▲ The golden bronze statue of Shakyamuni sakyamuni excavated from the Xianyang Chengren Cemetery M3015
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▲ Five golden and bronze Buddha statues excavated from Chengren Cemetery M3015
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Heavy discovery,
Always seemingly inadvertently turned out.
On the morning of December 9,
Press conference on new archaeological discoveries in the tomb of Hongduyuan in Xianyang
Held in Xi'an,
The Shaanxi Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau announced it to the public
An important archaeological discovery.
Since 2020,
Shaanxi Provincial Archaeological Research Institute in Weicheng District, Xianyang City, Hongduyuan,
Excavated more than 3,500 ancient tombs from the Warring States to the Ming and Qing dynasties,
A series of important archaeological discoveries have been made.
thereinto
A bit of a "stone breaking" is,
The golden bronze Buddha statue of the late Eastern Han Dynasty excavated from the Chengren Cemetery,
It is the earliest gold and bronze Buddha statue of the era excavated by Chinese archaeology.
This finding,
The introduction and sinicization of Buddhist culture,
It has important research value.
▲The scene of the press conference
▲Scan the code to watch the live broadcast
01
Shaanxi discovered a series of family cemeteries from the Middle Ages
From June 2020 to November 2021, the Shaanxi Institute of Archaeology excavated 3,648 ancient tombs of the Warring States, the Two Han Dynasties, the Western Jin Dynasty, the Sixteen Kingdoms, the Northern Dynasty, the Sui, Tang, Song, Ming and Qing dynasties in Weicheng District, Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province, with the burial age lasting for more than 2,200 years and more than 16,000 cultural relics (groups) unearthed, achieving a series of important archaeological gains.
The owner of the buried tomb
Most of them are relatives of the emperor and state, and high-ranking officials and dignitaries
▲Hongduyuan tomb into Ren cemetery M3001 Tang Dynasty tomb excavation site
The excavation site is located in the "Hongduyuan" cemetery north of the Han and Tang Dynasties Chang'an City, which is the highest-ranking cemetery in this period except for the burial of the imperial tomb, and most of the buried tomb owners are relatives of the emperor and the state, high-ranking officials and dignitaries, and have been found in historical records (such as the tombs of Shangguan Wan'er, Xue Shao, Wang Shao, etc., which have been published before); the proportion of medium and large tombs that have been excavated is large, the number of annual tombs is large, and the excavated cultural relics are rich.
▲ Hongduyuan tomb on the kiln cemetery Warring States Qin tomb
▲ Hongduyuan Tomb Wa Liu Cemetery Eastern Han Family Tomb Plane Shot
Xianyang Hongduyuan Northern Dynasty Sui and Tang Tombs
The cemetery is most characteristic
▲ Hongduyuan tomb Xijiang cemetery Sixteen Kingdoms to the Northern Dynasty tomb group plane shooting
▲Sui Xiu Northern Zhou Liang tomb after cleaning
▲Tomb of Tang Kang Shanda
At present, 77 Sui and Tang tombs of the Northern Dynasty have been found, of which 23 are dating, showing the important position of Weigou Zhaoyu and family cemeteries in high-level tombs in the Sui and Tang dynasties. These cemeteries, characterized by the Weigou Zhaoyu, are neatly planned and do not affect each other, with various forms such as single tombs, couple burial tombs, and grandchildren returning to bury ancestral tombs, and the use of cemeteries even spans hundreds of years. The continuation and change of this funeral system reflects the expectations of the ancients to unite the family in the underground world and continue to the real world, and is the materialized embodiment of the concept of the medieval door valve.
It has never been in the history of Chinese archaeology
▲ Tang Yang Quanjie tomb excavated the left inner rate copper fish charm
The bronze fish charm excavated from Yang Quanjie's tomb is the access control certificate for his entry and exit from the imperial palace in that year, which is very rare. According to the Tang Dynasty system, the unnamed fish charm needed to be handed in when leaving office, and the practical fish charm buried with Yang Quanjie's tomb may be related to the special grace of Wu Zetian.
Yang Quanjie was Empress Wu's cousin, and Prince Ren's left inner rate was probably Empress Wu's eyeliner for spying on Crown Prince Li Hong. His two granddaughters, one married to Emperor Xuanzong of Tang, Li Longji, gave birth to Emperor Suzong of Tang, and was posthumously honored as Empress Yuanxian; the other married to Emperor Zhongzong of Tang,Regent Li Chongjun (李重俊), who was the crown princess of Jieshu, shows the status of the Yang family as a foreign relative of Emperor Gaozong of Tang and the Wuzhou Dynasty.
The Yang family was buried in Hongduyuan from Yang Shao, the Duke of Northern Zhou, and the descendants of the Sui and Tang Dynasties were buried, and each planned a cemetery, forming a huge Hongduyuan Yang family cemetery, which lasted for hundreds of years. Wu Zetian's mother Yang Shi (Yang Quanjie's aunt) ShunLing is located 2.6 kilometers northeast of the Yang Quanjie Family Cemetery, and it is also the Yang clan who requested the burial of his father Yang Dazu before his death.
