A preliminary study of the site of Yichuan Worm Pingyuan in Shaanxi Province

A preliminary study of the site of Yichuan Worm Pingyuan in Shaanxi Province

Li Yanfeng (Shaanxi Institute of Archaeology)

Abstract: This paper conducts a preliminary discussion on the dating, cemetery-related issues and cultural factors of the WormPingyuan site, and believes that the Wormping Ridge site is a small settlement of collective settlements and cemeteries, and its age is concentrated in the early and middle spring and autumn periods. The cultural characteristics of the site are more similar to the Jin culture in Shanxi, and there are also a small number of Qin cultural factors, indicating that the ethnic group to which it belongs should have a close relationship with the Jin population.

The Spring and Autumn Ruins of Worming Ridge are located in The Village of WormIngyuan in Danzhou Town, about 10 kilometers southwest of Yichuan County. In 2014, the Shaanxi Archaeological Research Institute and the Yichuan County Museum conducted archaeological exploration and excavation of the site[1]. This paper attempts to make a preliminary discussion from the aspects of the age of the site, burial customs and cultural factors of the site, in order to understand the connotation of the site, so as to benefit the study of the archaeological culture and social outlook of the region.

Keywords: Worm Pingyuan ruins, cultural factors, Jin culture

Wèi (wèi) excavated from Chema Pit at the Worm Plains Ruins

Tombs at the site of Worm Plains

First, the dating judgment of the site

The pottery excavated from the site is relatively rich, mostly for bristles, pots, beans, pots, urns and other practical utensils for life, which provides a basis for dating judgment. Among them, the H1:8 shape of the pottery mane excavated from H1 is flat folded edge, corset neck, and abdominal ornamentation, which is consistent with the B-type VI.-style mane of the late Middle and Western Zhou dynasties at the Tianma-Qucun residential site[2]. Specimen H1:1 mane is characterized by narrow folded edges, shoulder bulges or near-folding, which is close to the AA type VII. crotch bristle system of the early Spring and Autumn period of Tenma-Qucun[3]. The clay pots are mostly plain noodles, specimen H1:24 folded edge, micro-drum abdomen nearly folded, which is consistent with the A-type vegetarian basin shape system of Tianma -Qucun Spring and Autumn. The cans have many collars (Figures 1, 4, 5), which is similar to the shape of the high-necked cans (Figures 1, 12, 13) produced by the Tianma-Qucun early Spring and Autumn settlement units. H16 excavated pottery mane narrow fold along the nearly flat edge, the neck is obvious, the shoulders are drummed, and the abdomen rope stripe is scattered, and the chronological characteristics are significantly later than the internal oblique fold along the pottery mane in H1. Specimen H16:4 (Fig. 1, 1) is more consistent with the early Spring and Autumn pottery bristles of the early Spring and Autumn period such as the A-type mane (Fig. 1, 9) [4] left in the Zhou Dynasty of the Shangma Cemetery. The clay pot H16:6 is similar to the Ba-type III. type clay pot in the early spring and autumn period of the Tianma-Qucun residence[5]. H1 inner pottery bean has the characteristics of straight square lip, shallow disc, and thin stalk (Figure 1, 2), which is later than the typical pottery bean with pointed round lip and stalk with hoop in the late Western Zhou Dynasty, but it appeared earlier than the middle and late Spring and Autumn and became popular, and its age should be the early Spring and Autumn Period.

