<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="79" > preface</h1>
With the victory of the War of Liberation and the founding of New China, the government of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region fulfilled his mission, but this land and the people on this land will forever be recorded in history.
In October 1934, the central Soviet region failed in its anti-"encirclement and suppression" campaign, and the Central Provisional Government of the Soviet Union was forced to abandon the Central Soviet region and began a difficult and long long march with the main force of the Red Army.
After the Long March of the Red Army arrived in northern Shaanxi and settled in Yan'an, the name and form of Soviet power were constantly changed and changed in the process, and finally in September 1937, it was officially renamed "Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Government of the Republic of China", and its establishment pushed the party into a new historical climax and composed a glorious history of the party in the process of continuous development and growth. The Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Government, which was established under the leadership of the Communist Party, is not only an important basis for the party to achieve partial rule during the Yan'an period, but also an important achievement in local governance; it has brought about earth-shaking changes in the appearance of the border region and made Yan'an a revolutionary holy place for young people and people with lofty ideals at home and abroad to rush to come, all of which are inseparable from the new form of political organization of the border region government.
It is the Cpc Central Committee that, in accordance with the changes in the actual conditions of the Chinese revolution, has made an appropriate and good change in the form of Soviet power; this change is based on historical reality, adapts to and meets the development conditions and development requirements of the revolution, and thus endows this form of political power with historical necessity and necessity, and ensures the role and significance of the establishment of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Government. After the CPC Central Committee settled in Yan'an, the revolutionary situation in China also underwent tremendous changes. The Party adheres to the Marxist principle of proceeding from reality in everything.
In light of the reality of the revolution, under the guidance of the general policy of building the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region into a model area for resisting Japan and democracy, the Party has readjusted and transformed the workers' and peasants' main political power into an anti-Japanese democratic regime, expanded the class basis of the regime from only workers, peasants, the Red Army, and all the toiling masses to workers, peasants, petty bourgeoisie, and all classes and strata that are willing to participate in the War of Resistance Against Japan. It is on the basis of this form of political power organization that the party has mobilized all the forces that can be mobilized in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region, stimulated the subjectivity and creativity of the broad masses of the people, and provided an important guarantee for promoting the construction, prosperity, and development of various undertakings in the border area.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="81" > characteristics of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Government</h1>
This new type of government created by the Communist Party of China during the period of the new democratic revolution is a symbol of the achievements of the party's thirteen years of partial rule in Yan'an, and in this "demonstration area" and "experimental zone" of partial ruling, the prototype of the new democratic regime of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Government was born, which not only condensed the crystallization of the collective wisdom of the Communist Party of China, fully demonstrated the party's high-level concept of governing the country and its strategy for governing the country, but also embodied the glorious image and historical advanced nature of the party as a Marxist political party.
The Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Revolutionary Base Area is a hot land endowed with hope and vitality, and the CPC Central Committee and the Central Red Army settled in the northwest and established the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Government on the basis of cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. In the three historical periods of the agrarian revolutionary war, the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, and the War of Liberation, the Communist Party of China has successfully completed the transition from the workers' and peasants' Soviet power to the anti-Japanese democratic power and then from the anti-Japanese democratic power to the people's democratic power twice.
In 1948, with the victorious development of the National People's Liberation War, the People's Liberation Army in the Northwest Battlefield began a strategic counteroffensive marked by the Battle of Wazi Street.
In order to adapt to this change in the situation, on February 27, 1948, the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Government held an enlarged joint meeting of permanent deputies and government members of the Border Region in Suide, at which Lin Boqu, chairman of the Border Region Government, put forward the three major tasks of "striving for production, disaster relief, and restoring the construction of the border area; improving the rural democratic movement in connection with "land reform"; and strengthening the work of supporting the front and local armed forces.
In early May 1948, shortly after the withdrawal of southern Huzong from Yan'an, the government of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region moved back to Yan'an, and the government organs gradually recovered and perfected, and began to lead the people of the border area to heal the wounds of war and restore the construction of the border area.
At that time, due to the "liquidation and suppression" of the Kuomintang army, compared with 1946 before the outbreak of large-scale war, the area of cultivated land fell from 15 million mu to 11 million mu, grain production fell from 1.8 million stones to 910,000 stones, and the loss of public industry was more than 50 percent.
In 1947, due to disasters and military disasters, 500,000 mu of young seedlings in the border area were damaged, more than 3.6 million mu of barren land was abandoned, and grain production was greatly reduced. In the border areas of more than 1.5 million people, 400,000 people were starved, and plagues even appeared in Jia County, Zichang and other places. If production is not resumed quickly, the economy of the border areas themselves will be difficult to maintain. The government of the Border Region has actively organized the peasants to eliminate the ripe wasteland, carry out production campaigns, reward labor models, and organize militias to combine labor and force. It also actively supports non-governmental handicrafts, restores public industry, resumes commerce, trade, and transportation. In addition, the relief of disaster victims is also carried out by means of migrants eating, distributing relief grain, and organizing people to help themselves.