Yang Quanjie Cemetery was originally a couple of couples with a joint burial cemetery centered on the Yang Quanjie Tomb, with a length of 104.5 meters from north to south. The width is 80.5 meters, the area is about 62 steps of the Tang Dynasty, which corresponds to the area of the tomb area of the Four Pin officials before Tang Kaiyuan; 65 years later, his young son Yi Zhoubei Yang Zhishi and his wife were buried together in the east side of the cemetery; due to the limited space in the cemetery, after 90 years, his grandson Yang Youyu and his wife were buried together at 35 meters northeast of the cemetery; after 119 years, his great-grandson Prince DianShi Lang Yang And his wife were buried together at 200 meters northeast of the cemetery. The series of epitaphs unearthed are said to be buried in the ancestors of the old man, and have been given to officials for generations, showing the Yang family's efforts to maintain family cohesion and political status for hundreds of years.
▲Hongduyuan Tomb Buried Buried M49 Western Jin Dynasty Tomb excavated celadon lion-shaped ware
▲Hongduyuan Tomb BuriEdi Cemetery Tang Wang Chongzhan Tomb unearthed painted pottery figurines
According to the researchers, there has never been a precedent in the history of Chinese archaeology to excavate such a large number of tombs in the same cemetery, such a high level, and such a long duration, and it is difficult to break through in the future. This archaeological discovery is of great positive significance for the construction of the archaeological system framework of ancient Chinese tombs.
In addition, the rich information obtained from this excavation, coupled with the comprehensive research results of the archaeological data of the Hongduyuan tomb in the past 70 years, the huge amount of information contained in it is enough to continue to write half of the history of the Sui and Tang dynasties of the Northern Dynasty, combined with the documents recorded by the generations, which will greatly help to elucidate the historical value, cultural value, aesthetic value, scientific and technological value and era value of cultural relics.
▲Hongduyuan tomb into Ren cemetery M3451 Tang tomb excavated flower and bird mirror
▲ Hongduyuan tomb Yue family cemetery Tang Jinglong first year eldest grandson Eight Niang tomb excavated three colored bowls
02
Shaanxi found the earliest gold and bronze Buddha statue in China
Shaanxi archaeologists found
2 gold and bronze Buddha statues of the late Eastern Han Dynasty
▲M3015 panorama
In May 2021, the Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology excavated a Tomb of the Eastern Han Dynasty in Chengren Village, Weicheng District, Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province, and cleared out six tombs. In the northwest corner of one of the burial chambers, numbered M3015, archaeologists found 2 gold and bronze Buddha statues from the late Eastern Han Dynasty.
▲The golden bronze statue of Shakyamuni sakyamuni excavated from the Chengren cemetery M3015
Left: Front Right: Back
One is a standing statue of Shakyamuni, with a small flesh bun, a flat top, wearing a shoulder-length robe, and the pattern of the clothes is distributed radially from the left shoulder to the right shoulder, and the grain of the clothes is between the right chest and the right arm. The left hand is raised on the elbow, holding a corner of the robe, and the right hand is held up to give the dauntless seal (hand remnant). Stand on a lotus pedestal. The height is 10.5 cm and the base diameter of the pedestal is 4.7 cm.
The other is a five-bronze buddha statue in the shape of a sheet, with a height of 15.8 cm and a width of 6.4 cm. The front relief is of five seated Buddhas, small flesh buns, knotted on the lotus seat, hands for meditation seals, and the elbow part can be seen with a peach-shaped first light and backlight behind the circular earth prismatic clothing pattern. The flesh bun, face, dressing style, and clothing pattern of the Buddha statue all have a typical Gandhara statue style. The preliminary results of the material analysis show that the 2 Buddha statues are all copper-tin-lead alloys, and the production process is Fan Zhu.
In addition, archaeologists unearthed a Zhushu clay pot in another tomb numbered M3019, with an inscription dated "24 November of the first year of Yanxi" (158), according to which archaeologists believe that the owner of this cemetery should be a mid-level official with a certain family power or economic strength.
▲The Zhushu clay pot of the first year of Yanxi excavated in M3019
Li Ming, a researcher at the Shaanxi Provincial Archaeological Research Institute, said: "It can be determined that these two gold and bronze Buddha statues are from the Eastern Han Dynasty, and this discovery is very important, because it is the earliest independent gold and bronze Buddha statues of the era of archaeological excavations that we have found in China, and the history of Chinese Buddha statue excavations has been premised for nearly 200 years." ”
These two bronze buddha statues are made in-house
It has a Gandhara style
Archaeologists said that the Buddha statues that were generally considered independent and reflected the meaning of religious beliefs did not appear until the Sixteen Kingdoms period. The 2 Buddha statues excavated from the family cemetery of the late Eastern Han Dynasty are the earliest gold and bronze Buddha statues of the era of domestic archaeological excavations. According to the modeling characteristics of the Buddha statues, the analysis of the production process and the preliminary results of the metal composition test, it can be determined that the two Buddha statues are locally made of gold and bronze Buddha statues in gandhara style, which have important research value for the introduction and sinicization of Buddhist culture.
Liu Qingzhu, a member of the Faculty of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, told Shaanxi Tv: "The recent discovery of these two bronze Buddha statues excavated from the Eastern Han Cemetery in Airport New City shows that as early as the opening and heyday of the Silk Road, it was the Han Dynasty, when Buddhism spread from South Asia to China. ”
▲M3015 part of the burial utensils
Wen | synthesized from Shaanxi Tv News Wenbo China
Photo / Video | Shaanxi Television News Network
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Edited | Shanxi Evening News All-Media Editor Nanlijiang
Audit | Fang Tianji
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