Figure 1 Comparison of artifacts excavated from the Worm Pingyuan site with Jin and Qin artifacts

1.Bug H16:4 2.Bug H1:8 3.Bug H1:26 4.Bug H1:22 5.Bug H1:30 6.Bug H16:11 7.Bug H1:2 8.Bug H16:1 9.Shangma H14:1 10.Qucun I.H107:12 11.Qucun F13:2 12.Qucun I.H118:63 13.Qucun J7H171:13 14.Qucun I.H119:5 15.Qucun I.H118:6 16.Qucun I.H119:17.Bug M38 :4 18.Worm M48:3 19.Worm M38:1 20.Worm M8:12 21.Worm M44:4 22.Worm M44:3 23.Shangma M5188:1 24.Shangma M5270:2 25.Mizhi Zhangping M M2:26.Shangma M2078:11 27.Wenxi Shangguo 89WSM3:4 28.Shangma M1287:17 29.Bug M44:1 30.Bug M48:2 31.Songcun M3:23 32.Sunjia Nantou M139:14 33. Sun Jia Nantou M138:14

According to the above analysis, the remains of the residential site of the WormingYuan site can be roughly divided into two stages: the first stage is represented by H1, the overall age is equivalent to the early Spring and Autumn Period, and some of the relics seem to have the characteristics of the late stage of the Late Western Zhou Dynasty or the two-week period; the second stage takes H16 as the typical unit, the age is slightly later, and it is roughly the early stage of the middle Spring and Autumn Period. In addition to the typical pottery, the bone shovels excavated from the site (Fig. 1, 7) and the stone knife with holes (Fig. 1, 8) are also consistent with the style of the Pegasus-Qucun similar ware (Fig. 1, 15, 16).

A small number of pottery bristles excavated from the tomb of WormpingYuan as a whole have the characteristics of narrow folding edge, obvious neck, slightly external drum or near folding of the shoulder, and shoulder diameter is larger than the caliber. Specimen M48:4 extravagant mouth rolled edge, shoulder slightly drummed, body is long, and close to the Shape of the BaII. type pottery mane (M6069:1) of the Houma Ma Cemetery, which is dated to the early Spring and Autumn Period. Specimen M38:4 (Fig. 1, 17) Flat body, bulging shoulders, and lower crotch shape characteristics are similar to the M5188:1 (Fig. 1, 23) [7] of the Shangma Cemetery A kind of crotch A-mane AII. type(Fig. 1, 23)[7], which is dated to the early spring and autumn period. The specimen M44:2 is close to M3071:1 of the BDb III type of shangma cemetery[8], and the two may be roughly the same age, belonging to the early stage of the mid-Spring and Autumn period. The clay pot specimen M48:3 (Figure 1, 18) is the same as the M2:2 (Figure 1, 24) of the early Spring and Autumn period of Mizhi Zhangping[9], and the specimen M38:3 is similar to the V. pot of the mid-Spring and Autumn period of the Shangcunling Yuguo Cemetery. The pottery beans excavated from the tomb are consistent with the pottery bean shaped from the residential site. A bronze ceremonial vessel was excavated from the tomb, Copper Ding M8:12 (Fig. 1, 20), which has the characteristics of standing ears, folded edges, shallow abdomen, and empty hoof-like feet, which are similar to the morphological characteristics of Aa type copper ding (Fig. 1, 26) [10] in the Shangma cemetery. M17 copper ding mouth along the fragment also has a narrow folding edge, rough casting, thin wall and other characteristics of the late era. Copper Ge M44:3 (Figure 1, 22), the sharp edge is obviously folded, the shape of the gui head, the hu is elongated, and the copper knife (Figure 1, 21) has the characteristics of a square head and an arc back, which are similar to the similar instruments of the Jin culture cemetery (Figure 1, 27, 28), and the age of the tomb should be in the early stage of the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period.

Through analysis, the tombs in the WormPingyuan site can also be divided into two stages, of which the first section is represented by M48 and the early Spring and Autumn period; the second stage of tombs is more, including M8, M17, M38, M44, which are roughly late to the early stage of the middle spring and autumn. For tombs with unpaid pottery, the tomb shape system, burial direction, burial stones or jade, clay ware, etc. are consistent with the tombs with clear chronological characteristics, so the age of the entire cemetery should also be from the early Spring and Autumn period to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period.

