Transferred from the "Yuelu Academy" WeChat public account.
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On September 12, the Institute for Advanced Studies in Humanities (hereinafter referred to as "Institute for Advanced Studies") of Hunan University (Yuelu Academy) was established. As one of the series of activities established by the Institute of Advanced Studies, Yuelu Academy of Hunan University, the Social Sciences Department of Hunan University, and the Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities of Hunan University (Yuelu Academy) jointly sponsored the special lecture series of "Humanities on Traditional Culture" at the Forum of Yuelu College. On November 10th, Mr. Chen Feng, Dean of the Song-Liao Golden History Research Institute and Professor of the School of History of Northwest University, was invited to give an online lecture on "The Wine Farm and Politics of the Song Dynasty", and Associate Professor Jia Liangang of the Song-Liao Golden History Research Institute and The School of History of Northwest University served as the host. Phoenix.com broadcast the whole process, with 405,000 online listeners.
At the beginning of the lecture, Professor Chen Feng combined "drinking" with the life traditions, interpersonal communication, etiquette, special political functions of wine and the alcoholic behavior of successive emperors before the Song Dynasty, pointing out that "wine" is not just a tool to meet people's social needs, but its special political function and etiquette function are more worthy of our attention.
Professor Chen Feng first talked about the drinking style in the official field of the Song Dynasty.
He pointed out that the correlation between the "wind of drinking" and the officialdom has been seen in all dynasties, and the Song Dynasty is the most prominent. The emergence of this phenomenon is closely related to the fact that "most of the emperors of the Song Dynasty were good at wine" and "drinking music was one of the popular life interests among the bureaucrats and doctors of the Song Dynasty". Take examples of historical materials such as the "Compilation of the Continuing Zizhi Tongjianchang", the "History of Song", the "Xiangshan Yelu", the "Complete Works of Ouyang Xiu", and the "Summer Escape Record": Song Taizong admitted that "in the past Yin Jing ri, there was nothing to drink bitterly"; Song Zhenzong drank well, "the amount of drinking in the true temple, and the close subjects did not have any intentions"; Song Renzong liked wine, and his illness and death were related to continuous feasting; Song Huizong was extremely extravagant, and drunk and dreamed of death with Cai Jing and other ministers; Shi Zhongzhong, a minister of the Zhenzong Dynasty, "was happy to be a guest, and he must drink with alcohol, and drunk was to go"; Yan Shu "liked guests, did not taste a day without feasting and drinking"; Ouyang Xiu thought of himself as a drunkard Su Shi and Mi Fu wrote poems after drinking bitterly, etc. At the same time, Professor Chen Feng also quoted the Ming Dynasty painting "Taizu Snow Night Visit To Putu", the Southern Song Dynasty painting "Female Filial Piety Classic", the Ming Dynasty Periodicals Illustrated Song Taizu Feast, the Ming Dynasty Periodicals Illustrated Northern Song Dynasty Emperors Feasting Illustrations, and the Tang Eighteen scholars Picture Scrolls to interpret them.
Secondly, Professor Chen Feng vividly sorted out the drinking chaos in the official field of the Song Dynasty.
It is precisely because of the prevalence of official drinking and the love of drinking by officials that it has led to a series of official drinking chaos. The first manifestation is drunken gaffe. For example, Guo Zhongshu, a minister of the Early Song Dynasty, was drunk and went to the court, making a noise in the court, and clashed with the imperial history. Another example is the winter solstice of a certain year in the Song Zhenzong Dynasty, Zhang Qixian was drunk on the court, "Ri Nanzhi, the Qunchen Dynasty, Qi Xian was drunk, the crown was on the side, and several upside-down servants were on the palace", and finally he was impeached and stepped down.
The second manifestation is drunken dereliction of duty. During the reign of Emperor Ningzong of Song, Liang Kehe, the commander of the Jiyang Army, was "so drunk" that he handed over the lawsuits to his subordinates. In addition, Chen Hazel, an official of the Dali Temple, must drink alcohol for every judge, "In every case decided at the Thorn Temple, he must drink alcohol and fight for the rest, and then write down, rashly." Professor Chen Feng said that the dereliction of duty caused by drinking alcohol was not limited to ordinary officials, but also eunuchs. The eunuch Li Xisheng was ordered to welcome the Liao envoys, and he and the Xiongzhou judges "feasted and drank without moderation", and indulged in excessive drinking at the banquet of the Liao envoys, which was a failure of etiquette; the eunuch Zhou Yanqiao was ordered to carry the edict to Songzhou for inspection, left his post without authorization, and "went out of the city to drink" and lost the edict. Professor Chen Feng also took the picture of the minister feasting and drinking in Song Huizong's "Wenhui Tu" as an example to vividly show the audience the situation of officials gathering and drinking at that time.
