In the Qing Dynasty, the absolute monarchy and centralized power in our country reached its peak, and the Qing Dynasty created a prosperous situation of political, economic and cultural unification.
In the history of the Qing Dynasty for more than 200 years, the establishment of various institutions, the establishment of systems, the implementation of policies, and the reform of personnel appointments have unique characteristics.
In the early Qing Dynasty, in order to consolidate the construction of political power and win over the Control manchu and Han nobles, it was stipulated that the children of the meritorious ministers should be selected as the companions of the children of the clan to study, regardless of the Manchus.
With the gradual improvement of the imperial education system, there was a group of people named "Haha Zhuzi" in the imperial education as the accompanying readers of the prince, who played an important role in the development of Qing Dynasty politics.
The constant change in the selection range of the beads reflects the strong control of the imperial power out of its own needs.
The change in the selection range of the beads is directly related to the control of the imperial power. According to the analysis of existing historical data, we can roughly summarize the changes in the selection range of haha beads in the Qing Dynasty.
Fogg pointed out in "Listening to the Rain", "At this time, the selection of the beads of haha lies in the children of the meritorious ministers, not all the flag people. ”
We can know that during this period, as long as it was the son of the meritorious minister's family, whether it was a Manchu, it was possible to obtain such an opportunity to be selected as a servant of the prince and as a companion of the prince.
In the early Qing Dynasty, the fact that the children of the Han bureaucracy were able to have such an opportunity also had a lot to do with the political environment at that time.
At the beginning of the country, the political environment was still unstable, the imperial power was weakened, and at this time, the country's political and military affairs were collectively handled by the ministers of the parliament, and the other clan nobles did not care about the affairs of the world and did not know how to deal with the affairs of the dynasty.
The emerging political power established by the minority nationalities urgently needed to establish and improve various systems in the context of national reunification, and due to the lack of professional political talents, it was necessary to win over and unite the Han bureaucratic class and unite a group of han intellectuals who were literate and able to do things for the country.
In the second year of Shunzhi, the selection of accompanying readers for the sons of Manchuria was carried out in this political context. In the Kangxi Dynasty, the "Haha Zhuzi" selection rule of "the children of meritorious ministers do not have to be all flag people" has not changed.
The Kangxi Emperor used haha beads very heavily, and eunuchs such as Wei Zhu, Li Yu, Chen Fu and others were given the title of "eunuch haha beads", and at this time, haha beads had great influence, were in the center of power, and were red people around the emperor.
This phenomenon led to the fact that from the end of the Kangxi Dynasty to the beginning of the Yongzheng Dynasty, many clans and Jueluo competed to serve as Haha beads.
Haha beads are close to the center of power, and there is greater strength hidden behind them. The Yongzheng Emperor, who had personally experienced the struggle for the throne in the late Kangxi Dynasty, realized the hidden dangers implied by the ha-ha beads around the prince.
After ascending to the throne, it was ordered that kings should be forbidden to choose their own haha beads, even if the kings wanted to be a certain person who wanted to choose a haha bead, they should explain the situation and then make a decision.
During this period, the selection scope of Haha Zhuzi had been expanded from the "children of meritorious ministers, not necessarily Manchus" in the early Qing Dynasty to the children of local officials. Due to the huge temptation of haha beads, various local officials have done their best to recommend their own children as haha beads.
In the early qing dynasty, many idle clans and remote clans belonged to the Qing clan as a whole, but they were still much more noble than ordinary people or ordinary flag people. However, there were many idle clans, and Kyaw Lo disregarded the face of the royal family and the clan to act as a bead for the kings, willing to drive them.
The edict of the second year of Yongzheng reflects the great temptation contained in the haha beads in this period, which caused a large number of clans and Jueluo to act as haha beads.
During the Kangxi period, the selection principle of "the sons of ministers, regardless of Manchu" haha beads, by the end of the Kangxi Dynasty, the sons of the yongzheng period had expanded to the sons of local officials prefecture pastors and county orders, and even the situation of the Yuanzhi clan vying to become the kings of the haha beads.
The Yongzheng Emperor realized that the political hidden dangers implied in allowing the kings to choose the haha beads themselves would threaten the stable rule of the imperial power, and could no longer allow the arbitrary selection of the haha beads, so he ordered that "the person who intends to choose, the king will be clear and then selected", narrowing the selection scope of the haha beads and controlling the selection power of the haha beads.
During the Qianlong period, the status of haha beads declined rapidly, and the beauty of the Kangxi dynasty was no longer occupied, and in order to solve the problem of personnel of haha beads, it was necessary to require the compulsory requirements of imperial power to ensure sufficient personnel selection.
Qianlong seventeen years of the edict: "The officials of the Eight Banners of the Outside are all Servants of the Manchurian Dynasty, and Yi and others are in foreign posts, and they cannot be sent to the capital, but at the same time they emphasize that Yizi is a foreign official, and if he chooses his son as the haha bead of Brother, Kong has borrowed the end camp to plead for the disadvantages, and there is no need to make up for this." ”
The Qianlong Emperor not only demanded that foreign officials send their sons to Beijing to be substituted to fulfill their duties as servants of manchuria on their behalf, but on the other hand, they were worried that the children of foreign officials would easily form a situation of forming a situation of forming a situation of party and private interest and internal and external collusion.
The contradictory approach of the Qianlong Emperor also reflected the various attempts made by the imperial power in pursuit of maximizing its own interests. In the eighteenth year of Qianlong, the Emperor issued an edict: "The sons and daughters of officials from other provinces within 2,500 miles, who choose ha-ha beads, are ordered to be sent back to the capital for selection."
The scope of ha-ha bead selection changed again, from the early Qing dynasty of "the children of ministers, not all the banner people" to the late Kangxi Yongzheng period "the children of local state pastors and county officials, idle Jueluo and clans vying for the position of haha beads".
Then during the Qianlong period, it was mandatory that "foreign officials within 2,500 miles must send their own sons to Beijing to be selected", and the selection scope of Haha Zhuzi was repeatedly changed due to the imperial power's own considerations.
Since then, the selection scope of haha beads has generally followed this method, although the social status of haha beads has declined during this period, but at this time, the selection of haha beads is not the children of ordinary officials, but still by the children of some solid family officials.
In short, the transformation and development trend of the status of haha beads is directly related to the strength and weakness of imperial power over its control: due to the heavy use of the Kangxi Emperor during the Kangxi period, haha beads have greater power and develop to the peak.
The close relationship between Haha Beads and the Crown Prince makes Haha Beads an important hidden force when the Crown Prince competes for the throne. The Yongzheng Emperor, who had experienced the rebellion of the late Kangxi Dynasty, was highly concentrated in imperial power during his reign, and out of the need to consolidate his own rule, he began to weaken the power of Hahazhuzi.
The imperial power constantly tried to strike a balance between the two in order to maximize its own interests. All in all, the development of a product of the times must be inseparable from the general environment of this era, and the process of studying haha beads is also conducive to our study of the development and process of this period of history.