In summary, the similar pottery styles in the sites and tombs of the Worm Pingyuan site are similar, and the chronological characteristics of the performance are relatively consistent, and they have experienced two stages of development, that is, from the earlier stage of the early Spring and Autumn Period to the early stage of the middle Spring and Autumn Period.

2. Discussion of issues related to cemeteries

The tombs are mainly distributed in the north and south excavation areas of the site. Among them, the tombs in the southern excavation area are concentrated on the western edge of the site, and the tombs in the north are larger in scale and the southern tombs are smaller. In the northern excavation area, the southern part is centered on the largest M17 and its funerary car and horse pit in the site, and there are scattered small tombs around the site; in the northeast, several small tombs are concentrated. There is no broken relationship between all tombs, and the tombs in the dense area are relatively neatly arranged, and they should be buried after unified planning. According to the distribution of tombs, it can be speculated that there are two cemeteries in the north and south of the site. In order to better presume the population to which the site belongs, several aspects of burial customs in the cemetery are discussed and analyzed below.

(1) The direction of the tomb. This refers to the direction of the head of the main skeleton of the tomb. As one of the important symbols of burial customs, the choice of head direction is often closely related to the ethnic group of the tomb owner, which can reflect to some extent the beliefs, origins and migration of the ethnic group.

A total of 21 tombs have been excavated this time, and 18 can clearly determine the head direction. Among them, there are 14 tombs facing east, accounting for about 77%, 3 in the north and 1 in the west. From the exploration situation, it is also known that the unexcavated vertical pit tombs are in an east-west direction, according to which it is inferred that the head direction of the remaining tombs is also mainly east.

During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, tombs in the Central Plains were mainly northbound. For example, of the 260 Eastern Zhou tombs on Zhongzhou Road in Luoyang, 237 are northbound, accounting for 91% of the total[11], and the direction of the tombs in the Ruiguo cemetery in Liangdai Village is mostly in the range of 15 to 45 degrees east-north[12]. During this period, although the tombs of the Qin people were east-west, the head of the tomb owner was large in the west direction. The phenomenon of a large number of eastbound tombs at the Worm Pingyuan site is similar to the Jin culture cemetery in Shanxi. Of the 641 Western Zhou and Spring and Autumn tombs in the Tianma-Qucun cemetery, 362 are northbound, accounting for 56% and 241 are eastbound, accounting for 37%, second only to northbound[13]. The main age is the Shangma cemetery of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and there are many east-facing tombs, with 713 of the 1373 tombs being east-facing, accounting for 52%, followed by north-facing tombs, accounting for 42%[14].

Table 1 Animal limb bones excavated from the insect pingyuan cemetery

It can be seen that in the choice of tomb direction, the site of Worming Ridge has a greater similarity with the Jin tombs of the same period on the east bank of the Yellow River. Regarding the relationship between the tomb orientation and the crowd in the Jin tombs, some scholars believe that the group represented by the northbound tombs is the Zhou people, and the group represented by the eastbound tombs belongs to the local indigenous population [15].

(2) The custom of martyrdom. Of the 21 tombs excavated at the Worm Plain Site, 9 found animal limb bones, accounting for nearly 50%. After identification, the specific situation is shown in Table 1:

It can be seen from the table that the limb bones and parts of the animals produced belong to the forelimbs, and the species are cattle, pigs and sheep, and most of them are juvenile individuals. At the time of excavation, most of the animal limb bones are relatively complete, the shoulder blade and the limb bone are integrated, it can be speculated that the forelimb should have been cut off together with the shoulder, and directly placed in the tomb without cutting. In the placement position, most of them are located in the coffin at the head or foot of the tomb owner, and a few are placed on the side of the tomb owner, and most of them are placed together with the burial utensils. Among them, sheep and pigs account for a higher proportion, and only cattle limb bones are found in the largest M17. The M8, which was excavated from the bronze ceremonial vessel, found two animals, pigs and sheep, and had multiple limb bones. The small tomb has more than one limb bone of an animal in sheep.