The third manifestation is that officials break the law after drinking. Wang Wengui of Chang'an County, "drunk, recalled that the citizens had sat on the throne, that is, thirty of the thirty of them were served, and died in the dynasty"; in the eighteenth year of Shaoxing, Zhao Boli, the Nanyue Temple in Jiantan Prefecture and the clan room, "beat the people Qian San to death with wine"; the eunuch Li Mou privately attended Han Shizhong's family banquet, "wounded the bowsmith Guan Bao with a blade in his hand", and was arrested and imprisoned. It can be seen that due to the prevalence of official liquor and the excessive drinking of officials, many negative behaviors have been triggered.
Third, Professor Chen Feng continued to explain the gathering and drinking storms in the official field of the Song Dynasty.
Because officials like to feast and drink, it has caused a lot of drinking storms. One is that Zhao Changyan and Hu Dan, Dong Yu and Chen Xiangyu in the same year gathered to drink, because the latter two loved to drink together and often feasted until late at night, so they were jokingly called "Chen Sangen" and "Dong Midnight".
The second was the dispute between the chancellor Kou Zhun and Ding Wei and Empress Liu. The history books record that Kou Zhun and the privy councillor Cao took advantage of the feud. According to Ding Shu, "Kou Hao drank people with great whiteness, and Shi Cao used him as a privy councillor and did not take his wishes." Kou Yue: 'Why didn't a certain person persuade Taifu to drink wine?' Cao did not even bother to lip, and Kou angrily said: "If a husband's ear, dare to be evil'?" Cao Li said, "Shang is promoted to a certain person in the Cardinal's palace, and Xiang Gong is called a husband, and tomorrow he should go forward to discern it." Since then, the two dukes have not been in harmony, and the one who has sent the matter of the Duke of Lai after the war, Cao Marten, has also. What is the pretaste? In the fourth year of the Tianxi Dynasty, Kou Zhun planned to supervise the country as a crown prince, assisted the government himself, demeaned Ding Zhi, and arranged for Yang Yi, a scholar of Hanlin, to draft an edict. But "even if it is allowed to be drunk, it will be leaked."
The third is Zhang Shixun's dismissal. In the second year of the Ming Dynasty, the Song court held a commemorative ceremony for the late Empress Liu, and The Prime Minister Zhang Shixun went to the Privy Council to make Yang Chongxun's house drink. "The middle of the day is not coming, and the group of ministers is separated from the establishment", and was impeached and dismissed by Yushi Zhongzhong.
The fourth is the "Jinxiangyuan case". Emperor Renzong of Song, the son-in-law of The Prime Minister Du Yan and the head of the Jixian School, Su Shunqin, was in charge of the Jinyuan Academy, and because he used the money to sell waste paper to invite guests to drink, he was impeached by Gongchen and others in the imperial history, and he was removed from his name and stopped, and a group of courtiers who gathered were degraded at the same time. Behind this incident there was a dispute between the old and new parties, and Du Yan supported Fan Zhongyan and the New Deal, so he was retaliated against by the conservatives, resulting in a political prison case.
The fifth is the loss of peace between Wang Sizong and Zhongfang, Yan Shu and Ouyang Xiu due to alcohol.
Repeatedly, Professor Chen Feng analyzed the root causes of the excessive public liquor in the Song Dynasty.
He stressed that, as far as its roots were concerned, the primary reason must be the indulgent attitude of the emperor to the matter. In the "History of Song", Song Taizong said to Yushi Zhongteng Zhongzheng: "Now that the monarchs and subjects have met, those who have lost are not impeached." In addition, when Emperor Yingzong was in power, a certain official was "drunk and disfigured", and the prime minister Han Qi asked to be dealt with according to the rules, and Song Yingzong stated that he would rather be guilty of other matters than punished for it. It can be seen that the emperors of the Song Dynasty were quite tolerant and even indulgent in the drunkenness of their ministers.