After a year of hard work, in 1949, the agricultural production capacity of the old areas of Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia has recovered to 70% of 1946, the number of cultivated livestock has returned to 80%, the sheep have recovered to 60%, and the cotton has recovered to 50%. Coupled with the support of the Jinsui Liberated Area, the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region survived a difficult period.
The question of land reform is an extremely important factor in the success or failure of the revolution, which has a bearing on the stability of the grass-roots political power in the rural areas and on the people's production and revolutionary enthusiasm. The government of the Border Region has always attached great importance to this, and after years of struggle, the feudal class has long been eliminated in the areas that were originally subject to the agrarian revolution. In some areas that have not been "land reformed", after the "rent reduction and interest reduction" during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the rent inspection and purchase requisition after 1946, feudal exploitation has also been greatly reduced, and the task of "land reform" is not very large.
In September 1948, the government of the Border Region clearly pointed out in the light of reality: "In the basic area, the issue of equal land division is no longer mentioned, but the land certificate is universally issued, the land rights are determined, and the land rights are guaranteed from infringement, so that everyone can produce with peace of mind and make a fortune." "To ensure the benefits that poor farmers have gained." In the small areas where land has not been transferred, the work of replenishment and transfer is carried out, and the land that is more than the local average line is extracted from landlords and rich peasants, or the land illegally seized by individual landlords and rich peasants, as well as common land, black land and abandoned land, to supply peasant households and migrants who lack land.
At that time, some excessive acts that occurred in the "land reform" work were also corrected, and a solemn memorial meeting was held for Mr. Li Dingming, who had already passed away, attended by Leaders such as Lin Boqu and He Long, and the CPC Central Committee and Mao Zedong sent eulogies. At the behest of Comrade Mao Zedong, Lin Boqu personally apologized to An Wenqin, who had been "swept out of the house," returned the confiscated "floating wealth," and still asked An Wenqin to serve as vice chairman of the Senate of the Border Region. It also clearly stipulates that families lacking productive capacity, such as widows and widows with disabilities and military families, are allowed to rent land, peasant households with insufficient labor force are allowed to hire workers, and private mutual aid lending is advocated. Obviously, at this time, the land reform work in the border areas was aimed at developing production and liberating the productive forces, and played a positive role in promoting social stability and economic recovery in the border areas.
From the beginning of 1948 to the beginning of 1949, according to incomplete statistics, the government of the Border Region mobilized more than 35 million civilian workers, 12.3 million livestock workers, and 500,000 turners (one car, two people and three animals for one car worker) in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia and Jinsui regions. More than 1.2 million pairs of military shoes were made for women to be trained to sew quilts, make military shoes, and care for the wounded. More than 2.4 million stones of public grain and more than 100.2 million catties of public grass were expropriated.
In order to better ensure the needs of the army, the government of the Border Region has also dispatched more than 2,000 cadres to provide services to the army. At that time, in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region alone, there were more than 75,700 households and more than 340,000 people belonging to military martyrs, and in order to boost morale and help solve the worries of the troops, the government of the border region also launched the activity of supporting the army and giving priority to its subordinates, carrying out substitute farming for more than 80,000 people, or material assistance such as grain and firewood, and resettling more than 7,000 honored soldiers.
The people of the border areas also took the initiative to adopt the wounded and sick of the People's Liberation Army, such as the peasant family surnamed Zhao in the second district and one township of Xinzheng County, and fostered 7 wounded people, and the whole family took good care of them, wrapped up the wounds and changed the medicine, which lasted for several months, until all the wounded returned to the team after recovering from their injuries.
The 7 wounded people fostered by the Wang family in the three districts and seven townships, Wang Da Niang treated them like her own son, took the and poured urine, and took care of it. This selfless dedication and vigorous support of the masses of the people has effectively promoted the victorious development of the people's war of liberation.
On February 8, 1949, in view of the smooth progress of the People's Liberation War at that time, a joint meeting of the two liberated areas was held in Yan'an to determine the tasks for 1949. Present at the meeting were 55 people, acting speaker and vice speaker and resident member of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Senate, vice chairman of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Government, and government members and representatives of the Jinsui Liberated Area. Comrade Liu Jingfan made a government work report, summed up the work of the past year, and put forward 8 work tasks for 1949: In addition to continuing to do a good job in supporting the front and developing production, he also pointed out that "due to the victorious development of the situation, we must actively enter the new liberated areas," and emphasized the work of rent reduction and anti-hegemony, resumption of production, and takeover of large and medium-sized cities in the newly liberated areas.