Studies have shown that in addition to dogs martyrdom in tombs during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, other types of martyrdom include cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, deer, poultry, etc., which can be divided into burying animal legs, animal heads, whole animals, and dismemberment and martyrdom, of which the burial of entire animal legs is the most common [16]. The phenomenon of placing one or more legs of an animal in a tomb as a burial animal was found in tombs during the Shang and Zhou dynasties. According to statistics, the earliest example is the Taixi Cemetery in Gaocheng, Hebei Province, in the transition stage from the early to late Shang Dynasty. By the late Shang Dynasty, the use of cattle, sheep and pigs with forelimb burial was found in many cemeteries in Anyang Yin Ruins. By the Western Zhou Dynasty, the phenomenon of burying animal forelimbs continued. For example, the leg bones of cattle, sheep, and pigs are placed on the second-story platforms of many tombs in Chang'an Fengxike Province, Chang'an, Shaanxi Province, Zhangjiapo, and Huayuan Village. The custom of burying the legs of animals in Western Zhou tombs is very similar to that of Yin Tombs, which is supposed to be a direct source of the former. During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, there was still a custom of animal limb and bone burial in the Shangma cemetery of the Jin culture, but the proportion was low. Only more than 20 of the 1373 tombs contain animal bones, mostly the limb bones of cattle, sheep, pigs and other livestock. Most of these limb bones are placed at the front of the human skull, or between bronze objects .[19] The Huangling Zhaitouhe Cemetery, which belonged to the Rong people during the Warring States period, was the custom of burying the heads of horses, cattle, and sheep, which was commonly found in the Rongdi cultural areas of the northwest region and the northern grasslands. These circumstances show that the animal forelimb bones found in the tombs of the WormIngyuan site should be a continuation of the common burial customs of animal legs in tombs in the Central Plains. The type and number of buried animals should correspond to the scale of the tomb and the level of the tomb owner, which has a certain significance of distinguishing between the ranks.

(3) Carriage and horse pits to accompany the burial. The carriage and horse pits are generally used in conjunction with higher-level tombs, which is a symbol of the status of the tomb owner. The Worm Plains Chema Pit (K1) was found in the southeast of M17, only 5 metres apart. M17 is the largest of all the tombs found in the site, and is the closest to the Chema Pit, which should be its funerary pit. The K1 is shaped as a rectangular vertical pit, east-west, measured in the direction of the rut, in the direction of 110°. Two wooden carts are placed longitudinally in the pit, each with 2 horses before each ride, and the carriage and the horse are in the shape of a ride, and the head and rut of the horse are facing east.

In the custom of accompanying the burial of carriage and horse pits, merchants and Yin remnants of the Western Zhou Dynasty usually set up separate carriage and horse pits near the main tomb, and the carriages and horses in the pits were placed according to the driving pattern. Zhouren tombs are popular for "car burial", where the body is split and placed in the tomb. As a branch of the Zhou people, the Burial Method of the Jin People's Carriage and Horse Pit is the form of separate burial of the car and the horse with the pit. At present, the main carriage and horse pits found in Jindi are buried in separate chambers, and the carriages are arranged in an orderly manner before and after; the horse bones of the chema pits found in the early stages are more chaotic, and the late period is mainly left and right. The layout of the pit is all in front of the horse and behind the car, and the range of the pit and the horse pit is distinguished in the carriage and horse pit.[21] [22] The No. 1 carriage and horse pit in the Jinhou Cemetery is rectangular in an east-west direction, and a north-south rammed earth partition wall divides it into two parts, the east is buried with at least one hundred and five horses, and the west is buried with six rows of forty-eight cars. The Jin tombs of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty continued to inherit this tradition, such as the Hou ma Ma Cemetery, the Linyi Cheng Village Cemetery and the Taiyuan Zhao Qing Tomb, all of which were buried by car and horse. However, during the Spring and Autumn Period, the carriages and horses in the Qin people's carriage and horse pits were mostly placed in the shape of a ride, mostly located in the southeast position of the tombs to which they belonged, and there was often a phenomenon of martyrdom.