The second reason is the scholar-doctor community's love of drinking and tolerance for drunkenness. The Song Dynasty Fact Garden once recorded: "In The Eastern Seal, the car was driving in the road, there were officials in the night, they were quarreled with wine, they were all afraid to go white, and Gong (Wang Dan) did not answer." Entering the pair at night, the lord said: 'The courtiers are playing, riding outside, and may be beheaded to order the multitude.' "This villain is drunk and beaten for a while, and if he is beheaded, he is forbidden to drink alcohol, so that all drinkers are afraid." The car was driving outside, the people were at peace, and they had been arrested and returned to the Beijing government. The Later House of God, the Public Said: "If the first light judgment is made, it is also afraid of indulging people, and now the pi amnesty can be forgiven." Professor Chen Feng added that the Song Shi Doctor group has a high degree of love for drinking, and those who are not good at drinking often take the initiative to socialize. Shen Jizong, the son of Shen Yilun, the prime minister of the Song Dynasty, and a court official, "did not drink alcohol, did not love music, but liked to receive guests, and feasted all day long without tiredness." Fan Chengda said to himself: "The remainder cannot drink wine, and those who drink less of their friends are moyu ruoye, and those who can know wine are also moyu ruoye." ”
The third reason is the official variety of banquets and rules. In addition to the various activities of the central government of the imperial court, a large number of official banquets and drinks at all levels and local government offices were undertaken by special "public money" (also known as "minister money"). Song Qi said: "It is a public facility, so it is a matter of labor and the guests." Han Qi and Fan Zhongyan admitted that the state set up minister money, "Gai is a scholar and a doctor to enter and leave, and has the labor of performing military service, so he orders the county to feed with wine and food, or add feast labor, and cover the gift of raising the sage." During his tenure in Hangzhou Tongjue, Su Shi was tired of coping and "did not win the cup", and people called Hangzhou Tongjue "wine and food hell". Even on the front line of the army and border defense, this kind of alcoholism was not uncommon, and in September of the first year of Jingde's reign, on the eve of the Liao army's large-scale southern offensive, Emperor Zhenzong issued an edict: "The edict deploys Wang Chao to the three roads in the north to be full of money, and the rest is increased." According to Wang Chao, "The day and the zhizhou, the general judge, the military rank and so on will eat, drink alcohol or to the sun, worry about obstructing official business." Please eat later every other day. Therefore, it is recommended to change the drinking group to once every two days. Song Zhenzong actually replied: "The old system in the military, the sudden order to change, I am afraid that the crowd will not allow it." "Instruct Wang Chao to follow the convention. Alcohol is included in even the income of middle and high-ranking bureaucrats.
The fourth reason is the socio-economic development of the Song Dynasty and the expansion of wine production. The Song Dynasty established the liquor system and operated official restaurants, which brought in a lot of income.
Finally, Professor Chen Feng attributed the roots of the close connection between wine and politics in the Song Dynasty to the characteristics of the Song Dynasty's rule.
He pointed out that the Song Dynasty pursued pragmatism and always used gentle means to win over the upper echelons; compared with violent means, it regarded indulgence as a more clever way to buy off the bureaucracy without endangering the rule; and the prevalence of official liquor and the problems it caused were actually the product of the inclusive characteristics of the Song Dynasty's rule.
In the interactive session of the lecture, Professor Chen Feng answered in detail the questions of online netizens about "what is the uniqueness of the Song Dynasty", "whether the emperors after the Song Dynasty were good at drinking", "whether the people of the Song Dynasty could afford to spend alcohol", which made the audience gain a lot. In the nearly two-hour lecture, Professor Chen Feng talked about the prevalence of drinking in the officialdom of the Song Dynasty, talked about the reasons for this kind of phenomenon and the chaos in the officialdom caused by drinking, and finally ended with the root cause of the excessive consumption of the officialdom. This lecture is both academic and interesting, and systematically tells the audience about the prominent and special historical phenomenon of "winery and politics in the Song Dynasty", which enriches everyone's understanding and understanding of the Song Dynasty.
【Profile of Professor Chen Feng】
Chen Feng is the dean of the Song-Liao Institute of Golden History and a professor at the School of History of Northwest University, and a doctoral supervisor. He is also a director of the Chinese Historical Society and the vice president of the Chinese Song History Research Association. He has long been engaged in the study of Song history and ancient Chinese military and politics, presided over 6 national, provincial and ministerial projects such as the "New Compilation of China's General History Revision Project" ("Liao Song Xia Golden Scroll")," a major academic and cultural project of the national "14th Five-Year Plan" development plan, published 10 monographs such as "Research on the Groups of Military Generals of the Northern Song Dynasty and Related Issues", and published more than 80 academic papers in journals such as "Historical Research" and "Chinese Historical Research". Professor Chen Feng is a well-known expert in Song history in China, and has a prominent influence in the academic fields such as the group of martial generals of the Song Dynasty and the ancient Chinese concept of governing the country, and has put forward representative academic views such as "Chongwen suppressing martial arts".
【Lecture Live Review】
Lecture of The Institute of Advanced Studies of Hu University
Chen Feng: Winery and Politics in the Song Dynasty
https://flive.ifeng.com/live/1004441.html
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Zeng Shijie Ma Xinyu | writing
Should be edited by Mengshao