1. During the Beiyang period of the Republic of China, there were three official presidents elected by the National Assembly, namely Yuan Shikai, Xu Shichang, and Cao Kun. According to the laws of the Republic of China, the president must be elected by the members of the National Assembly. Sun Yat-sen was a wartime provisional president, elected by the representatives of the 17 southern provinces who participated in the Xinhai Revolution, but in fact could not represent the whole country. Li Yuanhong succeeded him as president after Yuan Shikai's death, before he was vice president. Feng Guozhang was also originally vice president, and in the case of Zhang Xun's restoration and Li Yuanhong's refuge, he acted as the grand president.
2. During the Beiyang period of the Republic of China, the implementation of the responsible cabinet system, the state affairs are mainly handled by the cabinet, the actual power of the state premier is no less than that of the president. In the Beiyang era, there were a total of 40 prime ministers, and the average term of office of each prime minister was less than 5 months. It can be seen that the political situation in the Beiyang period was chaotic, and because the prime minister was responsible for various specific affairs, he had great responsibility and small real power, and often became the center of contradictions, and it was difficult to do it for a long time.
3. During the Beiyang period of the Republic of China, there was a national assembly, which was divided into the Senate and the House of Representatives, and there were provincial assemblies at the local level. The members of the National Assembly of the Republic of China are elected. Congress has the power to elect a grand president, vice president, appoint through cabinets, make laws, impeach officials, and declare war on the outside world. However, the power of Congress is generally not effectively realized, and it is often affected by force, power, and money. In October 1913, Yuan Shikai sent military police to surround the National Assembly, and finally made himself the official president. In January 1914, Yuan Shikai also formally abolished the first congress of the Republic of China. In May 1917, in order to promote the declaration of war on Germany, Duan Qirui's Anhui soldiers sent people to surround the Parliament and make trouble. In July 1918, Anfu politicians took control of the National Assembly by various illegal means. In 1923, there was another "bribery" scandal in the National Assembly, and Cao Kun directly bribed the parliamentarians at a price of 5,000 yuan per person, making himself the president.
4. For most of the Beiyang era, the central government in Beijing did not have much power. Such as the president, the prime minister, the speaker of parliament, the minister, etc., can not decide the major affairs of the country. It is the great warlords who really decide the major affairs of the country, such as Duan Qirui, Cao Kun, Wu Peifu, Zhang Zuolin, and so on. Presidents such as Li Yuanhong and Xu Shichang, who do not have military power, do not have much real power. Both were eventually forced to resign by the warlords.
5. By the end of the Beiyang government, the central government in Beijing had ceased to exist in name only. In June 1927, Zhang Zuolin was appointed Grand Marshal of the Army and Navy of the Anguo Military Government, becoming the last head of state in the Beiyang era. This government no longer has a parliament and other institutions, and everything is decided by Zhang Zuolin. Of course, the previous Beiyang government was also decided by the big warlords, but the good villains also had to be packaged through the cabinet and parliament.
6. During the Beiyang period, the whole country was not unified, and there was a juxtaposition of governments in the south for a long time. In 1917, Sun Yat-sen launched the Dharma Protection Movement, and more than a hundred parliamentarians followed Mr. Sun to Guangzhou. The Extraordinary Congress was held in Guangzhou, and a military government was established, with Sun Yat-sen as Grand Marshal. The warlords tang jiyao and Lu Rongting in the south, in order to oppose the armed reunification of the north, also supported the Guangzhou military government. The provinces under the jurisdiction of the junta include Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou. In 1921, the Protectorate of France in Guangzhou elected Sun Yat-sen as president. Sun Yat-sen established a formal government in Guangzhou.
7. The Beiyang government joined the Entente during World War I and declared war on Germany, becoming the victorious power after the war. Germany, as a defeated country, also provided War Reparations to China, with a total of 84 million yuan.
8. The Beiyang government has signed some traitorous treaties, such as the Yuan Shikai government signed the "Minsi Treaty" (that is, the "Twenty-one Articles"), and the Duan Qirui cabinet once signed a military agreement with Japan. But not all periods of the Beiyang government were so traitorous. The Beiyang government has sometimes worked very hard to fight for sovereignty. For example, Beiyang diplomats also argued at the Paris Peace Conference, and ultimately did not sign the contract. In 1922, Soviet and Russian representatives came to Beijing to discuss the establishment of diplomatic relations, and the Beiyang government demanded that the Soviet Union first withdraw its troops from Outer Mongolia and return the Middle East Railway to China, unwilling to give in, and finally the two sides did not establish diplomatic relations. At the Washington conference, China succeeded in pushing Japan to withdraw its troops from Shandong and reclaim its rights. Beiyang diplomats have also been working to abolish consular jurisdiction, abolish foreign concessions, and gain tariff autonomy. Although it was not successful, it laid the foundation for obtaining the above rights and interests during the period of the National Government.
9. After the Russian Revolution, the Beiyang government also sent troops to participate in armed intervention. In August 1918, the Beiyang government sent 4,000 troops into the Nikurisk region of Russia to unite the Japanese army, the American army, the Russian white army and the Red Army.
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