The carriage and horse in the Che ma pit (K1) of the Worm Pingyuan site are arranged in a driving shape, which is quite different from the common car burial method of the Zhou people and the car and horse burial method of the Jin tombs, but it is similar to the practice of Qin tombs in this period. There are two small tombs in the southeast and northwest corners of K1, of which M11 in the northwest corner has buried people, and the M12 in the southeast corner is more regular, but the unburied people are empty pits. The two tombs and the carriage and horse pit are relatively close, and the nearest point is only 20 centimeters. Judging from the relative position relationship between the two tombs and the chema pit, it is possible that the two are the burial tombs of the latter.

3. Cultural factors and ethnicity

The relics excavated from the site of Theopingyuan are mainly practical pottery such as bristles, urns, pots, beans, pots, urns and cups, in addition to building materials such as plate tiles and cylinder tiles, as well as a small number of stone and bone tools. Among them, pottery is mainly clay gray pottery, accounting for more than 60%. The ornamentation is based on the jomon pattern as a large quantity, and the jomon pattern is thicker, followed by the plain surface, and there are a small number of dark lines and carved patterns. On the whole, the pottery is more consistent with the characteristics of pottery in terms of pottery, pottery color, ornamentation and types with the pottery produced in Guanzhong and the late Western Zhou to early Spring and Autumn periods on both sides of the Yellow River in Nanliu. In terms of form, typical vessels such as manes, pots, pots, urns (Fig. 1, 3) and cups (Fig. 1, 6) at the site of Worm Pingyuan are very close to the pottery from the remains of the Tianma-Qucun ruins and the Houmama cemetery (Fig. 11, 14). The pottery beans are all clay gray pottery, the surface wheeling traces are obvious, the shape is regular, the disc center is mostly scratched out of the dark lines, showing a concentric circle distribution, the shape is generally close to the Tianma - Qucun site of the Ba-type pottery beans (Figure 1, 10), but the handle is more convex.

There are few pottery excavated in the tombs, most of the tombs are slightly baked and unsintered clay ware, and only 5 tombs have pottery, which is a common combination of bristles, pots, beans, or bristles and pots from the late Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Spring and Autumn Period. Among them, the mane, pot and bean are consistent with the shape of the similar instruments excavated in the site, and are similar to the similar instruments produced by the Jin tombs such as the Shangma Cemetery. The number of pots in the pottery is small, but the shape is typical. Specimen M44:1 (Fig. 1, 29) Small mouth with a neck, a nearly flattened mouth along the outer luxury, nearly flared, flattened abdomen, with three short heels. The shape system is special, which is quite different from the three-legged jar excavated from the Tomb of the Jin Dynasty, and is closer to the similar instruments of the Qin tombs in the same period, such as the M3:23 (Fig. 1, 31) [23] of the Songcun village of Huxian County and the M139:14 (Fig. 1, 32) [24] of the Fengxiang Sunjia Nantou are similar to the former. Specimen M48:2 (Fig. 1, 30) Extravagant folded edge, corset neck, flat abdomen nearly folded, is quite different from the typical high-necked jar in Jin tombs, and is also similar to similar to similar vessels in Qin tombs (Fig. 1, 33).