In order to unify the forces of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia and Jinsui Liberated Areas, the meeting also decided to abolish the former Jinsui Border Region Administrative Office, and to unify the administrative management of the Jinsui Border Region and the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region with the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Government. In view of the fact that Comrade Lin Boqu has left the border area to participate in the preparatory work for the new CPPCC National Committee, the meeting decided that Comrade Liu Jingfan would act as chairman of the border region government. The meeting also added government commissioners and adjusted and expanded government institutions. After the unification of the two major liberated areas, the area of the two major liberated areas reached more than 200,000 square kilometers and the population reached more than 7.63 million, which was actually to promote the smooth progress of the people's liberation war in the northwest and prepare for the liberation of the whole country.
In April 1949, the Peace Talks between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China failed completely, and the Chinese People's Liberation Army marched across the country. The government of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region has also made preparations, mobilized the former branch, and determined the plan to take over Xi'an, the largest city in the northwest, and the underground CPC organizations in Xi'an and various places have also actively carried out work to welcome the arrival of liberation.
On May 20, 1949, the Xi'an defenders announced an uprising, on the 22nd, the People's Liberation Army held a grand ceremony to enter the city, on the 24th, the Xi'an Military Control Commission was established, and on the 25th, the Government of the Border Region explicitly ordered the formal establishment of the Xi'an Municipal People's Government with Jia Tuofu as the mayor. On the day of the liberation of Xi'an, in order to strengthen the leadership over the new area, the government of the Border Region decided at the government affairs meeting that the Government of Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region would move south to Xi'an, and the Northwest Central Bureau of the CPC and the Political Department of the Northwest Military Region of the Chinese People's Liberation Army would also move south. The former affairs of northern Shaanxi were transferred to the management of the newly established Northern Shaanxi Administration. The focus of the work of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Government began to shift to the city.
After the Battle of Fumei, the government of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region ordered the establishment of Baoji Subdistrict, which administers 8 counties, including Baoji and Fufeng. Later, the Weinan Subdistrict was established, which had jurisdiction over 6 counties, including Weinan and HuaXian; Xianyang Subdistrict, which administered 6 counties, including Xianyang and Huxian; and changed the former Guanzhong Subdistrict to Sanyuan Subdistrict, and the number of counties under its jurisdiction was expanded from 8 to 10. With the advance of the People's Liberation Army to Gansu, on July 28, the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Government submitted to the CPC Central Committee for approval and established the Gansu Bureau, which is responsible for the work of the new and old liberated areas in Gansu. The government of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region actually formed a great northwestern regime with Shaanxi as the mainstay and taking into account Shanxi and Gansu. With the smooth advancement of the People's Liberation Army in various battlefields across the country, the enemy army in the northwest battlefield also quickly disintegrated.
Lanzhou was liberated on August 26, 1949, Xining was liberated on September 6, and Ningxia was peacefully liberated on September 23. Xinjiang also announced the uprising by electricity, and the entire Great Northwest was liberated.
On September 21, 1949, the Chinese Political Consultative Conference was held in Beiping, with a total of 662 representatives from all walks of life attending the meeting, and Comrade Mao Zedong presided over the meeting and delivered an opening speech. The meeting discussed and adopted a programme and two organic laws. The meeting also elected the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, elected the Central People's Government, and determined the national capital, national flag, national emblem, and national anthem.
On October 1, 1949, the Central People's Government Committee held in Beijing passed a resolution announcing the establishment of the People's Republic of China and the Central People's Government, and a grand founding ceremony was held at 3 p.m. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the people's power in the northwestern provinces was also established one after another, and gradually assumed the responsibility of restoring the social economy.
In November 1949, the Northwest Bureau of the Communist Party of China held a meeting in Lanzhou and decided that in order to adapt to the development of the situation, preparations should be made for the establishment of the Northwest Military and Political Committee to handle military and political affairs in the northwest in a unified manner. With the approval of the Central People's Government, on January 19, 1950, the Northwest Military and Political Committee was officially established in Xi'an. Peng Dehuai is the chairman of the Northwest Military and Political Committee, and Zhang Zhizhong is the vice chairman, with 41 members. The composition of the Military and Political Committee fully embodies the united front policy of the Communist Party of China, including Communists, former Kuomintang generals who have entered the people's camp, the China Democratic League, and non-party democrats, as well as representatives of various nationalities such as han, Hui, Uighur, and Tibetan. According to the authorization of the Central People's Government, the Northwest Military and Political Committee is not only the representative organ of the Central People's Government in the northwest region exercising military control, but also acts as the representative organ of the northwest people's government and leads the work of the five northwestern provinces in a unified manner.
