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In the pre-Qin period, the Fang state and the tribe all had surnames and surnames, and at that time, surnames and surnames were strictly distinguished, and their roles were also different.
In the "Explanation of Words and Characters", it is explained: "The surname is also born of man." The Virgin, the god of the ancients, felt the heavens and gave birth to a son, so she was called the Son of Heaven. The "White Tiger Tongyi Name" explains in more detail: "Why do people have surnames?" Therefore, reverence for love, affection, distant animals, and other marriages. Therefore, the world is different, so that life loves each other, death mourns each other, the same surname is not allowed to marry each other, all are heavy people. The surname is born also, and the weather that people give to the weather is also born. ”
Probably means that the reason why people have "surnames" is to distinguish between relatives and alienation, to distinguish them from animals and animals, and to separate marriages.
Because the system of the Zhou people is "the same surname does not marry", the same surname can not be intermarried, the surname can be "not married",
Therefore, the surname in the pre-Qin period was used on women, and men were not surnamed.
In many pre-Qin literatures, "people" is written as "hundred lives", indicating that "surname" is indeed "life".
What about "clan"?
The White Tiger Tongyi Name explains: "So who has a clan? So your merit, your power. Or the official, or the official. You can know it by smelling its clan, so it encourages people to be kind. ”
That is to say, the "clan" thing is obtained because of merit, or the official as the clan, or the profession engaged in as the clan, in order to persuade the good.
In ancient times, outside the male and female protagonists, the only one who can get the "clan" is the man.
Moreover, "clan" is a symbol of honor and status, which can only be used for men, so in the pre-Qin period, men were called surnames and not surnames.
Mr. Zhang Binglin said in the "Book of Kui": "Xia Houxing, the matriarchal line began to be extinct, often with officials, characters, 谥, and 邑 as the clans, and because of the birth of the surname widow. Since the woman is called the surname, the man is called the surname, and the clan is traced far away from his surname, so as not to marry. ”
According to the information currently available, the concept of surnames existed at least in the Shang Dynasty.
However, the strict distinction between Yin merchants in terms of surnames cannot be seen in Yin Xubu's remarks, and Mr. Zhao Lin said:
"The surnames of the Zhou people are divided into two or two levels, and the surnames are greater than and contain many surnames. The surname of the merchant is only one level, the surname of the merchant is the surname, the merchant's surname is the surname, and the merchant is not divided into surnames. ”?
Although the "surname" of the merchant is only one level, on this basis, a three-level system of surname, clan and clan is divided.
For example, the Shang royal family is a sub-surname, the Shang king is a large number of sub-surnames, and many small clans with the same surname are divided from the sub-surnames, and the small clans are divided into many clans, and these clans and clans will be separated by different clans.
The situation in the Zhou Dynasty is similar, so whether the Xia Dynasty has a surname, this matter is really difficult to say clearly,
Many people think that surnames originated in the matrilineal era, so many ancient surnames have a female side, which may be a misunderstanding. Because the surname of the Zhou Dynasty was mainly used for female marriage, it was only added to the female side, which may not be related to the matrilineal era.
The system of men using the surname and women using the surname was the invention of the Zhou people, who prescribed such a surname system for the sake of other marriages and awards for merit, and began to use the method of "the son of heaven gives the surname".
In the "Eight Years of Zuo Chuan Yin Gong", Zhongzhong said: "The Son of Heaven Jiande was born with a surname, and the land of The Qi was destined for the clan." The princes take the word as a word, because of the clan. ”
That is, in order to commend merit, the Son of Heaven gave the surname according to the birth of the Fangguo tribe, divided the land to name the clan, the princes took the word as the name, and the descendants used the name of the clan, so there was a clan.
In the ancient books, it is recorded that there was a system of giving surnames during the three generations of antiquity.
For example, in the "Chinese Zhou Yuxia", it is recorded that Yu is "given the surname '姒', the clan is 'Youxia'", and the fourth Yue is "given the surname 'Jiang', the clan is 'Youlu'"; there are more such records in the "Records of History", for example, the ancestral deed of the merchant is "giving the surname Zi", the ancestors of the Qin people are "giving the surname Of Ying", and so on.
In fact, this is all made up by the Zhou people, before the Zhou Dynasty there was no surname system, as for how the ancient surname came from, you can look at Mr. Zhang Shuyi's "Pre-Qin Surname System Examination" book, there is no way to say more here.
In the Shang Dynasty, there was no clear distinction between surname and surname, Mr. Zhao Lin pointed out: "The names of people in the Shang Dynasty did not have a dichotomy of the surname, and the dichotomy of the surname was made with 'the man's surname, and the woman's surname began in the Zhou Dynasty." In the Shang Dynasty, there was no concept of surname or surname as a personal name. ”。
However, when later generations recorded the history of some pre-Zhou dynasties, they liked to push backwards from the Zhou Dynasty, push the source of some clans, and use surnames to determine their relationship.
Naturally, in the accounts of the Zhou Dynasty, the descendants of the Xia people of the Zhou Dynasty were surnamed Ji, then they pushed up to the ancestor Yu, Yu is the surname of Ji; the descendants of the merchants of the Zhou Dynasty were the surname of the child, then they pushed up backwards to the ancestral Qi, the Qi is the sub-surname; the Zhou Dynasty Zhou people are the Surname of Ji, then their ancestor Hou Ji is naturally the surname of Ji, and so on, through the clear surname, you can know their relationship of origin.
I am Xiao Qi, a Sichuan girl who is obsessed with studying the Classics of Mountains and Seas and demons and ghosts, and I like to pay attention to me.
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