From the foregoing, it can be seen that the head of the population belonging to the tomb of Worm Pingyuan is mainly eastward, which is similar to the Jin tomb. The burial ceremony is mainly on the back, and the individual is leaned over. Among them, the upper body has two hands intersecting and placing between the abdomen, and the lower body has straight limbs and flexed limbs, which are of equal proportion. The angle between the tibial thighs of the flexors is greater than 90 degrees, which is quite different from the flexion burial of the Qin tomb. In terms of burial items, most of the small tombs only produce unburned clay objects, as well as small items such as shells, jue and gui, of which the yue are more on the sides of the skull or in the mouth, and the practice of using the yue as earrings or mouthpieces is also more common in Jin tombs. Pottery combinations are seen in manes, pots, beans, pots and bristles, pot combinations (some of the tombs are mud tools), which is quite different from the phenomenon of single-piece bristles prevalent in Jin tombs in Shanxi, and is consistent with the Mizhi Zhangping Cemetery, which is also located on the west bank of the Yellow River. The Mizhi Zhangping Cemetery is similar to the Worm Pingyuan in terms of era, pottery combination and shape, and although there are artifacts with northern cultural factors such as copper belt buckles, the overall appearance undoubtedly belongs to the Zhou cultural system, and it is most likely a Jin tomb.[25]

In summary, the cultural characteristics of the WormPingyuan site are more consistent with the cultural outlook of the Zhou Dynasty. Among them, the cultural factors of the remains of the residential sites are relatively single, and the characteristics of the remains of the Jin culture on the east bank of the Yellow River are similar. The burial customs such as the head of the tomb, the burial style and the martyrdom are also consistent with the Jin tombs of the same period, and the cultural factors embodied with the burial utensils are also closely related to the Jin tombs. Therefore, the population belonging to the site of Worm Pingyuan should be from the Jindi on the east bank of the Yellow River. At the same time, there are also cultural factors from Qin in the tombs of Worming, such as the choice of the location of the funeral car and horse pit, the placement of the carriage and horse in the pit and the individual burial utensils, or the performance of the influence of Qin culture in the same period.

4. Summary

The number of ruins within the site of Wormingyuan is relatively small, but it contains relatively complete residential sites and cemeteries, and the two are basically chronological, starting from the early Spring and Autumn Period, and the upper limit of some site remains may be as early as two weeks and extended to the early stage of the middle spring and autumn. From the perspective of ethnicity, the population belonging to the site should have a close relationship with the Jin people in the Shanxi region, affected by the geographical location, and culturally influenced by the Qin people. This is consistent with the understanding obtained from the analysis of the types of human bones produced in the tombs.[26] In short, the site of Worming Ridge should be a small settlement belonging to the Jin cultural group that is completely buried.

The Chronicle of the Jin Dynasty records that around the mid-Spring and Autumn Period of the 23rd year of the Jin Dynasty (654 BC), "Jin Province, west of Hexi, bordering Qin, North zhai (Di), east of Hanoi." According to survey statistics, there are nearly 20 sites from the late Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Spring and Autumn Period in the Zhouchuan River Basin of Ji County, Shanxi Province, along the Yellow River. These remains, represented by folded shoulder bristles, are very close to the Contemporaneous Pottery Mane of the Houma Horse Cemetery and Tianma-Qucun, which fully indicates that the Jixian area on the east bank of the Yellow River was owned by the Jin people at the latest in the early Spring and Autumn Period.[27] The site of Zepingyuan, which is across the Yellow River from Ji County in Shanxi, is more consistent in cultural appearance and era, indicating that as early as the early Spring and Autumn Period, the power of the Jin State had penetrated into the Hexi region. According to the "History of Qin Benji", Qin was in the "year of the Wu Dynasty, the PengJu clan, as for the Huashanxia." "In the early Spring and Autumn Period, the Qin forces had reached the central and eastern part of Guanzhong and confronted the Weibei region, including Liang and Rui. In the high-grade tombs of the Rui state in the early and late Spring and Autumn period of the Liangdai Village Cemetery in Hancheng, bronze ceremonial vessels influenced by Qin cultural factors were unearthed. The site of Worm Pingyuan is only more than 100 kilometers south of the Liangdai Village cemetery, and it seems reasonable to be affected by Qin cultural factors.

During the writing of this article, it was carefully guided by the project leader Ding Yan and Song Jiangning of the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, and hereby thank you!

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Originally published in Archaeology and Cultural Relics, No. 4, 2018