank of the Sea of Okhotsk), who were Chukchi people; the third type lived in the west of the North Sea (The Sea of Okhotsk), lived in flat-roofed houses, had holes in the roof, entered and exited by ladders, and was adjacent to the Beggars, that is, the present-day Ainu people.
At that time, the Chukchi were divided into two groups, the Chukchi who raised deer and the Chukchi people along the coast. Deer farmers regard fishing as a sideline, from mainly engaged in deer breeding and hunting, riding deer sleds, the main food is venison; the coastal and deer breeding, the opposite of deer breeding, deer breeding and hunting side business, by dog sleds and hide boats, the main food is sea animal meat. It was these so-called "savages" who, in the 17th century, became the main force against the Expansion of the Russians into the Sea of Okhotsk and the Arctic Ocean. At that time, the Russians were very excited to find sea ivory in this area, but walrus was the main food source for the coastal Chukchi people. Thus, the war began.
The Firearms of the Russians failed to conquer the Chukchi in the same way that they conquered other peoples on the Eastward Expansion Road. Over the course of several decades, the two sides fought many battles, but the results of the Russians have not been very satisfactory. Eventually, from the 1760s onwards, the Russians had to abandon the idea of subjugating the Chukchi by force, live in harmony with the Chukchi people, and begin to trade with them. In this regard, the Russian Empire in 1822 formulated special regulations for the Chukchi people, who not only did not bear labor, did not levy taxes, but also paid taxes, but also a relatively independent existence. Until 1917, this "special status" of the Chukotka people was maintained, and in 1977 it was changed to the Chukotka National Autonomous Region.
Pu Songling's novel is interesting, the merchant surnamed Xu meets the female night fork, and before the 18th century, the Chukchi people still retained many remnants of matrilineal clan organizations, and life was decided by women, with labor tools, deer, animal kayaks, houses and dogs all privately owned. The institution of marriage is also from the female system, from the male to the female family. In addition, there are also some remnants of group marriages, such as "wife and sister marriage". This is the Night Fork Country that appears in the history books of the Tang Dynasty, and from here across the Bailing Strait is alaska in the United States. (Wen | Lusheng)