From the Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, in the history of these thousands of years, from a large country and a military power to a semi-feudal and semi-colonial country, I don't know how many stories happened during the period, the Opium War opened the door to China, and also let the great powers begin to divide China, at that time, China began to lose a piece of territory, and Mongolia is also one of them, Outer Mongolia independence became Mongolia, is one of the representative events of the great powers to divide China.
When it comes to Mongolia, many people will think of the previous history, the unified dynasty established by the Mongols, the territory of the Yuan Dynasty to suppress the territory of all dynasties, the Mongols eliminated the Liaojin to form a great unification, and then established the Yuan Dynasty. However, since the disintegration of the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongols have lost the ability to manage the Yuan Dynasty, and in the confrontation with the Ming and Qing Dynasties, they have always been subordinate to the two dynasties, and the Mongols have always been within the territory of China, which is also known to everyone.
Map of the Huns in Mongolian textbooks
Now the relevant textbooks in Mongolia describe that the Hetao area is suitable for grazing and other superior land, but because of the strength of the Chinese Qin Dynasty, the land lost after the attack on the occupation, after which China and Mongolia repeatedly fought many wars for this land. The Mongols believed that china at that time would turn the Hetao area suitable for grazing into farmland for an agrarian society, which would make it impossible for herders to graze and lose their livelihoods, and the Mongol army existed to protect its herders.
Tang Dynasty and Uighurs
On the other hand, Mongolian textbooks are praised by Genghis Khan, who is a great hero, fully describing his great achievements, the story of the history of biao, leading the Mongol soldiers to conquer the west and build a powerful country, across Asia and Europe. This is the most proud history of Mongolia, although the time is not long, it is more than a hundred years, but this history is close-up by Mongolian capital.
Back in the evening, Tsarist Russian officials and outer Mongolian princes With the support of the tsar, and the economic and military infiltration of Mongolia, the princes and ministers of Outer Mongolia began to secretly rebel, waiting for the opportunity to become independent.
In 1911, the Xinhai Revolution, the Qing Dynasty came to an end, ending its rule, and at this time Outer Mongolia also believed that the time had come and prepared for independence.
At the end of November, under the leadership of Hangda Dolji, the Outer Mongolian soldiers besieged the Qing Dynasty. A month later, the "Great Mongol State" declared its independence, and Jebtsundamba became emperor with the era name "Gongdai".
This was the first independence of Outer Mongolia, and although there were many subsequent changes, it was an indisputable fact that Outer Mongolia was free from Chinese control during the Xinhai Revolution.
Tsarist Russia was destroyed after the October Revolution and established the Soviet Union, which had no intention of competing for Outer Mongolia, and the Republic of China at this time also accepted Outer Mongolia.
However, with the development of the Republic of China, the government of the Republic of China still recognized the independence of Outer Mongolia, under the pressure of the Soviet Union.
In 1945, Song Ziwen signed the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, agreeing to the "referendum on independence" of Outer Mongolia.
But after the independence of Outer Mongolia, where did the Han Chinese living in Outer Mongolia go?
During the Qing Dynasty, the largest cities in this part of the country, but several, of which Kulun was the largest, were mainly engaged in foreign trade with Russia. Therefore, in the city of Kulun, there are more Han people living here, and according to the relevant statistics at that time, there were more than 100,000 Han people living here. They supported their families in Outer Mongolia on their own craftsmanship, and engaged in the construction industry, such as stonemasons and carpenters in the Mongolian steppe is still a good craftsmanship, almost carrying goods and other heavy work.
When Outer Mongolia became independent, the Army of Outer Mongolia began to attack the government army of Kulun, but the government army of Kulun was unable to resist the army of Outer Mongolia, after the defeat, Kulun was under the control of the Outer Mongolian army, losing the protection of the government army, for a time, the city of Kulun was in chaos, the Han people living here were also in danger, the situation was not optimistic, the Han people wanted to flee here in order to save their lives.
But many people know that it is more difficult to return to the Qing Dynasty, because the way back to China has been controlled, and they can only flee to a remote part of Russia, Siberia, and then from the Trans-Siberian Railway to Manchuria.
Many people lost their lives on this flight because they encountered harsh natural environments, such as the desert Gobi.
The lucky ones survived, but in Manchuria, they were exploited by local officials and had a hard time.
Those who did not buy train tickets could only choose to walk through Siberia, but in this place, there were many beasts, many people were buried in beasts, coupled with cold, avalanches and other conditions, many people fled to the beasts, but froze to death in Siberia.
Those who discourage the idea of returning home stay in Russia and become the cheapest workers in order to make a living. However, many of them were bought and sold to the Americas like the Chinese in the late Qing Dynasty, engaged in labor, and the end was very tragic.
At that time, there were even more miserable, those Han chinese who did not go to Siberia, still in Outer Mongolia, they were forcibly occupied by the local government, they had no place to live, they had no one to rely on, they could only drift for a lifetime, even if they were engaged in low-level work, there were problems with food and clothing.
In 1956, Mongolia last announced its population of Chinese descent, which was about 19,000 at the time.
Compared to our lives today, it is simply not the same. History teaches us that a strong nation can ensure that everyone lives with dignity.