The establishment of the Northwest Military and Political Committee marks the completion of the historical mission of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Government, and a new chapter has been opened in the history of the Northwest.
The Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia revolutionary base area has a very special position in the history of the Chinese revolution. During the period of the Second Civil Revolutionary War, the Communists created more than a dozen revolutionary base areas, large and small, but under the "encirclement and suppression" of the Kuomintang's heavy troops, coupled with the influence of the "left" and right-leaning mistakes in the Party, they were all lost one after another, and only the Shaanxi-Gansu revolutionary base area, which has been continuously developing since the establishment of the Southern Liang government, is the only base area that has not been completely destroyed by the enemy. The preservation of this base area is of great significance to the Chinese revolution, it was the foothold of the Red Army's Long March and the starting point of the War of Resistance. Comrade Mao Zedong said at the Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China:
"Some people say that the barren people in northern Shaanxi are poor and not good. However, northern Shaanxi is the foothold and starting point of our party. ”
Comrade Xu Teli also said affectionately at the 1942 Northwest High Cadres Conference: "Without this part of northern Shaanxi, we old men will not be killed, and we will be dragged to death. ”
The expositions of Comrades Mao Zedong and Xu Teli are an extremely incisive summary of the historical status of the revolutionary base areas in Shaanxi, Gansu, and Ningxia.
During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the Revolutionary Base Areas of Shaanxi, Gansu, and Ningxia were not only an example of the people's struggle to resist Japan and save the country throughout the country, but also a model of democratic construction and the united front. Comrade Mao Zedong praised it
"The border areas are democratic anti-Japanese base areas and the most thorough places for the implementation of the Three People's Principles."
In January 1943, Comrade Ren Bishi pointed out at the northwest high-level cadre meeting:
"The Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region has played a pioneering and exemplary role for the anti-Japanese base areas in north China and central China, and should be emulated by other base areas. At the same time, it was the general rear area of the anti-Japanese base areas in north and central China, and when they developed, it was because the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region sent a large number of cadres to cooperate with local cadres to open up work, and then gradually developed, resulting in such a situation. The Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region is in a relatively high position for the whole country and the whole world, just like the principal spokesman, that is to say, in the implementation of every policy in the Border Region, people at home and abroad, the Kuomintang, including our enemy, the Japanese imperialists, will regard it as a facility of our Party Central Committee and judge the dynamics of our Party according to it. ”
The Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia revolutionary base areas were also the leading center of the people's liberation war. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out in "On the Coalition Government": "Yan'an is the guidance center for all liberated areas. Under the circumstance that the Kuomintang launched a key offensive against Yan'an and the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia base area was extremely difficult, Comrade Mao Zedong not only personally commanded the people of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia base area to crush the enemy's offensive, but also made the great strategic counter-offensive decision of Liu Deng, Chen Su, and Chen Xie to plunge three "steel knives" directly into the heart of the enemy and direct the flames of war to the Kuomintang-controlled areas. At the same time, she was also a powerful rear area of the People's Liberation War, and sent a large number of cadres to various liberated areas. Only after the victory in the War of Resistance Against Japan, in the course of implementing the strategic change proposed by the CPC Central Committee, more than 10,000 cadres were dispatched from the Yan'an Anti-Japanese War, the Yan'an Artillery School, the 359th Brigade, the Second Teaching Brigade, and the First Garrison Brigade to the northeast to open up new liberated areas.
Undoubtedly, the Revolutionary Base Areas of Shaanxi, Gansu, and Ningxia occupy an extremely important page in the history of the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle of the Chinese people. In October 1949, Comrade Mao Zedong, in his reply telegram to the people of Yan'an and the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region, specifically mentioned that the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region is the seat of the CPC Central Committee and the rear area of the people's liberation struggle. The contribution of the people there to the people of the whole country is great. He also called on the revolutionary workers throughout the country to learn from the workers of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region and learn from their style of arduous struggle over the past ten years or so.
After the establishment of the Northwest Military and Political Committee, in a telegram of tribute to the people of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region, he said: "Over the past decade or so, the 1.5 million people of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region have struggled heroically and with great hardship under the direct leadership of the CPC Central Committee and Chairman Mao Zedong, and their contributions to the revolutionary cause of the Chinese people, especially the people of the Northwest, are very great. The people of the whole country and the people of the Northwest will always thank you and love you. "The Resolution on permanently Commemorating the Government of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region" was adopted, which will forever be recorded in the annals of the revolutionary struggle of the Chinese people.